SKELETAL TISSUES CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM TYPES OF BONES
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1 SKELETAL TISSUES CHAPTER 7 By John McGill Supplement Outlines: Beth Wyatt Original PowerPoint: Jack Bagwell INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE Organs: Bones Related Tissues: Cartilage and Ligaments PRIMARY FUNCTION Support PRIMARY TISSUES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BONE TISSUE CARTILAGE Connective Tissues TYPES OF BONES LONG: Long and Narrow Humerus and femur SHORT: Cube/Box- Shaped carpus and tarsus found in parts of skeleton that require strength and limited movement FLAT: Flat and Thin IRREGULAR: Complex Shapes 1
2 MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: Long Bones DIAPHYSIS Shaft Composed of Compact Bone EPIPHYSES Both Ends Composed of Cancellous Bone ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Joining Cartilage Covers Epiphyses (Thin Layer) Provides Cushioning at Joints MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: Long Bones PERIOSTEUM Bone s Covering White Thin but Tough Welded to Underlying Bone Contains Blood Vessels MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY Space Within the Diaphysis Contains Bone Marrow ENDOSTEUM Lines the Medullary Cavity Thin MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR BONES Inner Portion: Cancellous Bone spongy bone Surfaces: Compact Bone dense and solid Periosteum Present 2
3 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE: HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS (OSTEONS) Microscopically, Compact Bone is Composed of Haversian Systems Haversian Systems: Microscopic Structural Units of Compact Bone Microscopic structure - Haversian System Haversian system (osteon)- consists of the canal and surrounding structures Lamellae concentric layers of calcified matrix Lacunae little lakes ; where the bone cells live Canaliculi very small canals that radiate from the lacunae; carry nutrients Haversian canal central canal which carries blood vessels FUNCTION OF HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS Blood Supply to Compact Bone Periosteum Haversian Canals Canalculi Lacunae BONE (MICROSCOPIC VIEW) canaliculi osteocyte in lacunae Haversian canal ossified matrix (lamellae) 3
4 CANCELLOUS BONE: TRABECULAE Trabeculae: Needlelike Pieces of Bone (Surround Spaces) Contains Osteocytes How Cancellous Bone Gets Its Blood Supply: From Bone Marrow by Diffusion (Periosteum Bone Marrow Openings in Trabeculae) BONE TISSUE (OSSEOUS TISSUE) COMPONENTS: MATRIX, PROTEIN FIBERS, CELLS Typical Connective Tissue COMPOSITION OF BONE MATRIX INORGANIC COMPONENTS Minerals (Esp. Ca and Phosphate) Forms hydroxyapatite Constitute Approx. 65% of Bone Matrix Gives Matrix Hardness and Strength ORGANIC COMPONENTS Complex Mixture of Carbohydrates and Proteins Gives Matrix Strength PROTEIN FIBERS: COLLAGENOUS Also Gives Matrix Strength *NOTE: Matrix with Protein Fibers Means Hardness and Strength BONE CELLS OSTEOBLASTS Bone-Forming Cells Location: Periosteum (Primarily) OSTEOCLASTS Bone-Destroying Cells Location: Endosteum (Primarily) OSTEOCYTES Bone Cells (Mature Osteoblasts) Locations: 1) Compact Bone: Lacunae 2) Cancellous Bone: Trabeculae 4
5 BONE MARROW (MYELOID TISSUE) Tissue Type: Connective Tissue (Reticular) LOCATIONS Long Bones: Medullary Cavity Epiphyses: Spaces in Cancellous Bone Short, Flat, Irregular Bones: Spaces in Cancellous Bone BONE MARROW TYPES: RED MARROW DESCRIPTION/FUNCTIONS Red in Color Because Functions in Hematopoiesis LOCATIONS Children: All Bones Contain Red Marrow Adults: Certain Bones Contain Red Marrow Flat Bones of the Skull Sternum, Ribs, Vertebrae Pelvic Bones Epiphyses of Humerus and Femur BONE MARROW TYPES: YELLOW MARROW DESCRIPTION/FUNCTIONS Yellow in Color Because Contains Largely Adipose Tissue Yellow Marrow Was Once Red Marrow, Now Yellow B/C It No Longer Functions in Hematopoiesis LOCATIONS Most Bones in Adults Contain Yellow Marrow 5
6 Functions of Bones Support support the weight of the rest of the body Protection protect the delicate body parts Movement muscles attach to bone and allow movement Mineral storage calcium, phosphorous, and other minerals are stored in the bone Hematopoiesis red marrow plays an important role in the formation of red blood cells, some flat bones also play a role here DEVELOPMENT OF BONE (OSTEOGENESIS) How Bones Form in the Fetus INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION DEFINITION Within Membrane Bone Formation Method by Which Flat Bones Intramembranous bone formation in a fetal pig skull. Form Flat bones of the skull develop by IO. MECHANISM Embryonic mesenchyme cells form Connective Tissue Membrane a membrane (Mes) & differentiate into osteoblasts that Cells Develop Into Osteoblasts form bony spicules or cancellous Secrete Organic Matrix and bone (CsB). Collagenous Fibers Eventually osteonsform. Calcification Occurs DEVELOPMENT OF BONE (OSTEOGENESIS) ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION Embryonal hyaline cartilage precedes bone formation. Inner cells change into osteoblasts cells in the perichondrium. Osteoblasts form the periosteum. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION DEFINITION Within Cartilage Bone Formation Method by Which Most Bones Form MECHANISM Cartilage Model Periosteum Forms Cells Develop Into Osteoblasts Secrete Organic Matrix and Collagenous Fibers Calcification Occurs *Note: In Both Types of Ossification: Osteoclasts Resorb Bone Forms Medullary Cavity, Spaces in Cancellous Bone 6
7 Summary: Endochondral Ossification Bone forms from a cartilage model Osteoblasts begin to calcify the cartilage Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are constantly reshaping the bone Centers of ossification appear in the epiphyses Epiphyseal plate is site of continued bone growth; indicates the bone is not yet mature. Osteogenesis (Bone formation) The cartilaginous skeleton is changed to bone in one of two ways: Intramembranous ossification happens in some flat bones of body 1 st step cells differentiate into osteoblasts (centers of ossification) 2 nd cells secrete ground substance 3 rd ground substance is calcified 4 th trabelculae appear and join to form spongy bone 5 th - layer of spongy bone is covered on both sides by compact bone 6 th growth occurs by appositional growth the addition of osseous tissue to its outer surface Bone Growth - Animation 7
8 FETAL SKELETON BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION How Bones Increase in Size after Birth Involves Bone Resorption : Destruction BONE GROWTH FLAT BONES (Also Short, Irregular Bones) APPOSITIONAL GROWTH Growth By Adding to the Surfaces LONG BONES GROWTH IN LENGTH EPIPHYSEAL PLATE Epiphyseal Plate: Layer of Hyaline Cartilage That Lies B/T Epiphyses and Diaphysis Didn t Ossify During the Fetal Period (Purpose: To Allow Bone Growth in Length) Epiphyseal Plate 1) Thickens and 2) Ossifies Repeatedly When Growth in Length is Complete, Cells in EP Stop Mitosis and the Entire Plate Ossifies, What Remains is Epiphyseal Line EPIPHYSEAL PLATE 8
9 Epiphyseal Plate The epiphyseal plate allows for growth in bones. Zones of the Epiphyseal Plate GROWTH IN DIAMETER COMBINED ACTION OF OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS Osteoblasts (Periosteum) Build New Bone on the Outer Surface Osteoclasts (Endosteum) Destroy Bone from the Inner Surface of the Medullary Cavity (Enlarges Med. Cavity) 9
10 BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION BONE RESORPTION Osteoclasts (Endosteum) Destroy Bone from the Inner Surface of the Medullary Cavity BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION THROUGHOUT LIFE Both Growth and Resorption Go On Throughout Life, But at Different Rates From Infancy Young Adulthood: Growth EXCEEDS Resorption (Bones Grow and are Thick) During Late 20 s/early 30 s: Growth EQUALS Resorption (Bones Remain Relatively Constant) From Mid 30 s/early 40 s Old Age: Resorption EXCEEDS Growth (Bones Become Thinner, More Susceptible to Fracture and Disease) BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION BONES RESPONSE TO STRESS Bone Stress = Weight Bearing Applied to Bones Bone Stress Increases the Activity of the Osteoblasts (Helps Offset the Effects of Aging on Bones) 10
11 REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES FRACTURE: A Break in the Continuity of Bone FRACTURE HEALING VASCULAR DAMAGE Damage to Blood Vessels FRACTURE HEALING FORMATION OF FRACTURE HEMATOMA Blood Clot Forms in the Area of the Fracture in Order to Stop Bleeding 11
12 FRACTURE HEALING FORMATION OF CALLUS TISSUE Thickened Repair Tissue That Binds the Ends of the Bones Together (Reason That the Fracture is Aligned and Immobilized) FRACTURE HEALING REPLACEMENT BY BONE Callus Tissue Becomes Bone (Action of Osteoblasts), Remodeled by Osteoclasts Epiphyseal Plate Fracture 12
13 CARTILAGE CHARACTERISTICS MATRIX FIRM/FLEXIBLE GEL PROTEIN FIBERS COLLAGENOUS CELLS CHONDROCYTES Chondrocytes Lie in Lacunae AVASCULAR: Oxygen and Nutrients by Diffusion Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage CARTILAGE: Types HYALINE CARTILAGE Most Abundant and Common Shiny Semitransparent Locations: Articular Cartilage Costal Cartilages Cartilage Rings in Trachea and Bronchi Tip of Nose 13
14 ELASTIC CARTILAGE Has Fewer Collagenous Fibers Compared to Hyaline In Addition, Contains Elastic Fibers Locations: External Ear Epiglottis Eustachian Tube FIBROCARTILAGE Cartilage With the Most Collagenous Fibers Locations: Symphysis Pubis Intervertebral Disks Menisci in Knee GROWTH OF CARTILAGE INTERSTITIAL (ENDOGENOUS) GROWTH DEFINITION: Growth From Within OCCURS WHEN: During Childhood and Adolescence APPOSITIONAL (EXOGENOUS) GROWTH DEFINITION: Growth by Adding to the Surfaces OCCURS WHEN: During Adulthood 14
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