Understand the skeletal system:

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2 Understand the skeletal system: Including axial and appendicular skeleton All joints in the body All major bones Development of bones & bone growth Training effects on the skeletal system All movements performed by skeletal system

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5 206 bones in the body Framework of the body Axial: Central core of the body or its axis. Consists of skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs. Provides core which limbs hang from. Appendicular: Parts hanging off axial skeleton. Consists of shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper & lower limbs.

6 Provides a bony framework for the body. Allows movement of the body as a whole & individual parts. Offers protection to organs found within the skeleton. Produces blood cells. Stores minerals and fats. Attaches to soft tissue.

7 Skeleton consists of 206 bones. Babies are born with 300 bones.

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9 Bony structure Part of the skeleton that is in the human head Supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Consists of 8 fused bones: 2 Parietal Bones 2 Temporal Bones 1 Frontal Bone 1 Occipital Bone 1 Sphenoid Bone 1 Ethmoid Bone.

10 14 other facial bones form face & jaw: vomer 2 conchae 2 nasal bones 2 maxilla 2 mandible 2 palatine bone 2 zygomatic bones 2 lacrimal bones

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12 Flat bone in middle front part of the rib cage Dagger shaped. Protects heart. Gives attachment point for ribs & clavicle.

13 Adults have 12 pairs of ribs. Between sternum & thoracic vertebrae. Ribs are flat bones that form protective cage around heart & lungs. 7 pairs attach to both sternum & vertebrae. 3 pairs attach from vertebrae to cartilage on sternum. 2 pairs attach onto vertebrae and free on the other side (floating ribs).

14 Long S Shaped bone 2 curves 2 joints: Sternal-clavicle joint: Sternal/Medially: where it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum (breast-bone) Acromioclavicular joint: lateral end it articulates with the acromion of the scapula (shoulder blade) Connects upper arm to trunk of body. One end connected to sternum, other to scapula. Keeps scapula at correct distance from sternum.

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16 It can be divided into three parts: medial end lateral end Shaft Lateral The lateral end is flat from above downward. It bears a facet for attachment to the acromion process of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint. The area surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule

17 Shaft: The shaft is divided into the medial two-thirds and the lateral third. The medial two-thirds is thicker than the lateral third. Medial: The medial end is quadrangular and articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni to form the sternoclavicular joint. The articular surface extends to the inferior aspect It gives attachments to: fibrous capsule joint all around articular disc superoposteriorly interclavicular ligament superiorly

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19 the arm is the upper limb of the body 3 bones. comprising regions between: the shoulder the elbow joints out to the fingers It can be divided: into the upper arm the forearm and the hand Humerus upper arm. Radius and ulna lower arm. Ulna forms elbow joint with the humerus & runs to little finger. Radius is positioned next to ulna & runs to the thumb.

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21 3 areas made up of different types of bones. Wrist 8 carpals, small bones arranged in 2 rows of 4. 5 long bones between the wrist & fingers are metacarpals. Bones in fingers phalanges. 14 phalanges all together with 3 in each finger and 2 in the thumb. Total of 30 bones in the upper limb.

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23 Protects & supports lower internal organs including the bladder, reproductive organs pregnant women s developing fetus. Consists of 3 bones ilium, pubis ischium, all fused together.

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25 Consists of 4 bones. Femur longest bone in the body forms the knee joint with the tibia. Tibia weight bearing bone of lower leg. Fibula non-weight bearing bone helps form ankle. Patella floats over the knee lies within the patella tendon smoothens the movement of the tendons over knee joint.

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27 The human foot and ankle is a strong and complex mechanical structure containing: exactly 26 bones 33 joints 20 of which are actively articulated more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments Man's foot length was 26.3 cm The foot can be subdivided into: the hind-foot the mid-foot the fore-foot

28 The hind-foot is composed: of the talus /ankle bone calcaneus/ heel bone. The two long bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula are connected to the top of the talus to form the ankle. Connected to the talus at the sub-talar joint the calcaneus, the largest bone of the foot is cushioned inferiorly by a layer of fat.

29 The five irregular bones of the midfoot: the cuboidnavicular three cuneiform bones form the arches of the foot which serves as a shock absorber. The midfoot is connected to the hind- and fore-foot by muscles and the plantar fascia The forefoot is composed of five toes The corresponding five proximal long bones forming the metatarsus. Similar to the fingers of the hand, the bones of the toes are called phalanges big toe has two phalanges while the other four toes have three phalanges. The joints between the phalanges are called interphalangeal Those between the metatarsus and phalanges are called metatarsophalangeal

30 Both the midfoot and forefoot constitute the dorsum (the area facing upwards while standing) and the planum (the area facing downwards while standing). The instep is the arched part of the top of the foot between the toes and the ankle.

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32 Bones of the body fall into 5 general categories based on their shape: 1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Sesamoid bones 5. Irregular bones

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35 Provide framework for body Make movement possible Longer than they are wide Work as levers Long bone has a shaft Diaphysis 2 large prominences epiphysis Bones of the arm, humerus, radius & ulna

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37 Short cube-shaped Found in wrist & ankles. Carpals & tarsals.

38 Not totally flat Broad, smooth surface Function is primarily to protect organs & to attach muscles. Ribs, cranial bones and scapulae.

39 Bones located within a tendon, Person who named this type of bone gave it this name because they though it looked like a sesame seed. The patella.

40 All bones that do not fall into the previous categories. Varied shapes, sizes & surface features. Vertebra.

41 Epiphysis: this is the end of the bone. Diaphysis: this is the long shaft of the bone. Hyaline cartilage: this is the thin layer of bluish cartilage covering each end of the bone. Periosteum: this is the thin outer layer of the bone. It contains nerves and blood vessels that feed the bone. Compact bone: this is hard and resistance to bending. Cancellous bone: this lies in layers within the compact bone. It has a honeycomb appearance and gives the bone their elastic strength. Medullary cavity: this is the hollow space down the middle of the compact bone and contains bone marrow. There are two types of bone marrow: red which produces blood cells and yellow which stores fat.

42 In a fetus most of the skeleton consists of cartilage (tough flexible tissue). As fetus develops: minerals are laid down in the cartilage bones become harder & less flexible. Ossification the process of cartilage turning into bone. Bones keep growing till years, depending on bone & body part.

43 When bone grows it occurs at epiphyseal plate: which is just behind the head of the bone at each epiphysis. As bone grows, 2 ends pushed apart.

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45 Bones are living material they repair if damaged grow when we young produce blood cells. Bones contain blood vessels & nerves. Bones are continually being broken down replaced this process is done by different cells

46 Osteoblasts build bone. Osteoclasts destroy or clean away old bone. Osteoclasts & osteoblasts replace around 10% of bone every year. Our skeleton is no older than 10 years.

47 There are 3 types of connective tissue: 1. Cartilage 2. Ligament 3. Tendon

48 Dense & tough tissue which cushions joints. 3 types: Hyaline found at the ends of bones. Fibro (articular) thick chunks found in the knee & between vertebrae. Elastic gives shape to structures such as ear & nose.

49 Attach bone to bone Act to give stability to joints Tough white inelastic

50 Attach muscle to bone. Carry the force from muscle contraction to the bone. Tough greyish inelastic.

51 All types of connective tissue have very poor blood supply Whitish colour Long time to repair if they become damaged.

52 A place where two or more bones meet. Joints are put into 1 of 3 categories depending on movement: Fixed joints/fibrous Slightly movable/cartilaginous Movable/synovial

53 Allow no movement. Types of joints found between plates in the skull.

54 Allow small movement, Held in place by ligaments & cushioned by cartilage. Found between vertebrae in the spine.

55 6 Types of these joints: Hinge Ball & socket Pivot Condyloid Sliding Saddle

56 Found in the elbow & knee. Allow flexion & extension. Move in only 1 direction.

57 Found at the shoulder & hip. Allow movement in almost every direction. Made up of a round end of 1 bone that fits into a small cup-like area of another.

58 Found in the neck, between atlas & axis. Allows only rotational movement. Eg. Moving your head side-to-side, like saying no.

59 Found at wrist. Allows movement in two planes called biaxial. Allows to bend & straighten joint, & move it from side to side. Eg. Joints between metacarpals & phalanges.

60 Found only in the thumbs. Allows movement in three planes forward & backwards, side to side, & across. Joint is specific to humans. Eg. Holding a cup.

61 Found in carpals of the hand. Occur between surfaces of two flat bones. Allow very limited movement in a range of directions.

62 Synovial capsule Keeps contents of the synovial joint in place. BONE SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

63 Synovial Membrane Releases synovial fluid on to the joint. BONE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

64 Synovial Fluid A thick oil-like solution which lubricates the joint & allows free movement. BONE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE SYNOVIAL FLUID SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

65 Articular Cartilage A bluish-white covering of cartilage which prevents wear & tear on bones. BONE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE SYNOVIAL FLUID ARTICULAR CARTILAGE SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

66 Flexion decreasing the angle between two joints. Extension increasing the angle between two joints. Hyperextension occurs beyond extended position.

67 Abduction moving away from the midline of the body or body part. Adduction moving toward midline of body or body part.

68 Circumduction moving in a circle - flexion, abduction, extension & adduction in a sequence.

69 Rotation Turning about the vertical axis of the bone.

70 Supination rotating forearm laterally, turning hand up. Pronation rotating forearm medially, turning hand down.

71 Dorsiflexion moving the top of the foot toward the shin. Plantar flexion moving the sole of the foot downward (pointing toes).

72 Inversion lifting the medial border of the foot. Eversion lifting the lateral border of the foot.

73 If we train for +/- 3 months we start to experience adaptations to the skeletal system: 1. Increase in bone density. 2. Stronger Ligaments. 3. Thickening of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones.

74 Ossification Calcium Bone marrow Flexion Leg Ribs Abduction Bone marrow Immovable Pivot Choose a word from the list above to answer each of the following questions. 1. What is the main mineral stored in bones? 2. Where are blood cells produced? 3. Which bones protect the heart and lungs? 4. Which limb consists of four bones? 5. What is the name given to the process of cartilage turning into bone? 6. What movement occurs when the angle of a joint decreases? 7. Which term describes movement away from the body? 8. This type of joint can be found in the neck. 9. This type of joint can be found in the skull. 10. This part of the bone produces new blood cells.

75 Biceps Barbell Curls Dumbbell Curls Hammer Curls Preacher Curls Forearm Curls Triceps Triceps Pushdowns Dips Overhead Extensions Dips - 2 Shoulder Shoulder Press Lateral Raises Upright Rows Frontal Raises Reverse Flyes