THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Average adult length: In male: about 70 cms. In female: about 65 cms.

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1 THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Average adult length: In male: about 70 cms. In female: about 65 cms. 1

2 Vertebral Column (Regions and Curvatures) Curvatures of the vertebral column: A. Primary curvature: C-shaped; its concavity is directed anteriorly due to the general attitude of flexion of the fetus inside the uterus. B. Secondary curvatures: 1. Antero-posterior curvature: two anterior convexities appear: a. Cervical convexity: appears about the age of 3 rd to 4 th month when the baby starts to raise and support his head. b. Lumbar convexity: appears at the age of 12 th to 18 th month when the baby starts to walk. --So, the vertebral column is concave anteriorly except in 2 regions: cervical and lumbar, where it is convex anteriorly. 2. Side to side curvature: The vertebral column is slightly convex on the right side, in the right- handed people. 2

3 Secondary curvatures of the Vertebral Column 3

4 Components of the vertebral column: 1- Vertebrae: comprise about 3/4 of its length. They are divided into: a) Separate vertebrae: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar. b) Fused vertebrae: 5 sacral (sacrum) and 3(+/-1) coccygeal (coccyx). 2- Intervertebral discs: comprise about 1/4 of the length of the vertebral column, each one is formed of 2 parts: a) Anulus fibrosus: a fibrous ring forming the periphery of the disc. b) Nucleus pulposus: a gelatinous material lying in the center of the disc. It acts as a buffer to absorb shocks applied to vertebral column. 4

5 Intervertebral Disc Parts of a typical vertebra: 1- Body (Centrum): variable in size; its shape may be either heart or kidneyshaped with flat superior and inferior surfaces. 2- Two vertebral arches: each arch is formed of 2 parts: Pedicle: lies anteriorly, it is notched above and below to form the intervertebral foramen i.e. between the pedicles of the vertebrae, and through which the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column. Lamina: lies posteriorly. 3- Seven processes: 2 Superior articular processes: each carries a facet to articulate with a facet present on the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. 2 Inferior articular processes: each carries a facet to articulate with a facet present on the superior articular process of the vertebra below. 5

6 Two transverse processes: they are directed laterally. A spinous process (dorsal spine): it is directed posteriorly. 4- Vertebral (neural) foramen (or canal): it lies between the 2 vertebral arches and accommodates the spinal cord, vessels and the meninges. Joints between the vertebrae (intervertebral joints): 1- Secondary cartilaginous joint: between 2 vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc in between. 2- Synovial joints: between the superior and inferior articular processes. Ligaments between the vertebrae: 1- Anterior longitudinal ligament: connects the anterior surfaces of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disc. 2- Posterior longitudinal ligament: connects the posterior surfaces of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disc. It lies inside the vertebral foramen. 3- Ligamentum flavum: connects the laminae of the vertebrae. 4- Intertransverse ligaments: between vertebral transverse processes. 5- Interspinous ligaments: between the vertebral spinous processes. 6- Supraspinous ligaments: between tips of vertebral spinous processes. 6

7 Parts of typical vertebra Ligaments of the vertebrae 7

8 Identification of the vertebra: A- If it has a foramen in the transverse process (foramen transversarium): it is a cervical vertebra. Look if it has: 1- A short bifid spine Typical cervical vertebra (3, 4, 5 and 6). 2- No body and is a ring-shaped 1 st cervical vertebra (atlas). 3- Odontoid process and short thick spine 2 nd cervical vertebra (axis). 4- A long non bifid spine 7 th cervical vertebra (vertebrae prominence) B- If no foramen transversarium with a facet or demifacet on the side of the body of the vertebra is present (for articulation with head of a rib) Typical thoracic vertebra. C- If no foramen transversarium and the body is large with no facet or demifacet Lumbar vertebra. 8

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