DIAGNOSTIC VIDEOFLUOROSCOPY IMPRESSIONS and BIOMECHANICS REPORT

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "DIAGNOSTIC VIDEOFLUOROSCOPY IMPRESSIONS and BIOMECHANICS REPORT"

Transcription

1 P.O. Box 6743 New Albany, IN (812) (812) Fax DIAGNOSTIC VIDEOFLUOROSCOPY IMPRESSIONS and BIOMECHANICS REPORT Patient Name: Lubna Ibriham Date of Digitization and Report: 11/01/2012 Date of Birth: 11/19/1976 DMX was obtained: 10/31/2012 Date of Accident: 10/08/2012 Referring Physician: Patrick Lowe, D.C. HISTORY: Motor vehicle collision (MVC), rear-end impact; post-trauma neck pain, headaches, and vertigo, failure to respond to initial trial of care, suspected spinal ligament injury. STUDY: DMX views of the cervical spine include: Lateral Nodding, Lateral Flexion & Extension, Oblique Flexion & Extension, A-P Lateral Bending, A-P Rotation, A-P Open Mouth Lateral Bending. FINDINGS: The neutral lateral film demonstrates straightening of the lordotic curve. Intervertebral disc spaces are well maintained. Minimal anterior spur formation noted at C6; otherwise remaining vertebral bodies, arches, and processes are of normal size, shape, and dimension. The odontoid process is intact and the ADI is within normal limits. No cervical ribs are identified. There is no evidence of acute fracture or lytic change. The surrounding soft tissues as visualized are unremarkable. During extension, the lateral film demonstrates excess posterior angulation C2-3; excess anterior angulation noted at C3-4 and C4-5 during flexion; findings indicative of spinal ligament laxity. Angular variation values at C3-4 during flexion indicative of Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI). The lateral flexion and extension films demonstrate excess total anteroposterior translation at C4-5, also indicative of AOMSI. Additional analysis of total intersegmental angulation from flexion to extension revealed excess total motion at C3-4 and C4-5 suggestive of ligamentous instability. Interruptions in George s Line noted at C3-4 due to retrolisthesis during extension consistent with intersegmental ligamentous instability. Motion in the A-P Open Mouth lateral bending projection demonstrates hypermobile subluxation of C1 on C2 bilaterally. Intervertebral hypermobility described above related to annulus and ligamentous stretching and/or tearing. No evidence of surgical instability. Clinical correlation of abnormal findings advised. Motion is unremarkable in the A-P lateral bending, A-P rotation, Right and Left Oblique flexion and extension, and lateral nodding projections. IMPRESSION: 1. Excess posterior angulation during extension at C2-3, consistent with spinal ligament laxity. 2. Excess anterior angulation during flexion at C3-4 and C4-5, consistent with spinal ligament laxity. 3. Angular variation values at C3-4 during flexion indicative of AOMSI. 4. Excess anteroposterior translation during flexion/extension at C4-5, indicative of AOMSI. 5. Excess total angulation noted at C3-4 and C4-5 indicative of ligamentous instability. 6. George s Line interruption noted at C3-4 suggests ligamentous instability. 7. Hypermobile subluxation of C1 on C2 bilaterally. 8. Postural changes described above. 9. Osteoarthritis at C6 described above. NOTE: The computerized analysis of this patient s DMX appears to have been performed correctly and corresponds to my own interpretation of the study. Louis B. Kastan, M.D. Board Certified Diagnostic Radiologist

2 Lateral Cervical, Flexion/Extension Neutral Anterior Posterior This colored line represents the patient's position and the path of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This colored curved line represents the Normal Spinal Position and expected path of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Flexion Extension Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior This colored line represents the path of the posterior longitudinal ligament and exceeds normal allowable segmental motion indicating ligament laxity. ¹ˉ⁵ This colored line is the path of the posterior longitudinal ligament and appears to be stable with no significant ligamentous laxity. 2

3 Flexion/Extension Values Segment Flexion Extension Normal Ratable Angulation Angulation Limit¹ Limit² C2-C3-2.4º -12.1º 7.0º 11.0º C3-C4 12.2º * -7.6º 7.0º 11.0º C4-C5 14.4º -9.7º 7.0º 11.0º C5-C6 5.6º -3.8º 7.0º 11.0º C6-C7 3.3º -7.2º 7.0º 11.0º Segment Flexion Extension Translation Normal Ratable Translation Translation Excursion Limit¹ Limit² C2-C3 0.1 mm -1.7 mm 1.9 mm 1.0 mm 3.5 mm C3-C4 1.1 mm -2.3 mm 3.4 mm 1.0 mm 3.5 mm C4-C5 2.0 mm -1.7 mm 3.7 mm * 1.0 mm 3.5 mm C5-C6 1.6 mm -0.6 mm 2.3 mm 1.0 mm 3.5 mm C6-C7 0.5 mm -0.4 mm 0.9 mm 1.0 mm 3.5 mm *Outside Normal Limits There is anterior widening of the intervertebral disc space at the C2-C3 level evidenced by excessive segmental extension, which indicates possible damage to the anterior longitudinal ligament and/or intervertebral disc at that level.³ There is possible significant damage to the posterior longitudinal ligament and/or posterior intervertebral disc and/or interspinous ligament which is indicated by an increased widening of the posterior intervertebral disc space angulation and increased separation of spinous processes at the C3-C4* and C4-C5 levels.²ˉ³ There is probable damage to the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments and/or intervertebral disc as indicated by the increased total anteroposterior translation of the C4-C5* level.² Segmental flexion instability is noted at the following segments: C3-C4*and C4-C5 Segmental extension instability is noted at the following segments: C2-C3 Segmental translational instability for flexion is noted at the following segments: None Segmental translational instability for extension is noted at the following segments: None Segmental instability for excess total anteroposterior translation: C4-C5* *According to the above biomechanical assessment, there are findings of Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI). Consequently, this patient may be ratable for a permanent injury upon reaching maximal medical improvement. ¹Measurements over 1mm Translation and/or over 7 degrees Angular Variation are considered to be clinically significant and in excess of normal flexibility of the cervical spine. SPINE 2001, February; 26(3): ( ), Lin, Tsai, Chu and Chang. ² Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5 th Edition, American Medical Association, 2001 ³Griffiths HJ, Olson PN, Everson LI et al. Hyperextension strain or "whiplash" injuries to the cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 1995;24: ⁴White, A.A., Johnson, R.M., Panjabi, M.M., and Southwick, W.O.: Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clin Ortho, 109:85, ⁵White AW, Panjabi MM,. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. 2 nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippinbcott;

4 Penning Analysis: Total Average Angular Excursion Segment Normal Values Normal Values Normal Values Patient (Penning⁶) (Dvorak⁷) (Wu⁸) Values C2-C3 12.0º 12.0º 13.5º 9.8º C3-C4 18.0º 17.2º 17.3º 18.7º C4-C5 20.0º 21.1º 22.6º 24.1º C5-C6 20.0º 22.6º 19.1º 8.2º C6-C7 15.0º 21.4º 18.0º 10.4º Highlighted Values Exceed Established Normal Using the Penning system of analysis⁶, the patient s cervical spine was analyzed using computerized method and total motion at each segmental level was assessed. Penning s Analysis for cervical spine stability has been shown to be one of the most valid methods for assessing total range of motion from flexion to extension⁷. The patient was found to have excessive motion at C3-C4 and C4-C5 exceeding the upper normal limit established by Penning⁶, Dvorak⁷, and Wu⁸. Consequently, ligamentous instability and loss of motion segment integrity exists at these levels when assessing for total movement from the flexion to extension position. ⁶Penning L. Normal Movements of the Cervical Spine. Am J Roentgenol 1978; ⁷Dvorak J, Froehlich D, Penning L et al. Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: flexion/extension. Spine 1988;13: ⁸Wu SK, Kuo LC, Lan HC et al. The quantitative measurements of the intervertebral angulation and translation during cervical flexion and extension. Eur.Spine J 2007;16:

5 A-P Open Mouth Lateral Bending Left Lateral Flexion Right Lateral Flexion X-ray Left X-ray Right X-ray Left X-ray Right The red line represents the position of the atlas lateral mass in the side bending position. The green line represents the position of the Axis superior articular process. Shifting of the red line from green greater than 1.7mm is indicative of subluxation. ⁹ Clinical correlation is advised with shifting greater than 1.7mm. ⁹ Shifting of greater than 3.0mm laterally indicates laxity of the Alar and/or Accessory ligaments. ¹⁰ ¹³ Lateral Translation Values, C1 on C2 During Lateral Cervical Flexion Patient s Values Clinical Significance C1-C2 Lateral Translation -- Left 2.8 mm C1-C2 Hypermobile Subluxation C1-C2 Lateral Translation -- Right 2.5 mm C1-C2 Hypermobile Subluxation The patient has a C1-C2 Left Translation of 2.8 mm and a C1-C2 Right Translation of 2.5 mm. This displacement overhang of C1 on C2 indicates hypermobile subluxation (839.01) at this articulation. ⁹Krakenes J, Kaale BR, Moen G, Nordli H, Gilhus NE, Rovik J. MRI assessment of the alar ligaments in the late state of whiplash injurystructural abnormalities and observer agreement. Neuroradiology 2002 Jul;44(7); ¹⁰Hohl M, Baker HR: The atlanto-axial joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 46:1739, ¹¹ Porterfield JA, DeRosa C. Mechanical Neck Pain: Perspectives in Functional Anatomy. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1995 ¹²Louis R: Stability and instability of the cervical spine. Cervical Spine I. Chicago, Springer-Verlag, 1987 ¹³Panjabi MM, Summers DJ, Pelker RR, et al: Three dimensional load displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine. J Orthop 4: , 1986 The patient s Dynamic Motion X-rays were obtained by Kentuckiana Motion X-Ray, Inc. Films were digitized and computer-analyzed by Precision Spinal Diagnostics, PLLC. X-Ray digitization for spinal biomechanics has been shown to be valid when compared to standard hand drawn methods. The X-Ray mensuration method used in analyzing this patient have been studied for reliability and validity. 5

Radiographic Instability Report

Radiographic Instability Report Prepared for: Bad Spine Insurance #: Gender: Male Date of Birth: 8/7/1954 Address: Evaluation Date: 6/29/2013 Date X-Ray Taken: 6/29/2013 Prepared by: Modern Chiropractic Someplace Drive Somewhere Cityville,

More information

'Objective Spinal Motion Unit Assessment through AMA Precision Compliant Procedures' Computer Aided Radiographic Mensuration Analysis

'Objective Spinal Motion Unit Assessment through AMA Precision Compliant Procedures' Computer Aided Radiographic Mensuration Analysis PATIENT'S NAME: New, Patient REFERRED BY: Dr. Example, DC DATE OF FILMS: 12/21/2011 DOB: 0/00/0000 AGE: D.O.S. 'Objective Spinal Motion Unit Assessment through AMA Precision Compliant Procedures' Computer

More information

Digital Motion X-ray Cervical Spine

Digital Motion X-ray Cervical Spine NAME OF PATIENT: CASE STUDY 4 DATE OF REPORT: DATE OF EXAMINATION: REFERRING PHYSICIAN: TESTING FACILITY: Digital Motion X-ray Cervical Spine 1. In the neutral lateral projection: Shows reversal of the

More information

Ultimate Spinal Analysis PA USA-XRAY ( )

Ultimate Spinal Analysis PA USA-XRAY ( ) Page: 1 Spine Atlas Angle 7.24 S Atlas Angle 21.67 S The Atlas Angle is a measurement of the stability of the Atlas. The Atlas Plane Line is compared to true horizontal. Any increase or decrease of this

More information

How to Determine the Severity of a Spinal Sprain Outline

How to Determine the Severity of a Spinal Sprain Outline Spinal Trauma How to Determine the Severity of a Spinal Sprain Outline Instructor: Dr. Jeffrey A. Cronk, DC, CICE Director of Education, Spinal Kinetics. CICE, American Board of Independent Medical Examiners.

More information

Radiology of Cervical Spine Trauma. Cervical Spine Trauma. Imaging Standards. Canadian C. Spine Rule 11/28/2016

Radiology of Cervical Spine Trauma. Cervical Spine Trauma. Imaging Standards. Canadian C. Spine Rule 11/28/2016 Radiology of Cervical Spine Trauma Dr. Steven J. Gould, D.C. Board Certified Chiropractic Radiologist Cleveland Chiropractic College, KC. MO. Radiology Residency at CCC, KC Cervical Spine Trauma Vertebral

More information

PREPARED FOR. Marsha Eichhorn DATE OF INJURY : N/A DATE OF ANALYSIS : 12/14/2016 DATE OF IMAGES : 12/8/2016. REFERRING DOCTOR : Dr.

PREPARED FOR. Marsha Eichhorn DATE OF INJURY : N/A DATE OF ANALYSIS : 12/14/2016 DATE OF IMAGES : 12/8/2016. REFERRING DOCTOR : Dr. Accent on Health Chiropractic 405 Firemans Ave PREPARED FOR Marsha Eichhorn DATE OF INJURY : N/A DATE OF ANALYSIS : 12/14/2016 DATE OF IMAGES : 12/8/2016 REFERRING DOCTOR : Dr. David Bohn This report contains

More information

Mechanism of Injury, Trauma, Subluxation and Instability Outline

Mechanism of Injury, Trauma, Subluxation and Instability Outline Spinal Trauma Instructor: Dr. Jeffrey A. Cronk, DC, CICE Director of Education, Spinal Kinetics. CICE, American Board of Independent Medical Examiners. Mechanism of Injury is just something that you must

More information

Spine Metrics. SPINAL BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDY X-Ray Study for Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI)

Spine Metrics. SPINAL BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDY X-Ray Study for Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI) Spine Metrics Corporate: Billing Inquiries: Tech Support: 520 Huber Park Court, Weldon Spring, MO 63304 520 Huber Park Court, Weldon Spring, MO 63304 636-329-8774 smsubmitfiles@gmail.com Date: 05-03-15

More information

Kinematic Cervical Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Low-Impact Trauma Assessment

Kinematic Cervical Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Low-Impact Trauma Assessment Kinematic Cervical Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Low-Impact Trauma Assessment 1 Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MRI June 2009; Volume 30; Number 3; pp. 168-173 Vincenzo Giuliano, MD, Antonio Pinto,

More information

Spine Metrics. SPINAL BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDY X-Ray Study for Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI)

Spine Metrics. SPINAL BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDY X-Ray Study for Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity (AOMSI) Spine Metrics Corporate: Billing Inquiries: Tech Support: 520 Huber Park Court, Weldon Spring, MO 63304 520 Huber Park Court, Weldon Spring, MO 63304 636-329-877 4 smsubmitfiles@gmail.com Patient:., Taiho

More information

subluxation: a radiographic comparison

subluxation: a radiographic comparison Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1980, 39, 485-489 Cervical collars in rheumatoid atlanto-axial subluxation: a radiographic comparison BO ALTHOFF AND IAN F. GOLDIE From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

More information

Spine, October 1, 2003; 28(19): Eythor Kristjansson, Gunnar Leivseth, Paul Brinckmann, Wolfgang Frobin

Spine, October 1, 2003; 28(19): Eythor Kristjansson, Gunnar Leivseth, Paul Brinckmann, Wolfgang Frobin Increased Sagittal Plane Segmental Motion in the Lower Cervical Spine in Women With Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders, Grades I-II: A Case-Control Study Using a New Measurement Protocol 1 Spine, October

More information

Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma Tudor H Hughes, M.D.

Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma Tudor H Hughes, M.D. Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma Tudor H Hughes, M.D. General Considerations Most spinal fractures are due to a single episode of major trauma. Fatigue fractures of the spine are unusual except in the

More information

Outline. Epidemiology Indications for C-spine imaging Modalities Interpretation Types of fractures

Outline. Epidemiology Indications for C-spine imaging Modalities Interpretation Types of fractures C-Spine Plain Films Outline Epidemiology Indications for C-spine imaging Modalities Interpretation Types of fractures Epidemiology 7000-10000 c-spine injuries treated each year Additional 5000 die at the

More information

SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT 1 Anatomy 3 columns- Anterior, middle and Posterior Anterior- ALL, Anterior 2/3 rd body & disc. Middle- Posterior 1/3 rd of body & disc, PLL Posterior-

More information

The Positive Findings In Neck Injuries. American Journal of Orthopedics. August-September, 1964, pp

The Positive Findings In Neck Injuries. American Journal of Orthopedics. August-September, 1964, pp The Positive Findings In Neck Injuries 1 American Journal of Orthopedics August-September, 1964, pp. 178-187 Ruth Jackson, MD This author analyzed 5,000 patients with disorders and found the following:

More information

Anterior Cervical Subluxation: An Unstable Position

Anterior Cervical Subluxation: An Unstable Position 275 Anterior Cervical Subluxation: An Unstable Position, 1 A. T. Scher1 The radioiogic signs of cervical anterior subluxation are subtle. Even when recognized, the injury may not be considered significant.

More information

Maximal rotation at atlanto-axial joint: analysis of changes in mid-sagittal space within atlas vertebra

Maximal rotation at atlanto-axial joint: analysis of changes in mid-sagittal space within atlas vertebra Eur J Anat, 14 (3): 127-132 (2010) Maximal rotation at atlanto-axial joint: analysis of changes in mid-sagittal space within atlas vertebra Niladri Kumar Mahato Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College,

More information

POST-TRAUMATIC ALAR LIGAMENT INSTABILITY: A CASE REPORT REVIEWING ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

POST-TRAUMATIC ALAR LIGAMENT INSTABILITY: A CASE REPORT REVIEWING ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS POST-TRAUMATIC ALAR LIGAMENT INSTABILITY: A CASE REPORT REVIEWING ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS Walid, B. Chiro Resident in Diagnostic Imaging New Zealand College of Chiropractic Phone (H) 09 4448023;

More information

Spinal Dynamics I: The Axio-atlanto-occipital Assemblage

Spinal Dynamics I: The Axio-atlanto-occipital Assemblage Spinal Dynamics I: The Axio-atlanto-occipital Assemblage Bones interact through joints. The relative placements of bones across joints determine how they move in space. In this section we will consider

More information

SCIWORA Rozlyn McTeer BSN, RN, CEN Pediatric Trauma Coordinator Trauma Services OBJECTIVES DEFINITION 11/8/2017. Identify SCIWORA.

SCIWORA Rozlyn McTeer BSN, RN, CEN Pediatric Trauma Coordinator Trauma Services OBJECTIVES DEFINITION 11/8/2017. Identify SCIWORA. SCIWORA Rozlyn McTeer BSN, RN, CEN Pediatric Trauma Coordinator Trauma Services Identify SCIWORA. OBJECTIVES Identify the population at risk. To identify anatomic and physiologic reasons for SCIWORA. To

More information

Upper Cervical Spine - Occult Injury and Trigger for CT Exam

Upper Cervical Spine - Occult Injury and Trigger for CT Exam Upper Cervical Spine - Occult Injury and Trigger for CT Exam Main Menu Introduction Clinical clearance of C-SpineC Radiographic evaluation Norms for C-spineC Triggers for CT exam: Odontoid Lateral view

More information

AXIAL SKELETON FORM THE VERTICAL AXIS OF THE BODY CONSISTS OF 80 BONES INCLUDES BONES OF HEAD, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS,STERNUM

AXIAL SKELETON FORM THE VERTICAL AXIS OF THE BODY CONSISTS OF 80 BONES INCLUDES BONES OF HEAD, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS,STERNUM AXIAL SKELETON FORM THE VERTICAL AXIS OF THE BODY CONSISTS OF 80 BONES INCLUDES BONES OF HEAD, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS,STERNUM APPENDICULAR SKELETON BONES OF THE FREE APPENDAGES & THEIR POINTS OF ATTACHMENTS

More information

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma. Introduction. Anatomic Considerations 7/23/2018

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma. Introduction. Anatomic Considerations 7/23/2018 Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Sheyan J. Armaghani, MD Florida Orthopedic Institute Assistant Professor USF Dept of Orthopedics Introduction Trauma to the cervical spine accounts for 5 of all spine injuries

More information

3/10/17 Spinal a Injury 1

3/10/17 Spinal a Injury 1 Spinal Injury 1 'Paralysed' Watmough vows he'll have the backbone for Game Two after treatment for neck injury Watmough will have cortisone injected into his spine this morning to speed up the recovery

More information

Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Prolotherapy for Instability with Blinded Pre and Post Radiographic Reading

Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Prolotherapy for Instability with Blinded Pre and Post Radiographic Reading Centeno et al Prolotherapy for Cervical Instability 67 Pain Physician. 2005;8:67-72, ISSN 1533-3159 A Case Series Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Prolotherapy for Instability with Blinded Pre and Post

More information

Unstable Jefferson Variant Atlas Fractures: An Unrecognized Cervical Injury

Unstable Jefferson Variant Atlas Fractures: An Unrecognized Cervical Injury 1105 Unstable Jefferson Variant Atlas Fractures: An Unrecognized Cervical Injury Charles Lee 1 John H. Woodring We retrospectively reviewed the plain films and CT scans of 11 unstable atlas fractures from

More information

Musculoskeletal Development and Sports Injuries in Pediatric Patients

Musculoskeletal Development and Sports Injuries in Pediatric Patients Dynamic Chiropractic October 21, 2010, Vol. 28, Issue 22 Musculoskeletal Development and Sports Injuries in Pediatric Patients By Deborah Pate, DC, DACBR Physical activity is extremely important for everyone,

More information

Dynamic kine magnetic resonance imaging in whiplash patients. Pain Research and Management 2009 Nov-Dec 2009;Vol. 14, No. 6; pp.

Dynamic kine magnetic resonance imaging in whiplash patients. Pain Research and Management 2009 Nov-Dec 2009;Vol. 14, No. 6; pp. Dynamic kine magnetic resonance imaging in whiplash patients 1 Pain Research and Management 2009 Nov-Dec 2009;Vol. 14, No. 6; pp. 427-32 Lindgren KA, Kettunen JA, Paatelma M, Mikkonen RH. FROM ABSTRACT:

More information

Injury Mechanisms of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc During Simulated Whiplash. Spine: Volume 29(11) June 1, 2004 pp

Injury Mechanisms of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc During Simulated Whiplash. Spine: Volume 29(11) June 1, 2004 pp 1 Injury Mechanisms of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc During Simulated Whiplash Spine: Volume 29(11) June 1, 2004 pp 1217-1225 Panjabi, Manohar M. PhD; Ito, Shigeki MD; Pearson, Adam M. BA; Ivancic,

More information

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Dr Hesarikia BUMS

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Dr Hesarikia BUMS Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Dr. Hesarikia BUMS Subaxial Cervical Spine From C3-C7 ROM Majority of cervical flexion Lateral bending Approximately 50% rotation Ligamentous Anatomy Anterior ALL, PLL, intervertebral

More information

Cervical Spine Anatomy and Biomechanics. Typical Cervical Vertebra C3 6. Typical Cervical Vertebra Anterior 10/5/2017

Cervical Spine Anatomy and Biomechanics. Typical Cervical Vertebra C3 6. Typical Cervical Vertebra Anterior 10/5/2017 Cervical Spine Anatomy and Biomechanics Typical Cervical Vertebra C3 6 Small, relatively broad body Bifid SpinousProcess Long and narrow laminae Spinal Canal: large, triangular; remarkably consistent dimensions

More information

Common fracture & dislocation of the cervical spine. Theerachai Apivatthakakul Department of Orthopaedic Chiangmai University

Common fracture & dislocation of the cervical spine. Theerachai Apivatthakakul Department of Orthopaedic Chiangmai University Common fracture & dislocation of the cervical spine Theerachai Apivatthakakul Department of Orthopaedic Chiangmai University Objective Anatomy Mechanism and type of injury PE.and radiographic evaluation

More information

2. The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles (projecting from the body) and laminae (uniting arch posteriorly).

2. The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles (projecting from the body) and laminae (uniting arch posteriorly). VERTEBRAL COLUMN 2018zillmusom I. VERTEBRAL COLUMN - functions to support weight of body and protect spinal cord while permitting movements of trunk and providing for muscle attachments. A. Typical vertebra

More information

Human Anatomy - Problem Drill 06: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton & Articualtions

Human Anatomy - Problem Drill 06: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton & Articualtions Human Anatomy - Problem Drill 06: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton & Articualtions Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper

More information

Injury Criteria Analysis Plan

Injury Criteria Analysis Plan GTR 7 Informal Working Group June 10, 2011 Washington DC GTR7-07-06 Injury Criteria Analysis Plan Kevin Moorhouse, Ph.D. NHTSA Yun-Seok Kang Ohio State University Rear Impact Research Objectives Evaluate

More information

A Computational Model of Annulus Fiber Deformation in Cervical Discs During In Vivo Dynamic Flexion\Extension, Rotation and Lateral Bending

A Computational Model of Annulus Fiber Deformation in Cervical Discs During In Vivo Dynamic Flexion\Extension, Rotation and Lateral Bending A Computational Model of Annulus Fiber Deformation in Cervical Discs During In Vivo Dynamic Flexion\Extension, Rotation and Lateral Bending William Anderst, Mara Palmer, Joon Lee, William Donaldson, James

More information

Thoracolumbar spine trauma classifications: evolution or more confusion

Thoracolumbar spine trauma classifications: evolution or more confusion Thoracolumbar spine trauma classifications: evolution or more confusion Poster No.: C-1713 Congress: ECR 2012 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: J. P. Salazar, J. Halaburda Berni, C. Torrents, L. Casas;

More information

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 07: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 07: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 07: The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Question No. 1 of 10 Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is correct? Question #01 A. The axial

More information

Radiographic Aspects of Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine

Radiographic Aspects of Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine Cleveland State University EngagedScholarship@CSU Cleveland State Law Review Law Journals 1957 Radiographic Aspects of Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine Robert R. Wise Follow this and additional works

More information

Evaluation of whiplash injuries by technetium 99m isotope scanning

Evaluation of whiplash injuries by technetium 99m isotope scanning Archives of Emergency Medicine, 1993, 10, 197-202 Evaluation of whiplash injuries by technetium 99m isotope scanning D. BARTON, M. ALLEN, D. FINLAY & I. BELTON Accident & Emergency Department, Leicester

More information

Dr Ajit Singh Moderator Dr P S Chandra Dr Rajender Kumar

Dr Ajit Singh Moderator Dr P S Chandra Dr Rajender Kumar BIOMECHANICS OF SPINE Dr Ajit Singh Moderator Dr P S Chandra Dr Rajender Kumar What is biomechanics? Biomechanics is the study of the consequences of application of external force on the spine Primary

More information

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Average adult length: In male: about 70 cms. In female: about 65 cms.

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Average adult length: In male: about 70 cms. In female: about 65 cms. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Average adult length: In male: about 70 cms. In female: about 65 cms. 1 Vertebral Column (Regions and Curvatures) Curvatures of the vertebral column: A. Primary curvature: C-shaped;

More information

Clarification of Terms

Clarification of Terms Clarification of Terms The Spine, Spinal Column, and Vertebral Column are synonymous terms referring to the bony components housing the spinal cord Spinal Cord = made of nervous tissue Facet = a small,

More information

Clarification of Terms

Clarification of Terms Clarification of Terms The Spine, Spinal Column, and Vertebral Column are synonymous terms referring to the bony components housing the spinal cord Spinal Cord = made of nervous tissue Facet = a small,

More information

Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine and thoracolumbar transition

Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine and thoracolumbar transition Most spinal column injuries occur in the thoracolumbar transition, the area between the lower thoracic spine and the upper lumbar spine; over half of all vertebral fractures involve the 12 th thoracic

More information

Influence of whiplash injury on cervical spine stability

Influence of whiplash injury on cervical spine stability Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011 Original paper Influence of whiplash injury on cervical spine stability JACEK MARTYNKIEWICZ, SZYMON FELIKS DRAGAN*, KATARZYNA PŁOCIENIAK, ARTUR

More information

Raymond Wiegand, D.C. Spine Rehabilitation Institute of Missouri

Raymond Wiegand, D.C. Spine Rehabilitation Institute of Missouri 2D Pattern matching of frontal plane radiograph to 3D model identifies structural and functional deficiencies of the spinal pelvic system in consideration of mechanical spine pain (AKA Spine distortion

More information

THE OSTEOPATHIC WORKSHOP: NECK PAIN

THE OSTEOPATHIC WORKSHOP: NECK PAIN THE OSTEOPATHIC WORKSHOP: NECK PAIN Trevine R. Albert, D.O. M.S. Family Medicine Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine PGY-3 2018 FSACOFP Convention DISCLOSURES There are no actual or potential personal, financial

More information

Cervical Spine Injury Guidelines

Cervical Spine Injury Guidelines 6/15/2018 Cervical Spine Injury Guidelines Benjamin Oshlag, MD, CAQSM Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Assistant Professor of Sports Medicine Columbia University Medical Center Nothing to Disclose

More information

Why does sideflexion increase ipsilateral vertebral artery occlusion with contralateral atlanto-axial rotation? Thomas Langer

Why does sideflexion increase ipsilateral vertebral artery occlusion with contralateral atlanto-axial rotation? Thomas Langer Why does sideflexion increase ipsilateral vertebral artery occlusion with contralateral atlanto-axial rotation? Thomas Langer 1 Introduction When the head and neck are placed in the premanipulative position

More information

Quality of Life. Quality of Motion.

Quality of Life. Quality of Motion. Quality of Life. Quality of Motion. Lateral Bend Vertical Translation Flexion Extension Lateral Translation Axial Rotation Anterior Posterior Translation Motion in all Directions Kinematics is the study

More information

102 Results RESULTS. Age Mean=S.D Range 42= years -84 years Number % <30 years years >50 years

102 Results RESULTS. Age Mean=S.D Range 42= years -84 years Number % <30 years years >50 years 102 Results RESULTS A total of 50 cases were studied 39 males and 11females.Their age ranged between 16 years and 84 years (mean 42years). T1 and T2WI were acquired for all cases in sagittal and axial

More information

You have 24 vertebrae in your spinal column. Two are special enough to be individually named.

You have 24 vertebrae in your spinal column. Two are special enough to be individually named. You have 24 vertebrae in your spinal column. Two are special enough to be individually named. Your atlas (C01) and axis (C02) are very important vertebrae. Without them, head and neck movement would be

More information

factor for identifying unstable thoracolumbar fractures. There are clinical and radiological criteria

factor for identifying unstable thoracolumbar fractures. There are clinical and radiological criteria NMJ-Vol :2/ Issue:1/ Jan June 2013 Case Report Medical Sciences Progressive subluxation of thoracic wedge compression fracture with unidentified PLC injury Dr.Thalluri.Gopala krishnaiah* Dr.Voleti.Surya

More information

MDCT and MRI evaluation of cervical spine trauma

MDCT and MRI evaluation of cervical spine trauma Insights Imaging (2014) 5:67 75 DOI 10.1007/s13244-013-0304-2 PICTORIAL REVIEW MDCT and MRI evaluation of cervical spine trauma Michael Utz & Shadab Khan & Daniel O Connor & Stephen Meyers Received: 10

More information

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma

Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Pooria Salari, MD Assistant Professor Of Orthopaedics Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, USA Initial Evaluation

More information

RETROLISTHESIS. Retrolisthesis. is found mainly in the cervical spine and lumbar region but can also be often seen in the thoracic spine

RETROLISTHESIS. Retrolisthesis. is found mainly in the cervical spine and lumbar region but can also be often seen in the thoracic spine RETROLISTHESIS A retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to adjacent vertebrae Typically a vertebra is to be in retrolisthesis position when it translates backward

More information

Imaging of Trauma to the Spine. Orthopedic Diplomate Program University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic

Imaging of Trauma to the Spine. Orthopedic Diplomate Program University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Imaging of Trauma to the Spine Orthopedic Diplomate Program University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Jefferson Fracture Yee, LL: The Jefferson Fracture, Radiology Cases in Pediatric Emergency Medicine.

More information

Structure and Function of the Vertebral Column

Structure and Function of the Vertebral Column Structure and Function of the Vertebral Column Posture Vertebral Alignment Does it really matter? Yes it does! Postural Curves The vertebral column has a series of counterbalancing curves posterior anterior

More information

The craniocervical junction

The craniocervical junction Anver Jameel, MD The craniocervical junction A biomechanical and anatomical unit that extends from the skull base to C2 Includes the clivus, foramen magnum and contiguous occipital bone, the occipital

More information

Clarification of Terms

Clarification of Terms Clarification of Terms The Spine, Spinal Column, and Vertebral Column are synonymous terms referring to the bony components housing the spinal cord Spinal Cord = made of nervous tissue Facet = a small,

More information

The Back. Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 9 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa

The Back. Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 9 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa The Back Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 9 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa The spine has to meet 2 functions Strength Mobility Stability of the vertebral column is provided by: Deep intrinsic muscles of the back Ligaments

More information

The virtual morphology and the main movements of the human neck simulations used for car crash studies

The virtual morphology and the main movements of the human neck simulations used for car crash studies IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS The virtual morphology and the main movements of the human neck simulations used for car crash studies Related content - Stochastic

More information

Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Conditions Chapter 11

Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Conditions Chapter 11 Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Conditions Chapter 11 Anatomy Spinal column Vertebrae Cervical (7) convex anteriorly Thoracic (12) concave anteriorly Lumbar (5) convex anteriorly Sacral (5 fused) concave

More information

It consist of two components: the outer, laminar fibrous container (or annulus), and the inner, semifluid mass (the nucleus pulposus).

It consist of two components: the outer, laminar fibrous container (or annulus), and the inner, semifluid mass (the nucleus pulposus). Lumbar Spine The lumbar vertebrae are the last five vertebrae of the vertebral column. They are particularly large and heavy when compared with the vertebrae of the cervical or thoracicc spine. Their bodies

More information

Spinal Cord Injuries: The Basics. Kadre Sneddon POS Rounds October 1, 2003

Spinal Cord Injuries: The Basics. Kadre Sneddon POS Rounds October 1, 2003 Spinal Cord Injuries: The Basics Kadre Sneddon POS Rounds October 1, 2003 Anatomy Dorsal columntouch, vibration Corticospinal tract- UMN Anterior horn-lmn Spinothalamic tractpain, temperature (contralateral)

More information

Surgery in cervical disc herniation: anterior cervical discectomy without fusion or with fusion

Surgery in cervical disc herniation: anterior cervical discectomy without fusion or with fusion Romanian Neurosurgery Volume XXXI Number 1 2017 January - March Article Surgery in cervical disc herniation: anterior cervical discectomy without fusion or with fusion Andrei Stefan Iencean ROMANIA DOI:

More information

Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy.

Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy www.fisiokinesiterapia.biz Thoracic Vertebrae Bodies Pedicles Laminae Spinous Processes Transverse Processes Inferior & Superior Facets Distinguishing Feature Costal Fovea

More information

the cervical spine in early rheumatoid disease

the cervical spine in early rheumatoid disease Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1981, 40, 109-114 A prospective study of the radiological changes in the cervical spine in early rheumatoid disease J. WINFIELD, D. COOKE,' A. S. BROOK,2 AND MARY CORBETT

More information

Head Position and Impact Direction in Whiplash Injuries: Associations with MRI-Verified Lesions of Ligaments and Membranes in the Upper Cervical Spine

Head Position and Impact Direction in Whiplash Injuries: Associations with MRI-Verified Lesions of Ligaments and Membranes in the Upper Cervical Spine JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA Volume 22, Number 11, 2005 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. 1294 1302 Head Position and Impact Direction in Whiplash Injuries: Associations with MRI-Verified Lesions of Ligaments and Membranes

More information

Facet orientation in patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis

Facet orientation in patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis 35 J. Tokyo Med. Univ., 71 1 35 0 Facet orientation in patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis Wuqikun ALIMASI, Kenji ENDO, Hidekazu SUZUKI, Yasunobu SAWAJI, Hirosuke NISHIMURA, Hidetoshi TANAKA,

More information

VERTEBRAL COLUMN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

VERTEBRAL COLUMN VERTEBRAL COLUMN VERTEBRAL COLUMN FUNCTIONS: 1) Support weight - transmits weight to pelvis and lower limbs 2) Houses and protects spinal cord - spinal nerves leave cord between vertebrae 3) Permits movements - *clinical

More information

Papers Arising from the Vertebral Artery Study

Papers Arising from the Vertebral Artery Study Papers Arising from the Vertebral Artery Study 1. Brief Introduction to quaternions and framed vectors and their application to the description of anatomical movements. The mathematical description of

More information

River North Pain Management Consultants, S.C., Axel Vargas, M.D., Regional Anesthesiology and Interventional Pain Management.

River North Pain Management Consultants, S.C., Axel Vargas, M.D., Regional Anesthesiology and Interventional Pain Management. River North Pain Management Consultants, S.C., Axel Vargas, M.D., Regional Anesthesiology and Interventional Pain Management. Chicago, Illinois, 60611 Phone: (888) 951-6471 Fax: (888) 961-6471 Clinical

More information

CERVICAL SPINE EVALUATION MARK FIGUEROA PHYSICAL THERAPIST

CERVICAL SPINE EVALUATION MARK FIGUEROA PHYSICAL THERAPIST CERVICAL SPINE EVALUATION MARK FIGUEROA PHYSICAL THERAPIST OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL REASONING Stage of disorder Pathoanatomical diagnosis Signs and symptoms Consideration of the evidence gathered Common sense

More information

The Biomechanics of the Human Spine. Basic Biomechanics, 6 th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

The Biomechanics of the Human Spine. Basic Biomechanics, 6 th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Chapter 9 The Biomechanics of the Human Spine Structure of the Spine The spine is a curved stack of 33 vertebrae structurally divided into five regions: cervical region - 7 vertebrae thoracic region -

More information

Original article: Multidetector computed tomographic evaluation of cervical spine trauma

Original article: Multidetector computed tomographic evaluation of cervical spine trauma Original article: Multidetector computed tomographic evaluation of cervical spine trauma 1Sajid Ansari *, 2 R.K. Rauniyar, 3 Kaleem Ahmad, 4 Mukesh Kumar Gupta 1Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis,

More information

PARADIGM SPINE. Patient Information. Treatment of a Narrow Lumbar Spinal Canal

PARADIGM SPINE. Patient Information. Treatment of a Narrow Lumbar Spinal Canal PARADIGM SPINE Patient Information Treatment of a Narrow Lumbar Spinal Canal Dear Patient, This brochure is intended to inform you of a possible treatment option for narrowing of the spinal canal, often

More information

Cervical Spine Exercise and Manual Therapy for the Autonomous Practitioner

Cervical Spine Exercise and Manual Therapy for the Autonomous Practitioner Cervical Spine Exercise and Manual Therapy for the Autonomous Practitioner Eric Chaconas PT, PhD, DPT, FAAOMPT Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director Doctor of Physical Therapy Program Eric

More information

Blair Radiology Exam Examination Packet

Blair Radiology Exam Examination Packet Blair Radiology Exam Examination Packet This packet is made of up five sections: Examiner s Instructions, Applicant Requirements, Analysis Rubric, Overall Result and Comments and Exam Form. The Exam Form

More information

NECK AND BACK PAIN AN INTRODUCTION TO

NECK AND BACK PAIN AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTRODUCTION TO NECK AND BACK PAIN This booklet provides general information on neck and back pain. It is not meant to replace any personal conversations that you might wish to have with your physician

More information

Fractures of the C-2 vertebral body

Fractures of the C-2 vertebral body J Neurosurg 81:206-212, 1994 Fractures of the C-2 vertebral body EDWARD C. BENZEL, M.D., BLAINE L. HART, M.D., PERRY A. BALL, M.D., NEVAN G. BALDWIN, M.D., WILLIAM W. ORRISON, M.D., AND MARY ESPINOSA,

More information

Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma

Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma Imaging of Cervical Spine Trauma C Craig Blackmore, MD, MPH Professor of Radiology and Adjunct Professor of Health Services University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center Salary support: AHRQ grant

More information

Case Studies: Low Back Pain in the Athlete. Jim Messerly DO

Case Studies: Low Back Pain in the Athlete. Jim Messerly DO Case Studies: Low Back Pain in the Athlete Jim Messerly DO Nothing to disclose Case #1 History 15 y/o male presents for evaluation of his low back pain. His pain has been present for several months. The

More information

General Questions. These are designed to be general answers to general questions.

General Questions. These are designed to be general answers to general questions. General Questions These are designed to be general answers to general questions. Q: What is x-ray digitization or as it is commonly called today; CRMA (Computerized Radiographic Mensuration Analysis)?

More information

Cervical Spine: Pearls and Pitfalls

Cervical Spine: Pearls and Pitfalls Cervical Spine: Pearls and Pitfalls Presenters Dr. Rob Donkin Functional Anatomy Current research Cervical Radiculopathy Dr. Gert Ferreira Red flags Case Study Kinesio Taping Chris Neethling Gonstead adjusting

More information

Ligaments of the vertebral column:

Ligaments of the vertebral column: In the last lecture we started talking about the joints in the vertebral column, and we said that there are two types of joints between adjacent vertebrae: 1. Between the bodies of the vertebrae; which

More information

Yoga Anatomy & Physiology

Yoga Anatomy & Physiology Yoga Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy- One of the basic essential sciences of medicine that studies the structure of an organism. Physiology- The biological study of the functions of living

More information

Arthrology joint, articulation or union between two or more bones Classification by degree of movement or tissue that bind the bones together

Arthrology joint, articulation or union between two or more bones Classification by degree of movement or tissue that bind the bones together ARTICULATIONS OF THE SPINE AND THORAX Pages 8-12, 42 and 57 Arthrology joint, articulation or union between two or more bones Classification by degree of movement or tissue that bind the bones together

More information

Paediatric cervical spine injuries: A pictorial review

Paediatric cervical spine injuries: A pictorial review Paediatric cervical spine injuries: A pictorial review Poster No.: C-2863 Congress: ECR 2010 Type: Educational Exhibit Topic: Pediatric Authors: L. L. Wang, W. Thomas, K. Ng, C. C. Hiew ; Randwick/AU,

More information

Spinal Trauma. Dr T G Kruger

Spinal Trauma. Dr T G Kruger Spinal Trauma Dr T G Kruger Epidemiology Spine injury in 6% of trauma patients Multiple levels involved in 20% of cases 80% of spinal cord injury patients have concurrent other system injuries 41% have

More information

Effects of Capital Collar Enhanced on Head-Cervical Movements in Comparison with Miami J Advanced and Aspen Vista TX Collars

Effects of Capital Collar Enhanced on Head-Cervical Movements in Comparison with Miami J Advanced and Aspen Vista TX Collars DeRoyal Industries, Inc. 2013 Effects of Capital Collar Enhanced on Head-Cervical Movements in Comparison with Miami J Advanced and Aspen Vista TX Collars Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Laboratory Department

More information

Determination of Cervical Spine Stability in Trauma Patients (Update of the 1997 EAST Cervical Spine Clearance Document)

Determination of Cervical Spine Stability in Trauma Patients (Update of the 1997 EAST Cervical Spine Clearance Document) 1 Determination of Cervical Spine Stability in Trauma Patients (Update of the 1997 EAST Cervical Spine Clearance Document) Cervical Spine Clearance Committee Donald Marion Robert Domeier C. Michael Dunham

More information

An Introduction to Radiographic Views & Anatomy

An Introduction to Radiographic Views & Anatomy An Introduction to Radiographic Views & Anatomy Morey J. Kolber, PT, PhD, OCS, Cert MDT, CSCS*D An Introduction to Radiographic Views & Anatomy M.S.P.T. 1995-University of Miami Nova Southeastern University

More information

Spinal Deformity Pathologies and Treatments

Spinal Deformity Pathologies and Treatments Spinal Deformity Pathologies and Treatments Scoliosis Spinal Deformity 3-dimensional deformity affecting all 3 planes Can be difficult to visualize with 2-dimensional radiographs Kyphosis Deformity affecting

More information

Chest cavity, vertebral column and back muscles. Respiratory muscles. Sándor Katz M.D., Ph.D.

Chest cavity, vertebral column and back muscles. Respiratory muscles. Sándor Katz M.D., Ph.D. Chest cavity, vertebral column and back muscles. Respiratory muscles. Sándor Katz M.D., Ph.D. Chest cavity - bony structures Chest cavity- bony structures Sternum Ribs True ribs: first seven pairs connect

More information

INDEPENDENT LEARNING: DISC HERNIATION IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE: ANATOMICAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN REVIEW

INDEPENDENT LEARNING: DISC HERNIATION IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE: ANATOMICAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN REVIEW INDEPENDENT LEARNING: DISC HERNIATION IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE: ANATOMICAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN REVIEW CDC REPORT - CAUSES OF DISABILITY, 2005 REVIEW QUESTIONS ABOUT DISC HERNIATION IN THE NATIONAL

More information

CT study of craniovertebral rotation in whiplash injury

CT study of craniovertebral rotation in whiplash injury Eur Spine J (2001) 10 :38 43 DOI 10.1007/s005860000212 ORIGINAL ARTICLE J. Patijn J. Wilmink F. H. J. ter Linden H. Kingma CT study of craniovertebral rotation in whiplash injury Received: 17 May 2000

More information