Chapter 8. The Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limb

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1 Chapter 8 The Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limb

2 Pectoral Girdle pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm consists of two on each side of the body // clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade) clavicle articulates medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula sternoclavicular joint acromioclavicular joint scapula articulates with the humerus glenohumeral joint - shoulder joint easily dislocated due to loose attachment

3 Clavicle Sternal end Conoid tubercle (a) Superior view Acromial end Sternal end Conoid tubercle (b) Inferior view Acromial end clavicle - S-shaped, somewhat flattened bone inferior grooves and ridges for muscle attachment sternal end - rounded head acromial end flattened conoid tubercle roughened tuberosity near acromial end ligament attachment braces the shoulder keeping upper limb away from the midline of the body most frequently fractured bone in the body

4 Scapula scapula named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 to 7 three sides - superior, medial (vertebral) and lateral (axillary) borders three angles superior, inferior, and lateral angles suprascapular notch conspicuous notch on superior border // provides passage for a nerve spine transverse ridge on posterior surface supraspinous indentation superior to the spine infraspinous broad surface inferior to the spine

5 Scapula subscapular concave, anterior surface of scapula complex lateral angle of scapula has three main features: acromion platelike extension of the spine // forms apex of the shoulder // articulates with the clavicle the sole point of attachment of the scapula and the upper limb to the rest of the skeleton coracoid process shaped like a bent finger // provides attachment for tendons of the biceps brachii and other arm muscles glenoid cavity shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus // forming glenohumeral joint

6 Scapula Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Acromion Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Supraspinous Spine angle Subscapular Infraspinous border Medial border Inferior angle (b) Posterior view

7 Upper Limb upper limb is divided into four regions containing a total of 30 per limb brachium (arm proper) extends from shoulder to elbow // contains only one bone - humerus antebrachium (forearm) extends from elbow to wrist // contains two - and ulna carpus (wrist) // contains 8 small arranged in 2 rows manus (hand) // 19 in 2 groups 5 metacarpals in palm // 14 phalanges in fingers

8 Humerus proximal end Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Greater tubercle Anatomical neck hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity anatomical neck greater and lesser tubercles and deltoid tuberosity Coronoid Radial epicondyle Capitulum Medial supracondylar ridge Medial epicondyle Trochlea supracondylar ridge epicondyle Olecranon (b) Posterior view intertubercular sulcus holds biceps tendon surgical neck

9 Humerus distal end Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Greater tubercle Anatomical neck rounded capitulum articulates with head of Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity trochlea articulates with ulna lateral and medial epicondyles lateral and medial supracondylar ridges Coronoid Radial epicondyle Capitulum Medial supracondylar ridge Medial epicondyle Trochlea supracondylar ridge epicondyle Olecranon (b) Posterior view olecranon holds olecranon process of ulna coronoid // radial

10 Radius Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Radial notch of ulna of Neck of Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Olecranon of Neck of head disc-shape, allows for rotation around the longitudinal axis of the bone during pronation and supination of hand Neck superior surface articulates with capitulum on humerus side of disc spins on radial notch on ulna radial tuberosity for biceps muscle Styloid process Ulnar notch of of ulna Styloid process Articular facets (b) Posterior view Styloid process styloid process can be palpated near thumb ulnar notch

11 Ulna and Interosseous Membrane Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Radial notch of ulna of Neck of Radial tuberosity Styloid process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of of ulna Styloid process Articular facets Olecranon of Neck of Styloid process Ulna trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus olecranon bony point at back of elbow coronoid process radial notch holds head of styloid process interosseous membrane ligament attaches to ulna along interosseous margin of each bone enables the two elbow joints to share the load (b) Posterior view

12 Carpal Bones 8 form wrist Phalanges Body Base V IV III II Distal phalanx II Middle phalanx II Proximal phalanx II I Distal phalanx I Proximal phalanx I Key to carpal Distal row Proximal row allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction 2 rows (4 each) proximal row // scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform Metacarpal Carpal Body Base Hamulus of hamate Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate First metacarpal Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Scaphoid Carpal distal row /// trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

13 Sesamoid Bone Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Distal phalanx II Middle phalanx II Key to carpal Distal row Proximal row Proximal phalanx II Phalanges Metacarpal Body Base Body Base V IV III II I Distal phalanx I Proximal phalanx I First metacarpal Pisiform // pisiform is a sesamoid developed by age 9 to12 in tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Carpal Hamulus of hamate Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Scaphoid Carpal

14 Metacarpals and Phalanges Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. metacarpals - of the palm Distal phalanx II Middle phalanx II Proximal phalanx II Key to carpal Distal row Proximal row metacarpal I proximal to base of thumb metacarpal V proximal to base of little finger Phalanges Metacarpal Carpal Body Base Body Base V Hamulus of hamate Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate IV III II I Distal phalanx I Proximal phalanx I First metacarpal Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Scaphoid Carpal proximal base, body, and distal head phalanges - of the fingers thumb or pollex has two phalanges proximal and distal phalanx fingers have three phalanges proximal, middle and distal phalanx

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