Biokinesiology of the Ankle Complex
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1 Rehabilitation Considerations Following Ankle Fracture: Impact on Gait & Closed Kinetic Chain Function Disclosures David Nolan, PT, DPT, MS, OCS, SCS, CSCS I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this presentation Objectives Describe selected kinetics & kinematics of the ankle complex Develop evidence-based therapeutic exercise program to maximize closed kinetic chain function following ankle fracture Biokinesiology of the Ankle Complex Discuss manual therapy interventions aimed at maximizing mobility of the ankle complex Mortise Joint 3 Articulations Tibia Fibula Tibia Talus Fibula - Talus Pitch of Axis Average 8 to transverse plane Range Up to 23 to transverse plane Pitch of Axis Average 25 to frontal plane Range to frontal plane
2 Tri-Plane Motion Pronation Dorsiflexion Sagittal Abduction Transverse Eversion Frontal Supination Plantarflexion Sagittal Adduction Transverse Inversion Frontal Components of motion OKC Pronation DORSIFLEXION ABDUCTION Eversion OKC Supination PLANTARFLEXION ADDUCTION Inversion Gait Terminology Normal Gait: Ankle Kinetics & Kinematics Gait Cycle Analysis: Ankle Gait Cycle Analysis: Ankle Loading Response: Slight DF due to anterior tibialis working in swing phase for clearance Plantarflexion (passive) GRF vertical on heel Rapid PF decelerated by: Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Mid-Stance: Dorsiflexion (passive) Tibia advances over fixed foot Decelerated by gastroc and soleus
3 Gait Cycle Analysis: Ankle Terminal Stance Pre- Swing (Propulsion) Plantarflexion (passive) Active for accelerated gait Accelerated by gastroc and soleus Resists DF during heel lift Controls high GRF Ankle Fracture Bimalleolar Medial & lateral malleolus Trimalleolar Medial & lateral malleolus Posterior tibial malleolus Syndesmotic Ligamentous complex of tibiofibular joint High ankle sprain Ankle Fracture Immobilization & Weight Bearing Lateral Malleolus Weight bearing varies Medial Malleolus Management determined by displacement Restricted weight bearing Posterior Malleolus Common with lateral malleolus fracture Shared ligamentous attachment Posterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament Lin CWC et al. Cochrane Review 2012 Rehabilitation for Ankle Fractures in Adults Removable immobilization & exercise activity limitation pain dorsiflexion ROM (+) Weight bearing with immobilization dorsiflexion ROM Immobilization & Weight Bearing Rehabilitation Pfeifer CG et al. Injury Rehabilitation Protocols for ankle fractures No consistency across rehab programs Following ankle surgery Active exercises accelerated return to work & ADL Early weight bearing accelerated return to work & ADL No difference in complication rates Between exercise & immobilization Between early & late weight bearing Moseley AM et al. JAMA 2015 Advice Group: OKC ankle ROM Rehab Group: Ankle mobility & strengthening, Stepping exercises, Weight bearing & balancing No difference between groups **Limited PT (Week 1 = 2 visits, Weeks 2-4 = 1x/week)** **1/3 advice group received out of trial PT**
4 Rehabilitation Suciu O et al. Gait & Posture 2016 Gait analysis (1) immobilization removed (2) 12 weeks after exercise-based rehab program Significant improvements Temporal and spatial gait parameters Functional outcome (Olerud-Molander Ankle Score) Beckenkamp PR. et al. JOSPT 2014 Reviewed 37 articles and converted outcomes to 100 point scale Short term (1 month) 31.9 Short to medium term (6 months) 78.3 Long term (24 months) 86.6 Pain, stiffness & weakness present Activity limitation was worse in older subjects & males Rehabilitation Beckenkamp PR et al. JOSPT 2016 Following ankle fracture Physical activity time sitting Long term health implications: risk (WHO) Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Cancer Depression Treatment Impairment focused Limited ankle dorsiflexion ROM Hancock MJ et al. JOSPT Lin CW et al. Aust J Physiother Weakness (approximately 60%) Shaffer MA et al. Phys Ther Stevens JE et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc Uninvolved side is benchmark Manual Therapy Manual Therapy Interventions Manual Therapy DF ROM Hoch MC & McKeon PO J Orthop Res Vicenzino B et al. JOSPT Lin CCW et al. J Rehabil Med Manual therapy did not improve clinical or economic outcomes Standard treatment of a single joint mobilization technique Gr III AP glide of talus in DF
5 Painter EE et al. JOSPT 2015 Case series of 11 patients (2 male) mean age 39.6 (18-64) Distraction Neutral calcaneus Force at dorsal surface of talus Force: Gentle Manipulation Impairment based manual PT with targeted exercise 4 & 12 weeks compared to baseline LEFS 21.9 (p =.001) Ankle Lunge Test 7.8cm (p =.001) Posterior Glide Stabilize tibia-fibula Control DF-PF Posterior force through talus Consider plane of joint axis Weight-Bearing Progression Mobilization with Movement (MWM) Posterior glide at talus Control limb rotation with target Gastrocnemius / Soleus Therapeutic Exercise Following Ankle Fracture Gastrocnemius Decelerate/control forward progression of tibia on talus Soleus Active around the time of heel strike Flexibility Prevent compensatory pronation at midfoot Eccentric contraction key Respect stage of healing / reactivity of tissue
6 Gastrocnemius / Soleus Gastrocnemius / Soleus Flexibility Maintain supinatory bias Inverted calcaneus Prevent oblique midtarsal compensation Eccentric is key Manual resistance Resisted band Weight bearing Tibialis Posterior Tibialis Posterior Inverter, adductor, plantar flexor of foot Decelerate/control GRF moving foot into eversion & abduction Greater activation in low arch foot types Eccentric contraction key Works in concert with peroneus longus TB resistance Manual resistance CKC progression FDL / FHL FDL / FHL Strong toe flexors Stabilize the foot during midstance and late stance Resist the distal phalanx with toe curl exercises Toe curls Short Foot or Cupping exercises CKC / Balance
7 Tibialis Anterior Tibialis Anterior Strong ankle dorsiflexor Prevents posterior sway during standing balance Prevent foot slap after heel strike (eccentric) Clear foot during swing phase (concentric) Concentric & Eccentric important TB Resistance Manual Resistance CKC: Squatting: Control DF (Eccentric) and prevent posterior body sway (Concentric) EDL / EHL EDL / EHL EDL: Evertor Balances inversion of tibialis anterior EHL: Extends proximal phalanx of great toe Decelerate foot slap after heel strike (eccentric) Clear foot during swing phase (concentric) Location of resistance will determine muscle activation TB Resistance Manual Resistance Peroneals Peroneals Abduct & evert the foot in OKC Brevis Stabilizes calcaneocuboid joint Longus Stabilize first ray as weight transfers from lateral to medial focus is OKC & CKC OKC: TB Resistance Manual Resistance CKC: Weight shift control 1 st ray vs ground
8 Plantar Intrinsic Group Plantar Intrinsic Group Individual origin / insertion but function as group Flexibility Shock absorption & balance Rigidity Propulsion Midfoot control Toe curls Short Foot or Cupping exercises CKC / Balance Summary THANK YOU Prolonged functional limitation is common in patients with ankle fracture Consider mobility demands of gait and a kinetic chain approach to maximize ROM early in rehab course Integrate targeted therapeutic exercise to improve muscle activation and strength
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