Lab Exercise #5 The Muscular System Student Performance Objectives

Transcription

1 Student Performance Objectives The material that you are required to learn in this exercise can be found in either the lecture text or the supplemental materials provided in lab. Prior to coming to class, it is the student's responsibility to review the lab objectives and to be familiar with the material to be studied in lab. To accomplish this goal, the student's assigned task is to use a highlighter to mark all of the required lab content as identified in this set of Student Performance Objectives. This highlighting should be done prior to coming to lab. Each of the student performance objectives that follow, should be prefaced by the phrase, "Upon completion of this lab, students will be able to:" Part A. Using models and/or diagrams, identify and describe the following muscles. For each muscle listed below, you only need to know the muscle s ACTION (A). Some muscles have several actions listed. For the lab exam, only one is required. For example, the biceps brachii muscle has two (2) actions, namely, "flexion of the forearm" and "supination of the forearm". On the exam, you need only name one of these actions. The origins [O] and insertions [I] are listed only for reference, you are not required to know any of them for quizzes or lab exams. Your lab quiz will not include actions but they will appear on your lab exam. Green tap and pens are provided on the tables. Make labels of the muscles and place them on the models. Please remove these labels at the end of the class. #1. Muscles of Facial Expression: 1. Epicranius - Frontalis [O] - Cranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) [ I ] - Skin of eyebrows; root of nose *[A] - Raises eyebrows, draws scalp anteriorly 2. Orbicularis oculi [O] - Maxillary and frontal bones [ I ] - Skin of eyelid *[A] - Closes eyelids as in blinking, squinting 3. Orbicularis oris [O] Fascia of facial muscles near mouth [ I ] - Encircles mouth *[A] - Closes mouth, protrudes and purses lips ( kissing muscle ) #2. Muscles of Mastication: 1. Masseter [O] - Zygomatic arch [ I ] - Angle and ramus of mandible *[A] - Elevates mandible 2. Temporalis [O] - Temporal fossa [ I ] - Coronoid process and ramus of mandible *[A] - Elevates mandible 1

2 #3. Muscles that move the Head: 1. Sternocleidomastoid [O] - Manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle [ I ] - Mastoid process of temporal bone *[A] - Bilaterally: flexes neck; Unilateral action: rotates head to shoulder on opposite side #4. Muscles that move the Pectoral Girdle (Scapula and Clavicle): 1. Trapezius [O] - Occipital bone and spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae [ I ] - Clavicle, spinous process and acromion process of scapula, *[A] - Extends head; retracts scapula, fixes scapula, elevates and depresses scapula #5. Muscles that move the Arm: 1. Pectoralis major [O] - Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-7 [ I ] - Greater tubercle of humerus *[A] - Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm; with arm 2. Latissimus Dorsi [O] - Lumbar vertebrae (T-7-T12, L1-L5), lower 3 to 4 ribs, and iliac crest [ I ] - Intertuburcular groove of humerus *[A] - Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm 3. Deltoid [O] - Acromion process, spine of scapula, and lateral third of clavicle [ I ] - Deltoid tuberosity of humerus *[A] Prime mover of arm abduction #6. Muscles that move the Forearm: 1. Biceps Brachii [O] - Short head: coracoid process; tendon of long head runs in intertubercular groove and within capsule of shoulder joint [ I ] - Radial tuberosity of radius *[A] - Flexes forearm, supinates forearm 2. Triceps Brachii [O] - Long head: inferior margin of glenoid cavity; lateral head: posterior humerus; medial head: distal radial groove on posterior humerus [ I ] - Olecranon process of ulna *[A] - Extends forearm 2

3 #7. Muscles that move the Hand and/or Digits: 1. Flexor carpi radialis [O] Medial epicondyle of humerus [ I ] - Second and third metacarpals *[A] - Flexes wrist, abducts hand 2. Extensor Digitorum [O] - Lateral epicondyle of humerus [ I ] - Distal phalanges of 2-5 fingers *[A] - Extends fingers, extends wrist #8. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: 1. External Oblique [O] - Anterior base of ribs 5-12 [ I ] - Iliac crest, linea alba, pubis *[A] - Flexes vertebral column (increases intra-abdominal pressure); fixes and depresses ribs, rotates trunk, compresses anterior abdominal wall 2. Rectus Abdominis [O] - Pubic crest and symphysis [ I ] - Xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages of fifth through seventh ribs *[A] - Flexes vertebral column; increases abdominal pressure, fixes and depresses ribs #9. Muscles that move the Thigh and /or the Leg: 1. Adductor Longus [O] - Pubic bone near pubic symphysis [ I ] - Linea aspera of femur *[A] - Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh 2. Gracilis [O] - Inferior ramus and body of pubis [ I ] - Medial surface of head of tibia *[A] - Adducts thigh and flexes 3. Gluteus Medius [O] - Upper, lateral surface of ilium [ I ] - Greater trochanter of femur *[A] - Abducts and medially rotates thigh 4. Gluteus Maximus [O] - Dorsal ileum, sacrum, and coccyx [ I ] - Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract *[A] - Powerful extensor of thigh; lateral rotation of thigh 3

4 #10. Muscles that move the Leg: 1. Biceps Femoris [O] - Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur [ I ] - Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia *[A] - Extends thigh, flexes leg 2. Sartorius [O] - Anterior superior iliac spine [ I ] - Medial surface of proximal tibia *[A] - Flexes and laterally rotates thigh, flexes foreleg 3. Quadriceps (Femoris): consists of four (4) different muscles a. Rectus Femoris [O] - Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum [ I ] - Tibial tuberosity *[A] - Extends foreleg and flexes thigh b. Vastus Lateralis [O] - Greater trochanter and linea aspera [ I ] - Tibial tuberosity *[A] - Extends foreleg c. Vastus Medialis [O] - Linea aspera of femur [ I ] - Tibial tuberosity *[A] - Extends foreleg #11. Muscles that move the Foot and/or Digits: 1. Tibialis Anterior [O] - Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia [ I ] - First cuneiform and first metatarsal *[A] Dorsiflexion of the foot; inverts foot 2. Gastrocnemius [O] - Lateral and medial condyles of femur [ I ] - Calcareous via calcaneal tendon *[A] - Flexes leg; plantar flexion of the foot Part B. Identify These Connective Tissues 1. Flexor retinaculum - Located on the palmar surface of the carpal bones, loops around the wrist like a bracelet 2. Extensor retinaculum - Located on the dorsal surface of the carpal bones, the extensor tendons of the wrist and digits pass through it. 3. Patellar ligament - Continuation of quadriceps muscle tendon, extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity 4. Calcaneal (Achille's) tendon - Anchors gastrocnemius and soleus to calcaneal (heel) bone 4

5 Part C. Using specimens, models, and/or diagrams, describe and identify the following components of skeletal muscle: 1. Tendon 2. Epimysium 3. Perimysium 4. Fascicle 5. Endomysium Example: Describe the relationship of all of these connective tissue layers. Part D. Define the following terms and use them appropriately as they apply to the parts of muscles and the roles that muscles play during a defined body movement: 1. Origin 2. Insertion 3. Muscle belly 4. Prime mover 5. Synergist 6. Fixator 7. Antagonist Example: When flexing the forearm, which muscle is playing the role of the prime mover,? Which is playing the role of the antagonist? Example: When extending the forearm, which muscle becomes the prime mover? 5

6 Part E. Describe the following muscle actions. 1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Hyperextension 4. Abduction 5. Adduction 6. Rotation 7. Circumduction 8. Pronation 9. Supination 10. Inversion 11. Eversion 12. Dorsiflexion 13. Plantar flexion 14. Protraction 15. Retraction 16. Elevation 17. Depression Example: Demonstrate three instances of flexion.. 6

7 Part F. Identify the following reasons for naming muscles and site at least one example for each. 1. Location 2. Shape 3. Size of muscle 4. Direction of muscle cells (fiber) 5. Number of heads (divisions) 6. Location of origin and/or insertion 7. Action Example: A muscle whose name includes extensor or abductor is named for its Part G. Using microscope slides, models, and/or illustrations, identify and describe the histology of the following types of muscle tissue and their components. 1. Smooth 2. Cardiac 3. Skeletal 4. Striations 5. Intercalated disc Example: Describe an intercalated disc with relationship to the surrounding striations. In which muscle type would one find them? 7