HIGH FIBRE CONCENTRATES FOR COWS ON PASTURE

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1 AFMA Symposium, Pretoria 30 October 2018 HIGH FIBRE CONCENTRATES FOR COWS ON PASTURE Robin Meeske, Outeniqua Research Farm, Cell no :

2 Outeniqua Research Farm at George Annual rainfall: 728 mm Total farm size: 300 ha (irrigation: 100 ha, 50 ha supl) Dairy herd : cows in milk - 5.5kg Concentrate/cow/day, 18 litre - Milk fat 5%, milk protein 3.8%, - Milk price: R 5.20 Nestlé Fodder flow based primarily on kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass and lately chicory and plantain

3 Pasture quality and utilization Concentrate level and composition

4 Table 2 : Milk production and production parameters of Jersey cows fed 0, 2.4, 4.8 of 7.2 kg concentrate over 2 lactations. (Meeske et. al., 2006): Concentrate fed (kg/cow/day) 0 kg 2.4kg 4.8 kg 7.2kg Milk production kg/cow/day Live weight start of lactation (kg) Live weight end of lactation (kg) Condition score start lactation (1-5) Condition score end lactation (1-5) Intercalving period (days) Kg Milk/kg concentrate

5 Table 3. Response on concentrate feeding of cows grazing ryegrass/clover pasture fed a barley based concentrate Concentrate kg/day Pasture DMI (kg/day) Milk (kg/day) Kg Milk/kg Conc Robiana et al Austr. J. Exp. Agric., 38:

6 Table 4.Milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows (n=150) fed 4 or 6 kg dairy concentrate/day over a 12 month period. Outeniqua dairy herd. Concentrate 6kg 4kg Milk kg/day Milk fat % Milk protein% MUN mg/dl

7 Research Findings: High Fibre Concentrates Outeniqua Research Farm.

8 Rumen ph and Fibre digestion

9 Figure 1. The ph in the rumen of cows (n=2) fed 3.6kg DM of 12% CP dairy concentrate grazing on NCD Enhancer or Dargle (SEM=0.05) ph Concentrate NCD Enhancer Dargle 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 02:00 Time

10 Maize vs By-products Starch vs digestible fibre Products high in hemicellulose

11 Table 5. Concentrates containing high fibre by-products fed to Jersey cows grazing high quality ryegrass in Spring Ingredient High maize Medium maize Low maize Maize Hominy chop Wheat bran Gluten Soybean oilcake Molasses Feed lime MCP Salt Sodium bicarbonate Premix

12 Table 6. Nutrient composition of concentrates containing high fibre by-products fed to Jersey cows grazing high quality ryegrass in Spring (Lingnau, 2011 MSc US) Nutrient (% of DM) High maize Medium maize Low maize Pasture DM CP (13%) ME (MJ/kg) NDF ADF Hemicellulose Starch Fat Ca P

13 Table 7: Milk production and milk composition of cows supplemented with 6 kg of concentrate with a high, medium or low level of maize while grazing annual ryegrass pasture in spring (n=15). Study 1, Meeske (2009) Parameter High Maize Medium Maize Low Maize LSD 1 Milk prod (kg/day) FCM (kg/day) 19.9 b 20.7 ab 21.3 a 1.37 Milk fat % 3.66 b 4.03 ab 4.41 a Milk protein % MUN mg/dl LSD = Least significant difference, ab Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). (Meeske 2008 study)

14 Table 8: Milk production and milk composition of cows supplemented with 6 kg of concentrate with a high, medium or low level of maize while grazing annual ryegrass pasture in spring (n=15) Study 2 (Lingnau MSc 2011 US) Parameter High maize Medium maize Low maize P- value Milk yield (kg/cow/d) % FCM (kg/cow/d) Milk Fat (%) 4.07 a 4.49 ab 4.75 b 0.01 Milk Protein (%) Milk Lactose (%) MUN (mg/dl)

15 Conclusions Partial replacement of maize with high fibre by-products in the concentrate for cows grazing high quality ryegrass in spring: Reduced concentrate cost Increased milk fat % Sustained milk production Increased profit

16 HIGH FIBRE CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION FOR FOR JERSEY COWS GRAZING KIKUYU PASTURE J.G. Cawood 1,2, R. Meeske 1,2, C.W. Cruywagen 2 1 Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Outeniqua Research Farm, George 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University

17 Table 1: Composition of concentrates differing in fibre content fed to Jersey cows grazing kikuyu in summer Ingredient % of DM Concentrates Low Fibre Medium Fibre High Fibre Maize Hominy chop Wheat bran Gluten Soybean oilcake Molasses Feed lime MCP Salt MgO Premix

18 Table 3.3 Mean and standard deviation of the nutrient composition of each of the three concentrates (n = 4) and the pasture (n = 8) fed to Jersey cows during the study Nutrient 1 (% of DM) Treatment Low Fibre Medium Fibre High Fibre Pasture CP NDF ADF Starch ME (MJ/kg DM) EE Ca P 14.0 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.05

19 Table 4. Milk yield and milk composition of Jersey cows fed 6kg of a low, medium or high fibre concentrate during summer Parameter Low Fibre Treatment Medium Fibre High Fibre P-value Milk yield (kg) Milk fat (%) % FCM Milk protein (%) 3.66 a 3.53 ab 3.45 b 0.11 Lactose (%) 4.73 a 4.73 a 4.49 b 0.06 SCC x b 145 b 230 a 0.36 MUN mg/dl)

20 Conclusion By partially substituting maize with high-fibre by-products in the concentrate for Jersey cows grazing kikuyu pasture in summer: Milk yield could be sustained Milk Protein and lactose was reduced

21 Supplementation of a high fibre concentrate to Jersey cows on pasture to overcome winter roughage shortages L. Steyn, R. Meeske and C.W. Cruywagen

22 Feed composition high fibre concentrate (MSc Steyn 2012) Ingredient % Finely ground maize 13 Hominy chop 30 Wheat bran 39.1 Gluten Molasses 4 Feed lime 2.2 Salt 0.6 Acid buff 0.6 Premix 0.5

23 Nutrient composition High fibre concentrate (n = 4) Pasture (n = 12) DM % OM % Fat % ME (MJ kg -1 DM) CP % NDF % ADF % ADL % Starch % 33.9

24 Milk production and milk composition parameters of cows fed increasing levels of high fibre concentrate to overcome winter pasture shortages (MSc Steyn 2012) Treatment Parameter Low conc Medium conc High conc p-value 4kg/day 7kg/day 10kg/day Milk yield (kg cow -1 day -1 ) 16.2 a 17.3 ab 18.1 b % FCM (kg cow -1 day -1 ) Fat % 4.92 a 4.96 a 4.58 b Protein % Lactose % 4.67 a 4.63 a 4.5 b <0.001 MUN (mg dl -1 ) 11.6 a 11.6 a 9.95 b 0.004

25 Pasture removed (kg/ha) Pasture yield before and after grazing Treatment Parameter Low Medium High p-value concentrate concentrate concentrate Before grazing RPM reading Pasture yield (kg/ha) Allocated pasture (kg) 14.1 a 10.7 b 8.25 c <0.001 After grazing RPM reading 11.5 a 10.7 b 10.6 b Pasture yield (kg/ha) 848 a 774 b 767 b Pasture intake (kg/cow/d) 8.66 a 6.94 b 5.02 c <0.001

26 Grazing data Treatment Parameter Low concentrate Medium concentrate High concentrate p-value Stocking rate (cows/ha/cycle) 5.07 a 6.07 b 7.64 c <0.001 Grazing days/cycle 34.7 a 38.4 b 37.6 b Farmlet size (ha) % Pasture saved

27 Conclusions Feeding high levels of high fibre concentrate is a viable option to overcome roughage shortages during winter instead of buying lucerne hay Pasture demand was reduced with 37%

28 EFFECT OF PALM KERNEL EXPELLER SUPPLEMENTATION ON MILK PARAMETERS OF JERSEY COWS GRAZING KIKUYU J.D.V. van Wyngaard & R. Meeske Department of Agriculture, Outeniqua Research Farm, George 47 TH SASAS CONGRESS 8 JULY 2014

29 Materials and methods Table 1 Composition of four treatment concentrates containing different levels of Palm Kernel Expeller fed at 6kg/cow/day to Jersey cows grazing kikuyu pasture Ingredient (%, as fed) PKE0 PKE10 PKE20 PKE30 Maize PKE Soybean oilcake Molasses Feedlime Salt MgO Premix Total Palm kernel expeller supplementation for dairy cows grazing Kikuyu pasture during Summer 29

30 Materials and methods Table 2 The chemical composition of each of the four treatment concentrates and of the palm kernel expeller Parameter PKE0 PKE10 PKE20 PKE30 Pure PKE DM (%) CP (%) ME (MJ/kg) Starch (%) NDF (%) EE (%) Ca (%) P (%) Ca:P ratio Palm kernel expeller supplementation for dairy cows grazing Kikuyu pasture during Summer 30

31 Results Production Study Table 3 Milk production parameters of cows receiving each of the four concentrate treatments Milk Production parameter PKE0 PKE10 PKE20 PKE30 SEM p-value Milk yield 15.6 a 15.4 ab 15.3 ab 14.3 b 0.4 <0.05 4% FCM Milk Fat (%) 4.63 c 4.93 abc 5.06 ab 5.29 a 0.12 <0.01 Milk Protein (%) Milk Lactose (%) MUN (mg/dl) 12.0 c 12.2 bc 12.7 abc 13.2 a 0.2 <0.01 SCC (x10 3 cells/ml) 134 b 184 ab 211 a 188 ab Milk ph Palm kernel expeller supplementation for dairy cows grazing Kikuyu pasture during Summer 31

32 Conclusions Supplementing PKE in the concentrate of cows grazing Kikuyu pasture Increased milk fat content at the 20 and 30% inclusion level Sustained 4% FCM up to 30% inclusion level Economical prospect Palm kernel expeller supplementation for dairy cows grazing Kikuyu pasture during Summer 32

33 Palm kernel expeller as supplement for dairy cows grazing kikuyu/ryegrass pasture J. D. V. van Wyngaard, R. Meeske, L. J. Erasmus

34 Table 2 : Ingredient composition of the concentrate treatments with different levels of PKE Ingredient (%) Control Low (20 % PKE) High (40 % PKE) Maize PKE Soybean oilcake Molasses Feed lime Salt MgO Premix Total

35 Table 3 : Mean nutrient composition of the treatment concentrates and of the allocated kikuyu/italian ryegrass pasture (± SD) Nutrients (DM -bases) Treatment concentrates (n = 4) Control Low (20 % PKE) High (40 % PKE) Pasture (n = 8) DM (%) 88.6 ± ± ± ± 1.3 OM (%) 94.6 ± ± ± ± 0.9 IVOMD (%) 92.0 ± ± ± ± 2.5 ME (MJ kg -1 ) 13.2 ± ± ± ± 0.6 CP (%) 12.3 ± ± ± ± 2.2 NDF (%) 10.3 ± ± ± ± 3.9

36 Table 5 : Milk production and milk composition of cows fed different levels of PKE containing concentrate when grazing ryegrass pasture Milk parameter Control Treatment concentrates Low (20 % PKE) High (40 % PKE) P-Value (< 0.05) Milk Yield (kg day -1 ) Milk Fat (%) Fat Yield (kg day -1 ) FCM (kg day -1 ) Milk Protein (%) Protein Yield (kg day -1 ) Milk Lactose (%) 4.73 a 4.66 ab 4.58 b 0.01 SCC (x10 3 ml -1 ) MUN (mg N dl -1 ) 17.7 a 18.6 ab 19.1 b 0.14

37 Conclusion PKE can sustain milk production and milk fat content at a 20 and 40 % inclusion level fed at 6 kg cow -1 day -1 to cows grazing ryegrass pasture during spring Healthy rumen environment was sustained Not practical to feed concentrate with 40 % PKE inclusion to cows in the milking parlour slow rate of intake lower palatability

38 PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF MAIZE WITH SOYBEAN HULLS IN THE CONCENTRATE FOR GRAZING DAIRY COWS. A. van der Vyver 1, R. Meeske 2, C.W. Cruywagen 1 1 Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 249, George, 6530

39 Table 2. Ingredients of concentrates containing soybean hulls fed to cows grazing ryegrass in Spring Ingredient (%) Treatment 1 SH0 SH15 SH30 Maize meal Soybean hulls Wheat bran Molasses Soybean oilcake Mono-calcium Phosphate Feed lime Salt Magnesium oxide Urea Premix Concentrate SH0, SH15 and SH30 containing 0%, 15% and 30% soybean hulls

40 Table 2. Nutrient composition of concentrates containing soybean hulls fed to cows grazing ryegrass in Spring Nutrient % of DM Treatment 2 SH0 SH15 SH30 ME (MJ/kg) Crude protein Ether extract NDF ADF Starch Calcium Phosphorous Magnesium ME = Metabolisable energy; NDF = Neutral detergent fibre; ADF = Acid detergent fibre 2 Concentrate SH0, SH15 and SH30 containing 0%, 15% and 30% soybean hulls 40

41 Table 3. Milk production and milk composition of cows fed concentrates containing soybean hulls while grazing ryegrass in Spring Parameter Production (kg/cow) Treatment 1 SH0 SH15 SH30 Milk yield % FCM ECM Milk composition Fat (%) 5.12 d 5.48 c 5.33 cd Protein (%) 3.67 b 3.81 a 3.82 a Lactose (%) 4.55 b 4.74 a 4.75 a SCC (x 1000/mL) MUN (mg/dl) 8.30 a 8.54 a 9.36 b 1 Concentrate SH0, SH15 and SH30 with 0%, 15% and 30% soybean hulls a, b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05) c, d Tendency to differ (0.05 < p < 0.10) 41

42 Economic implications Milking 400 cows, Concentrate at 6kg/cow/day Costs of soybean hulls and maize the same Treatment 1 SH0 SH15 SH30 Milk price R/kg R5.21 R5.41 R5.39 Milk production kg/cow/day Milk income R/month R R R Milk profit/month increase - R R Concentrate SH0, SH15 and SH30 with 0%, 15% and 30% soybean hulls 42

43 Conclusion Substitution of maize with soybean hulls Milk yield not affected Milk fat percentage shows tendency to increase Protein and lactose percentages increases 43

44 Take Home Message Concentrate feeding should not negatively impact fibre digestion of pasture High fibre concentrates can be used to overcome pasture shortages in winter High fibre concentrates compliment high quality pasture well

45 Thank you!

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