Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml

Transcription

1 Glucose Molecule

2 Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers Monomers are connected to form polymers by a condensation reaction, or specifically a dehydration synthesis, named because a water molecule is produced. Polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis, water is added to break the bonds.

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4 Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml

5 Hydrolysis breaks down macromolecules; also with the aid of enzymes. Example digestion of food Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Dehydration reactions build macromolecules enzymes facilitate this process

6 Dehydration Synthesis Simplified

7 Hydrolysis Simplified

8 Monomers to Polymers Polymers of living things are made from only 40 to 50 common monomers These monomers have the potential of producing thousands of different macromolecules These macromolecules are responsible for the great diversity among individuals of a species and even greater diversity from species to species

9 Monomers to Polymers Class Monomers or Subunits Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Lipids Proteins Glycerol and fatty acids = fats Amino acids Functions Energy, raw materials, energy storage, structural compounds Energy storage, cell membranes, steroids, hormones Enzymes, transport, movement, receptors, defense, structure Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Heredity, code for amino acid sequence

10 Carbohydrates Include sugars and their polymers Monosaccharide single sugar or simple sugar (ex. glucose) Disaccharide double sugar, formed by two monosaccharides bonded together (ex. sucrose made from the monosaccharides glucose and fructose) Polysaccharide many monosaccharides bonded together (ex. starch long chain of glucose molecules)

11 Monosaccharides Have the general molecular formula of (CH 2 O) n Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) a source of energy for cells Name of monosaccharides usually ends in -ose Have a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups Carbon skeleton ranges from 3 to 7 carbons The diversity of monosaccharides is due to the arrangements of parts around the carbons

12 Numbered carbons 5' C C 6' O 4' C C 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C 3' C 2'

13 Building Blocks of Carbs Monosaccharides aka simple sugars -

14 Monosaccharides

15 Disaccharides Joined by a glycosidic linkage, covalent bond b/w two mono. by a dehydration reaction

16 Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharide Found Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water Table Sugar, plants transport carbs from leaves to roots in this form Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water Malt Sugar; brewing beer Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water Milk

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18 Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reversibility of Reactions (click here) y/discipline_content/animations/rea ction_types.html

19 Polysaccharides Formed from a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage Serve two main purposes: storage and structure

20 Starch Storage Polysaccharides major storage polysaccharide in plants Made up of glucose monomers Source of stored energy Humans and other animals hydrolyze the starch in potatoes and grains for a source of energy Glycogen storage polysaccharide in animals Stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells Reserves only last about 1 day in humans

21 Cellulose Structural Polysaccharides Major component in plant cell walls Made up of glucose monomers Differs from starch in the linkage of the glucose monomers Many animals, including humans, are unable to digest cellulose Chitin Makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods Hardens with the aid of calcium carbonate Also found in the cell walls of fungi

22 Cellulose

23 Structural Polysaccharide Chitin ~ exoskeletons of insects/crustaceans; cell walls of fungi; dissolvable surgical thread