Hirursko lecenje pertrohanternih preloma dinamickim metodama spoljasnje i unutrasnje flksacije

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1 Bpoj 6 BOJHOCAHMTETCKH 663 S T R U C N I C L A N C I UDC : Hirursko lecenje pertrohanternih preloma dinamickim metodama spoljasnje i unutrasnje flksacije SaSa Milenkovi^, Miiorad Mitkovic, Mile Radenkovic, Desimir Mladenovi^, Gordana Soldatovic, Ivan Micic, Milos Stanojiovic Ortopcdsko-traumatoloska klinika, Nis Prelomi trohanteme regije najcesce nastaju kod osoba starijih od 65 godina. Za ovu populaciju bolesnika karaklerisiican je gubitak kosiane mase-osieoporoza. Neoperativne meiode lecenja su pracene velikim procentom smrtnosti i ne daju dobre anatomske i funkcionalne rezultate. HirurSko lecenje dinamickim implaniadma je metoda izbora ufiksaciji pertrohanternih prehma. U radu su prikazani rezultati lecenja UO bolesnika. Metodom dinamicke unutrasnje fiksacije lecenje 61, a metodom spoljasnje skeietne fiksacije 49 bolesnika. Dinamicki implantati omogucavaju dinamizaciju i kompresiju preloma u osovini vrata i dijafize femura. To smanjuje mogucnost nastanka mehanickih komplikacija, a istovremeno otnogucava sigurno i efikasno zarastanje preloma, ranu aktivnost i mobhizaciju operisanih bolesnika. Kod starijih bolesnika sa pratecim oboljenjima operativni zahvat predstavlja dodatnu trauma za organizam. SpoljaSnja skeletna fiksacija kao manje invazivna operativna metoda ima prednost u odnosu na druge meiode operaiivnog lecenja. re i: kuk, prelomi; prelomi, zarastanje; prelomi, fiksacija; nksatori,spoljni; flksatori, unutrasnji. Uvod Sa povccanjem prosecne du2ine iivota resavanje preloma gornjeg okrajka butne kosti je postao veliki problem savremene hinjrgije. Bolesnici sa ovim prelomima zauzimaju oko 30% posteljnog fonda ortopcdskih ustanova (1. 2). Pertrohanterni prelomi su oko Cetiri puta cesci od preloma vrata butne kosti i naj^esce se javljaju kod osoba starijih od 65 godina. U ovoj populaciji bolesnika veoma Cesta je i osteoporoza. Zene su oko tri puta podlo2nije ovim prelomima (3, 4). Pertrohanlemi prelomi su velika pretnja po Jivot i ako se adckvatno ne lece bitno se menja njegov kvalitel. Kako se najijesce radi o bolesnicima u poodmakloj ijvotnoj dobi. kod njih su u dve irecine slucajeva prisutne kardiovaskulame, respiratonil', genitouririame. endokrine i dr. bolesli. Povreda pogorsava postojcca oboljenja, to rezullira velikim procenlom snirtnosti (5). Uvodenjem savrcmenih operativnih metoda znatno se smanuje smrtnost bolesnika u odnosu na neoperalivne metode lecenja. uz smanjen proccnat komplikacija i dobar funkcionalni rczultat (6, 7). Ortopcdska klinika u NiSu istrai^uje i primenjuje sopstvene dinamiike implantate, Kao rezultat tih ispitivanja u klinicku praksu su uvedeni spoljasnji skelemi fiksator (8) i dinamifiki unulrasnji fiksator po Mitkovicu(slika SI. 1 - Spolja nji skcletni i dinamicki unutrasnji liksator po Mitkovicu za fiksaciju pertrohanlemih preloma. Milcnkovic S. et al. Vojnosanit Pregl 2003; 60(6):

2 CtpaHa 664 BOJHOCAHMTETCKH Epoj6 Implantati omogucavaju dinamizaciju i kompresiju preloma u osovini vrala i dijafize bume kosti (slike 2, 3). Oni omogucavaju konlrolisanu kompresiju i kolaps vrala uz A SL 2 - Shemaiski prikaz dinamizacije posle spoijasnje skelcine fiksacije pertrohantemog prcloma. A) spoljasnja skclctna fiksacija preloma; B) dinamizacija u osovini vrala izvlacenjem proksimalnog glavenovralnog klina za oko 5 mm; C) dinamizacija u osovini vrala izvlacenjem glavenovrainih klinova za 5 mm i u osovini dijafize otkljucavanjem distalnih klcma. odr2avanje kolodijanznog ugla, kao I stabiinu fiksaciju i kontinuiranu komprcsiju na mcsiu preloma. Njihovom primenom dozvoljcna jc rana mobilizacija i osloiiac bolesnika na operisani ekstremitct. cinie se poboljsavaju uslovi zarasianja. Procenai mehaniikih komplikacija je znacajno manji u odnosu na fiksaciju pcrtrohanlcrnih preloma rigidnim plocama. Metode Prospektivnom sludijom su prikazani rczuliali lecenja 110 bolesnika sa pertrohantemim prelomima. Kod 61 bolesnika fiksacija pretoma je uradena metodom dinamicke unutra-^njc fiksacije, a kod 49 bolesnika metodom dinamickc spoljasnje skelelne fiksacije. Svi bolesnici su operisani na Orlopedsko-lraumatoloSkoj klinici KC u NiSu. Frclomi su fiksirani dinamidkim unuirasnjim riksatorom (slika 4) i spoijasnjim skelelnim fiksalorom po Milkovicu {slika 5). Za klasifikaciju preioma koriscena jc Jensen-Michaelsenova modlfikacija Hvansove klasifikacije perirohantemih preloma (10). Ova klasifikacija se odnosi na siabilnosl preloma, odnosno pertrohanterne prelome deli na siabilne i neslabilne. Za procenu opsleg slanja btilesnika koriscen je skor Americkog udru?.enja aneslezioioga-asa {od I do 5) (11). Ovaj skor podrazumeva sveukupno opste stanje bolesnika i operativni rizik prema njihovom opstem stanju. SI. 4 - Rig snimci nestabilnog perlrohantemog preluma liksiranog dinamickim unuirasnjim fiksatorom. SI. 3 - Shematski prikaz dinamizacije penrohantemog preloma posle dinami ke unutrasnje fiksacije. SI. 5 - Rtg penrohantemog preloma prc i posle spolja^nje skelcine fiksacije.

3 Epoj 6 BOJHOCAHHTETCKH Najmanji operativni rizik je k(xl bolesnika koji spadaju u prvu grupu (ASA I). Bolesnici koji su operisani metodom spoljagnjc skeletne fiksacije su imali ASA skor 3 i 4. ProseCno vreme pracenja Ixilesnika posle operacije je jedna godina. Praceni su: prosecno trajanje operacije, prosecna duj^ina operativnog reza (kod unuirasnje fiksacije), mehanicke komplikacije, prosecna radioskopska cksfkizicija u toku operacije, potreba za transfuzijom krvi za vreme operacije, profilakticka upotreba antibiotika, prosecna du^ina hospiializacije, postoperativne infekeije, mortalitei i vreme zarastanja preloma. Krajnji funkcionalni rezultati su prikazani na osnovu modifikovane skale po Merle d'aubigneu (12). Ova skala se odnosi na mogucnost htxja, prisustvo bola, mobilnost i poloiaj operisanog ekstremitela. Zbirovi od 0 do 3 se sabiraju za sve paramelre i daju krajnji funkcionalni rezullal koji mo^e da bude Io5, umeren, dobar i odiican. Rezullati oko klinova spolja^njeg skeletnog fiksatora. Prosefino vreme zarasianja preloma je 10 nedelja (od 8 do 12). Letalitet nakon jedne godine posle unutrasnje fiksacije je iznosio 14,75%, a nakon spoijasnje skelelne fiksacije 19,45'3f^. Letalitet nije bio direktno vezan za hirursku inlervenciju. Krajnji funkcionalni rezultati su odli^ni kod 59,16%, dobri kod 34.61% i umereni kod 5,76% operisanih nakon godinu dana od unutrasnje fiksaeije. Krajnji funkcionalni rezullati posle godinu dana od spoljasnje skeletne fiksacije su odlicni kod 39,19%, dobri kod 43,25%, umereni kod 12,16% i logi kod 5,4% operisanih bolesnika (slika 6). ODl.tf AN 59.16% UMEREN 12.16% ODLICAN 39,19% SL 6 - Krajnji funkcionalni rezultati posle dinamifke unutrasnje fiksacije (levo) i posle spoljasnje skelelne fiksacije (desno). Prosefna starost u grupi bolesnika operisanih melodom dinamicke unutrasnje fiksacije je iznosiia 73,66 godina, a u grupi bolesnika operisanih metodom spoljasnje skeletne fiksacije 76.4 godina, Iz prve grupe operisanih bolesnika 79,86% imalo je jedno ili vi5e pratecih oboljenja, dok je u grupi operisanih meiodom spoljasnje skelelne Hksacije 83,86% bolesnika imalo prateca oboljenja. U prvoj grupi je 70, 49% bolesnika zadobilo nestabilan prelom, a u drugoj je bilo 78% nestabilnih pertrohanternih preloma. U prvoj grupi je bilo 59,01% osoba ienskog pola, a u drugoj 55,31%.Svi bolesnici su operisani izmedu saii nakon prijema, proseino 92,86 sati. ProseCna du7jna operativnog reza kod bolesnika koji su operisani metodom unutrasnje fiksacije je iznosiia 10,83 cm. ProseCno vreme radioskopske ekspozicije u obe grupe operisanih bolesnika je 12,5.sec. (od 9 do 20). Prosecna duiina u toku izvodenja unutrasnje fiksacije je 42,5 min. spolja- Snje skelelne fiksacije 21 min. Transfuziju krvi za vreme izvodenja unutrasnje fiksacije je primilo 47,54% bolesnika, dok je u grupi sa spoljasnjom skeletnom fiksacijom iransfuziju primilo 14,5% bolesnika. Antibiotik u profilaklieke svrhe je primilo 95% bolesnika sa unulrasnjom fiksacijom i 30,40% sa spoijasnjom skeleinom fiksacijom. Mehanickih komplikacija je bilo 3.27% u prvoj grupi i 2,04% u drugoj grupi. Prose^na duiina hospiializacije nakon unutrasnje fiksacije je iznoshia 9,65 dana. a nakon spoljasnje skeletne fiksacije 6,7 dana. Dubokih infekcija nakon unutrasnje fiksacije je bilo 1,63%, a nakon spolja- Snje skeletne fiksacije 2,04%. U prvoj grupi nije bilo povrsnih infekcija. Nakon spo- Ijainje skeletne fiksacije je bilo 7,21% povr nih infekcija Diskusija Procesom starenja organizma dolazi do smanjenja ko- Stane gusline (osteoporoza) i do povecanja broja bolesnika sa prelomima u regiji kuka (3. 4). Sa produ?.enjem iivotnog veka raste i broj pratecih oboljenja, povecava.se broj iiesiabilnih pertrohanternih preloma i stepen mortalitela. Za Ie6enje se izdvajaju znacajna materijalna sredstva, veliki deo bolnickih kapaciteta je popunjen bolesnicima sa prelomima u trohantemoj regiji i veliki broj orlopedskih hirurga i medieinskog osobija uopste okupiran je ovim problemom (6). GodiSnje se u SAD leci oko preloma proksimalnog okrajka butne kosti. Procenjuje se da ce do godine taj broj iznositi GodiSnje se trosi oko 12,6 milijardi dolara za lecenje bolesnika sa prelomima kuka iti po prelomu (5), U preko 90% slucaja prelomi nastaju kod bolesnika starijih od 65 godina. Na ortopedskoj klinici u NiSu se godisnje leci bolesnika sa prelomima kuka i za njihovo lecenje se tro i oko 10 OOOOOOdinara (13). Poslednjih godina se cine veliki napori da se nade efikasan i jeftin naein za lecenje ovih preloma. Prevencija je sigurno vaina. Ona se ogleja u lecenju osleoporoze i nosenju zaslitnih sredstava za kuk {hip protector systems) (14). Prelomi se lece neoperativno ili operativno. Neoperalivne metode lefienja daju losije rezultate zbog toga 5lo prelomi zarastaju u varus poziciji i pri spoljnoj rotaciji sa velikim skracenjem noge. Stopa mortaliteta je veiika i krece se do 40% (15). Neoperisani bolesnici su vezani za postelju, a savremeni cilj lecenja je rana aktivacija i mobilizaeija bolesnika. Ovo se po.sli2e sanio ranom hirurskom intervencijom. U oriopedsku praksu je uvedeno do sada preko siotinu implaniaia za fiksaciju perirohantemlh preloma. Najsavreme-

4 CtpaHa 666 BOJHOCAHHTETCKH Bpoj 6 niji su dinamicki implanlati lipa Dynamic hip screw (16) i iiitramedulanii Gamma locking nail (17, 18). Ovi implanlati oniogucavaju dinaniizaciju i kompresiju preloma u osovini vrata hulnc kusli. Retki su iniplanlati koji oniogucavaju konipresiju i dinamizaciju preloma u osovini vrata butne kosti i u osovini dijafize. Kao rezuuat sopslvenih visegodisnjih biomehanickih istraiivanja Onopedska klinika u NiSu je u rutinsku hirursku praksu uvcla dinamicke implantate za fiksaciju pcrtrohantemih preloma. To su dinamicki unutra.^nji fiksatoi i spoljasnji skeletni fiksalor po Mitkovicu (9, ). Dinamizacija i kompresija preloma fiksiranog dinamickini unutrasnjim fiksaloroin je obezbedena konstrukcljskim rcscnjcm samog implaniata, dok dinamizaciju preloma fiksiranog spoljasnjim skeletnim fiksatorom obezbedujcmo jednostavnim izvlafcnjeni proksimalnih glavenovratnih klinova za oko 5mm (u osovini vrata) i oikljucavanjem disialnih klema (u osovini dijafize). Dinamizacijom i kompresijom prcloma poboijsava se zarastanje preloma uz minimainu mogucnosi za naslaiiak mchanickih komplikacija (dezintegracija. ispadanje klinova. perforacija glave. savijanje ili pucanje implantata), sem u slucajevinia teske osteoporoze. Na osnovu rezuuata klinifke primene dinamii^kog unuirasnjeg fiksaiora, uporedenih sa rezultatima primene i Medoff sliding ploise (jedini implantat istih biomehanickih karakleristika koji se primenjujc u svetu). vidimo da je hirursko lecenje irohaiitemih prcloma nasim dinami^kim implantatom savremeno i efikasno. Lunsjo i sar. su ubjavili rezullaie lecenja 104 pcrtrohaniernih preloma fiksiranih Medoff sliding ploconi. Prosecna duiina operalivnog reza je bila 19cm, proseina duzina trajanja operacije 69 minuta, proseina duzina hospitalizacije 19 dana. Mehanicko komplikacije su imali u 6,73% slu^ajeva i 10% povrsnih infekcija (20). Kod bolesnika koji su opiereceni sistemskim bolestima i kod kojih operacija predstavlja veliki rizik i opasnost po livol javlja se potreba za kratkotrajnom intervencijom koja ce olakgati negu, obezbediti raniju aktivaciju i oslonac na operisanu nogu. SpoljaSnja skeletna fiksacija je manje invazivna hirurska intervencija za visokorizicne bolesnike (19, 21,22). Metoda je relativno jednostavna, kratkotrajna, ekonomicna, bez gubilka krvi i utro ka anlibiolika u preventivne svrhe. Bolesnici operisani metodom spotjasnje skeletne fiksacije su u proseku stariji od bolesnika kod kojih su prelomi fiksirani unutrasnjom fiksacijom. Sa porastom broja godina rasle i broj prisutnih oboljenja i broj nestabilnih preloma. ASA skor kod ove grupe bolesnika je iznosio 3 i 4. Duiina operativnog zahvata kod bolesnika operisanih meiodom spoljasnje skeletne fiksacije je znacajno kraca ( p<o,(x)!), ova grupa operisanih bolesnika znacajno manje prima intraoperativnu iransfuziju (p<o,ooi) i antibiotike u preventivne svrhe (p<o,(k)l). Posiopcralivna hospitalizaeija kratko traje(p<0,o()l), a aktivaeija potjinje ubrzo nakon operacije. Kao nedostatak ove metode treba pomenuti mogucnost infekeije oko klinova fiksatora (p<0,05) i potrebu redovnog previjanja oko klinova (jcdnom nedeljno). Metoda ponekad moi^e da bude nepodesna za primenu kod gojaznih bolesnika zbog vece mogucnosti nastanka infekcije oko klinova spoijasnjcg skeletnog fiksatora. ZakljuJfak HirurSko lecenje je metoda izbora u terapiji pertrohanlernih preloma. Dinami^ka unutrasnja fiksacija se relativno lako izvodi, periostalna cirkulacija se ne ostecuje. Procenal mehanifkih komplikacija je minimalan zahvaljujuci <Jvostrukoj dinamlzaciji koja pobolj5ava usiove zarastanja preloma. Implanlat omogucava ranu aktivaciju i mobilizaciju operisanih bolesnika. Za lecenje visokorizicnih bolesnika preporucuje se spoljasnja skelelna fik.sacija kao manje invazivna hirunska intervencija koja omogucava ranu aklivaciju i mobilizaciju bolesnika. LITERATUKA 1. Milenkovic S. External fixation of trochanteric fractures. Acta Orthop Iugosl 2002; 33(1-2): Zeiterberg C, Andersson GB. Fractures of the proximal end of the femur in Goleborg, Sweden, Ada Orthop Scand 1982; 53(3): Hordon LD. Peacock M. Osleomalacia and osteoporosis in femoral neck fracture. Bone Miner 1990; 11(2): : Jolinell O. Prevention of fractures in elderly. A review. Acta Onhop Scand 1995; 66(1): Schurch M, Rizzoli R, Mermiltod B. Vasey H. Michel JP, BonjourJP. A prospective study on socioeconomic aspects of fracture of the proximal femur. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11(12): Bogosavljevic M. Petkovic R, Mannkovic Lj. Jevremovie Z. Sianojlovic D. Siokic D. External fixation of inlertrochanteric fractures. Poiarev Med Glas 1994; 1(3): : (in Serbian) 7. Netlleman MD, Alsip J, Schrader M. Schulte M. Predictors of mortality after acute hip fracture. J Gen Intem Med 1996; 11(12): : Mitkovic M. External fixation in iraumalotogy - development, and use of the aparatus of ihe author. NiS; Prosveta; p (in Serbian) 9. Milenkovic S. Mitkovic M. Micic I. Radenkovic M. Mitkovic's internal fixator - a new concept with sliding and eomprcssion along the neck and shaft of the femur for trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. EurJ Trauma 2002; 28(Supl i): 208.

5 Bpoj 6 BOJHOCAHMTETCKH CtpaHa Jensen JS. Classification of trochanteric fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 5(5): Lalevic P. Anesthesiology. Beograd-Zagreb: Medicinskaknjiga; p (in Serbian) 12. Milenkovic S. Surgical treatment of trochanteric fractures by dynamic methods of the external and internal fixation [master's thesis]. Ni5: Medicinski fakultet u NiSu; (in Serbian) 13. Miikovic M. Results of the application of minimally invasive surgical methods in the treatment of fractures. Acta Fac Med Naiss 2002; 19(3-4): (in Serbian) 14. Cameron I, Kurrle S. External hip protectors. J Am GeriatrSoc 1997; 45(9): Dahl E. Mortality and life expectancy after hip fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51(1): Hojfmann R, Schmidmaier G. Sclnilz R. Schitlz M, Sudkamp NP. Classic nail versus DHS. A prospective randomized study of fixation of trochanteric femur fractures. Unfailchirurg 1999; 102(3): Haider SC. The Gamma nail for peritrochanteric fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74(3): Saudan M. Lubbeke A, Sadowski C. Riand N. Stem R. Hoffmeyer P. Pertrochanteric fractures: is there an advantage to an intramcdullary nail: a randomized, prospective study of 206 patients comparing the dynamic hip screw and proximal femoral nail. J Orthop Trauma 2002; 16(6): Miikovic M, Milenkovic S. BumbaSirevic M, LeSic A, Golubovic Z. Mladenovic D, et al. Surgical treatment of pertrochanteric fractures using personal external fixation system and technique. Facta Universitatis 2002; 9(2): Lunsjo K. Ceder L, Sriggson L, HauggaardA. One-way compression along the femoral shaft with the Medoff sliding plate. The first European experience of 104 intertrochanteric fractures with a I-year follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand 1995; 66(4): Gotfried Y. Frish E. Mendes DG. Rojfman R. Inlertrochanteric fractures in high risk geriatric patients treated by external fixation. Orthopaedics 1985; 8(6): Kamble KT. Murthy BS. Pal V. Rao KS. External fixation in unstable inter!rochanteric fractures of femur. Injury 1996; 27(2): : Rad je primljen 28. Ill god. Abstract Milenkovic S, Mitkovic M, Radenkovic M, Mladenovic D. Sotdatoviti G. Micic I, Stanojiovic M. Vojnosanil Pregl 2003; 60(6): SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES BY DYNAMIC METHODS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FIXATION Pertrochanteric fractures usually occur in patients over 65 years of age, with greater loss of skeletal mass (osteoporosis). Nonsurgical methods of treatment are accompanied by relatively high lethality rate. Moreover, they do not produce satisfactory anatomical and functional results. Surgical treatment by using dynamic implants represents a method of choice in the fixation of pertrochanteric fractures. This paper presents the treatment results of 110 patients, 61 with pertrochanteric fractures, who were surgically treated by the dynamic method of internal fixation, and 49 patients who were treated by the method of external fixation. Dynamical implants enabled both dynamization and compression of the fracture in the axis of the neck, as well as the diaphysis of the femur, which lowered the risk of mechanical complications, and, at the same time, provided effective healing of the fracture, early activation, and mobilization of the patients on whom the surgery was performed. In patients infected by various diseases, for whom surgical trauma represents a life threat, the external fixation is recommended as a method of choice. Key words: hip fractures; fracture healing; fracture fixation; external fixators; internal fixators. Correspondence to: SaSa Milenkovic, Ortopedsko-traumatoloSka klinika, NiS, Sitija i Cma Gora. Tel: -t sasa65@bankerinter.net

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