ASFYT Part I: The Skeletal System S1: Intro to Kinesiology

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Brett Dixon
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1 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy (1) Intr t Kinesilgy Majr Divisins f the Human Bdy Jints Between Majr Bdy Parts Describing Mvement in the Bdy True Mvement vs. Ging Alng fr the Ride Anatmic Psitin Directinal Terms Planes f Mvement Axes f Mvement Jint Actin Terminlgy Pairs Cncept f Reverse Actins (2) Majr Divisins f the Human Bdy The human bdy can be divided int the Axial bdy and the Appendicular bdy The Axial Bdy is the central cre axis f the bdy and cntains the head, neck and trunk The Appendicular Bdy is made up f appendages that are added(appended) nt the axial bdy, and cnsists f the upper and lwer extremities The Upper Extremity cnsists f the shulder girdle, arm, frearm and hand The Lwer Extremity cnsists f the *pelvis, thigh, leg and ft *Nte: the pelvis is cnsidered a transitinal bdy part that is part f bth the axial bdy and appendicular bdy, as the sacrum and tailbne are part f the spine (axial bdy) and each hip bne is part f the lwer extremities (appendicular bdy) (3) Jints Between Bdy Parts What separates ne bdy part frm anther is the presence f a jint, which is lcated between the bnes f adjacent bdy parts When a bdy part mves, it mves relative t anther bdy part that is next t it Page 1 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

2 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy This mvement ccurs at the jint that is between the tw bdy parts (4) Hw t Describe a Mvement Cnfusin can arise if we describe a mvement by nly stating the bdy part r jint where the mvement is ccurring i.e., flex the elbw des nt indicate which bdy part is mving (the frearm r the arm); flex the frearm des nt indicate which jint is invlved (the elbw r the wrist) T avid any pssible cnfusin, when describing mvement three things shuld be stated: 1. the actin that is ccurring 2. the name f the bdy part that is mving 3. the jint where the mvement is ccurring Examples: flexin f the frearm at the elbw jint extensin f the arm at the elbw jint lateral rtatin f the thigh at the hip jint (5) True Mvement versus Ging Alng fr the Ride Fr true mvement f a bdy part t ccur, it must mve relative t an adjacent bdy part Fr example, when the frearm is flexing at the elbw, the hand is merely ging alng fr the ride (as it is nt mving at the wrist); r, when anterirly tilting the pelvis as we swan dive ver the legs, the spine is just ging alng fr the ride (6) Anatmic Psitin Anatmic psitin is the psitin assumed when a persn stands upright, facing frward, with the arms at the sides, the palms facing frward, and the fingers and thumbs extended (similar t Tadasana) Page 2 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

3 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Anatmic psitin is imprtant because it is used as a reference psitin fr naming lcatins, structures and pints n the human bdy (7) Directinal Terms Describing a lcatin n the human bdy invlves the use f specific directinal terms that describe the lcatin f ne structure r pint n the bdy relative t anther structure r pint n the bdy -- always in reference t anatmic psitin Using specific terminlgy helps avid the ambiguity f lay language Directinal terms always cme in pairs f ppsites, and can be cmbined t mre specifically indicate lcatin (ex., antermedial, r psterlateral )the (8) Anterir/Psterir Anterir: farther t the frnt Psterir: farther t the back Example: the sternum is anterir t the spine; the spine is psterir t the sternum (9) Medial/Lateral Medial: clser t the midsagittal plane (which is an imaginary line that divides the bdy int left and right halves) Lateral: farther frm the midsagittal plane i.e., the sternum is medial t the humerus; the humerus is lateral t the sternum i.e, the little finger is medial t the thumb; the thumb is lateral t the little finger Nte: in the frearm, the terms ulnar/radial can replace the terms medial/lateral, respectively; in the leg, the terms tibial/fibular can replace the terms medial/lateral, respectively (10) Superir/Inferir The terms superir and inferir refer t the axial bdy parts nly Page 3 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

4 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Superir: abve Inferir: belw i.e., the head is superir t the trunk; the trunk is inferir t the head i.e., the sternum is superir t the umbilicus; the umbilicus is inferir t the sternum (11) Prximal/Distal The terms prximal and distal refer t the appendicular bdy parts nly Prximal: clser t the axial bdy Distal: farther frm the axial bdy i.e., the arm is prximal t the frearm; the frearm is distal t the arm i.e., the thigh is prximal t the leg; the leg is distal t the thigh (12) Superficial/Deep The terms superficial and deep can be used fr the entire bdy Superficial: clser t the surface f the bdy Deep: farther frm the surface f the bdy (mre internal) i.e., the anterir abdminal wall muscles are superficial t the intestines; the intestines are deep t the anterir abdminal wall muscles i.e., the biceps brachii muscle is superficial t the humerus; the humerus is deep t the biceps brachii (13) Planes f Mvement When we want t describe mtin f the human bdy, we need t describe r map the space thrugh which mtin ccurs As space is 3-dimensinal, three types f planes exist t describe mvement thrugh thse dimensins Page 4 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

5 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy (14) The Sagittal Plane The sagittal plane divides the bdy int left and right prtins Mvements in the sagittal plane ccur in an anterir t psterir, r psterir t anterir directin (i.e., ndding the head yes, reaching fr the refrigeratr dr handle, mving int a frward bending pse) (15) The Frntal Plane The frntal (crnal) plane divides the bdy int anterir and psterir prtins Mvements in the frntal plane ccur in a medial t lateral, r lateral t medial directin (i.e., sweeping the arms ut t the side, spreading the feet apart, mving int Warrir 2 frm Tadasana) (16) The Transverse Plane The transverse (hrizntal) plane divides the bdy int superir/prximal and inferir/ distal prtins Mvement in the transverse plane is rtatinal -- the bdy part spins in place (i.e., turning the head n, twisting the spine, externally/internally rtating the arm in the shulder jint) (17) Oblique Planes f Mvement An blique plane is a plane that is nt exactly sagittal, frntal, r transverse, but has cmpnents f tw r three cardinal planes Fr example, when swan diving int Uttanasana, the arms mve in an blique plane that is a cmbinatin f the frntal and sagittal planes (18) Axes f Mvement When mtin f a bdy part ccurs, it can be described as ccurring within a plane Mtin within a plane can be further described as mving arund an imaginary line called an axis, which is perpendicular t the plane in which the mvement is ccurring Page 5 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

6 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Thus, three cardinal axes exist that crrelate t the three cardinal planes (each axis is named accrding t its rientatin) (19) The Medilateral Axis Mvements in the sagittal plane ccur arund a medilateral axis, which is an axis that runs frm medial t lateral (r lateral t medial) Flexin and extensin are mvements that ccur within the sagittal plane arund a medilateral axis (20) The Anterpsterir Axis Mvements in the frntal plane ccur arund an anterpsterir axis, which is an axis that runs anterir t psterir (r psterir t anterir) Abductin and adductin are mvements that ccur within the frntal plane arund an anterpsterir axis (21) The Vertical Axis Mvements in the transverse plane ccur arund a vertical axis Lateral and medial rtatin are mvements that ccur within the transverse plane arund a vertical axis (22) The Pinwheel Analgy When visualizing the varius axes f mvement, it can be helpful t imagine a pinwheel, wherein the fan represents the plane f mvement and the pin thrugh the center f the fan represents the axis (see slide #20 fr illustratins/examples) (23) Jint Actins in the Sagittal Plane Flexin: when the ventral (sft) surfaces f tw bdy parts mve clser tgether at a jint Extensin: when the drsal (hard) surfaces f tw bdy mve clser tgether at a jint Page 6 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

7 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Anterir Tilt: when the anterir aspect f the pelvis mves inferirly, and the psterir aspect f the pelvis mves superirly Psterir Tilt: when the psterir aspect f the pelvis mves inferirly, and the anterir aspect f the pelvis mves superirly Plantarflexin: when the plantar (sft) surface f the ft mves tward the ventral (sft) side f the leg Drsiflexin: when the drsal (hard) side f the ft mves tward the drsal (hard) side f the leg (24) Jint Actins in the Frntal Plane Abductin: a mvement f an appendicular bdy part within the frntal plane, wherein the bdy part mves away frm the midline f the bdy Adductin: the ppsite f abductin, wherein the bdy part mves tward frm the midline f the bdy Right Lateral Flexin: a mvement f the trunk and/r neck within the frntal plane, wherein the trunk and/r neck flexes t the right Left Lateral Flexin: the ppsite f right lateral flexin, where the trunk and/r neck flexes t the left Right Lateral Tilt: a mvement f the pelvis within the frntal plane, wherein the left side f the pelvis mves superirly and the right side mves inferirly Left Lateral Tilt: the ppsite f right lateral tilt, wherein the right side f the pelvis mves superirly and the left side mves inferirly Inversin: a mvement f the ft within the frntal plane, wherein the medial edge f the ft mves tward the medial aspect f the leg, rienting the plantar side f the ft tward the midline f the bdy Eversin: the ppsite f inversin wherein the lateral edge f the ft mves tward the lateral aspect f the leg, rienting the plantar side f the ft away frm the midline f the bdy Radial Deviatin: when the radial side f the hand (the thumb side) mves tward the radius within the frntal plane Page 7 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

8 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Ulnar Deviatin: when the ulnar side f the hand (the pinky finger side) mves tward the ulna within the frntal plane (25) Jint Actins in the Transverse Plane Hrizntal Abductin (aka, Hrizntal Extensin): a mvement f an appendicular bdy part within the transverse plane, wherein the bdy part is first flexed r abducted and then mves hrizntally away frm the midline in a psterir directin Hrizntal Adductin (aka, Hrizntal Flexin): the ppsite f hrizntal abductin, wherein the bdy part is first flexed r abducted and then mves hrizntally tward the midline in an anterir directin Medial Rtatin: the ppsite f lateral rtatin, wherein the anterir aspect f the bdy part rtates tward the midline f the bdy (relative t anatmical psitin) Lateral Rtatin: a mvement f an appendicular bdy part, wherein the anterir aspect f the bdy part rtates away frm the midline f the bdy (relative t anatmical psitin) Right Rtatin: a mvement f an axial bdy part, wherein the anterir surface f the bdy part rtates t the right Left Rtatin: the ppsite f right rtatin, wherein the anterir surface f the bdy part rtates t the left Prnatin: can relate t the frearm r the ft; as related t the frearm, prnatin is when the radius crsses ver the ulna; as related t ft, prnatin is a cmbinatin f abductin, eversin and drsiflexin Supinatin: can relate t the frearm r the ft; as related t the frearm, supinatin is when the radius uncrsses the ulna such that the tw bnes are parallel t each ther; as related t the ft, supinatin is a cmbinatin f adductin, inversin and plantarflexin (26) Jint Actins f the Scapulae We ve placed the jints actins f the shulder blades in their wn categry because they are smewhat unique and ften ccur in mre than ne plane. Als, please nte that the mandible and clavicle can als perfrm sme f these actins Page 8 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

9 S1: Intr t Kinesilgy Retractin: when the scapulae wrap arund the ribcage in a psterir and then medial directin tward the spine Prtractin: when the scapulae wrap arund the ribcage in a lateral and then anterir directin away frm the spine Elevatin: when the scapulae mve superirly, away frm the pelvis Depressin: when the scapulae mve inferirly, tward the pelvis Upward Rtatin: a rtatinal mvement f the scapula wherein the glenid fssa rients superirly; during upward rtatin f the scapulae, the left scapula rtates clckwise and the right scapula rtates cunter-clckwise Dwnward Rtatin: a rtatinal mvement f the scapula wherein the glenid fssa rients inferirly; during dwnward rtatin f the scapulae, the left scapula rtates cunter-clckwise and the right scapula rtates clckwise (27) Circumductin Circumductin refers t a cmbinatin f sequential actins within tw r mre planes that results in a circular pattern (28) Reverse Actins Nrmally, when a muscle cntracts the usually mre fixed attachment stays fixed, while the mre mbile attachment mves i.e., in anatmic psitin when we cntract the brachialis muscle the humerus remains fixed and the frearm flexes at the elbw jint A reverse actin is when a muscle cntracts and the usually mre fixed attachment mves, while the usually mre mbile attachment stays fixed i.e., when ding a chin-up, the brachialis cntracts and causes the arm t flex at the elbw jint, while the frearm remains fixed Page 9 f 9 Anatmy Studies fr Yga Teachers (ASFYT). All rights reserved.

BROCKTON AREA MULTI-SERVICES, INC. MEDICAL PROCEDURE GUIDE. Date(s) Reviewed/Revised:

BROCKTON AREA MULTI-SERVICES, INC. MEDICAL PROCEDURE GUIDE. Date(s) Reviewed/Revised: Page 1 f 6 Subject: Range f Mtin Exercises Date Develped: 4/2010 PROTOCOL FOR: All trained staff PURPOSE: Range f Mtin (ROM) exercises are very imprtant if an individual has t stay in bed r in a wheelchair.