36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin. KEY CONCEPT The integumentary system has many tissues that protect the body.

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1 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin KEY CONCEPT The integumentary system has many tissues that protect the body.

2 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin The integument is the body system that surrounds all your other organ systems. Skin is the largest organ in the body.

3 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin Functions of the integumentary system Serves as a barrier against infection and injury Helps to regulate body temperature Removes waste products from the body Provides protection against UV radiation from the sun

4 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin The integumentary system is made up of two main layers: epidermis and dermis. epidermis dermis

5 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin 1) Epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin has two layers outer layer is made up of dead cells Inner layer is made up of living cells Inner layer cells undergo rapid cell division, producing new cells that push older cells to the surface of the skin Cells in the epidermis produce keratin and melanin Keratin makes skin waterproof and tough Melanin is a dark pigment that absorbs sunlight to protect the skin from sun damage. Different amount of melanin also results in different skin colors.

6 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin 2) Dermis: the inner layer of the skin Sweat gland = produce sweat Sweat controls body temperature Sweat removes wastes and water Oil gland = produce oil to prevent skin from drying out pore oil gland epidermis dermis sweat gland

7 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin 2) Dermis: the inner layer of the skin Hair = covers most body surfaces Protects the scalp from UV light from the sun Provides insulation from the cold Produced by hair follicles hair follicle pore hair oil gland epidermis dermis sweat gland

8 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin 2) Dermis: the inner layer of the skin Blood vessels = blood flow maintains body temperature Nerves and muscles are also embedded in the dermis layer hair follicle pore nerves blood vessels hair oil gland epidermis dermis muscle sweat gland

9 36.3 The Integumentary System The Skin 3) Fat: underneath the dermis layer; serves as a cushion under the skin hair follicle pore nerves blood vessels hair oil gland epidermis dermis fat muscle sweat gland

10 KEY CONCEPT The skeletal system includes bones and tissues that are important for supporting, protecting, and moving your body.

11 Functions of the skeletal system Supports the body Protects tissues and organs backbone protects spinal cord rib cage protects heart, lung skull protects brain

12 Functions of the skeletal system Provides for movement when muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing the bones to move Store materials materials inside the bones give bones their stiffness (ex: calcium) Provides a site for blood cell formation red bone marrow inside the bones produce red blood cells Red bone marrow

13 The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, and joints. There are 206 bones that make up the human skeleton. Ligaments = connect bone to bone Tendons = connect bone to muscle Joints = where two bones meet joint tendon ligament

14 Parts of the skeleton 1) Axial skeleton includes skull, sternum, ribs and vertebral column supports the central axis of the body skull sternum ribs vertebral column

15 Parts of the skeleton 2) Appendicular skeleton includes shoulder, arm, pelvis and leg attached to the center of the body shoulder pelvis arm leg

16 Names of the bones in a skeleton cranium (skull) maxilla (cheekbone) sternum (breastbone) mandible (jaw) clavicle (collar bone) scapula (shoulder blade) rib cage humerus(upper arm bone) ribs vertebrae (backbone) pelvis (hip) tailbone femur (thigh bone) patella (knee cap) radius (connect to thumb) ulna (connect to pinky) carpal (wrist) metacarpal (hand) phalanges (digits) tibia (front) fibula (back) tarsal (ankle) metatarsal (foot) phalanges (digits)

17 Structure of a Bone Periosteum Tough layer of tissue Blood vessels here carry oxygen and nutrients to the bone periosteum

18 Structure of a Bone Compact bone - outer layer of the bone - hard and dense - Haversian canals allow blood vessels to go through osteocytes blood vessel compact bone Haversian canals

19 Structure of a Bone Spongy bone - inner layer of the bone - soft and porous; adds strength without adding mass - protects red and yellow bone marrow red bone marrow produces red blood cells yellow bone marrow is mostly fat spongy bone Red bone marrow

20 Development of Bones The skeleton of an embryo is composed of cartilages. Cartilage strong connective tissue supports body; acts as shock absorber and cushion between bones is softer and more flexible than bone is found in nose, ears, knees, and between bones

21 Development of Bones Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of bone formation called ossification during early childhood.

22 Types of Joints Joints permit bones to move without damaging each other. Synovial fluid forms a thin lubricating film over the surface of the joint. enables the bones to slide past each other more smoothly bone synovial membrane synovial fluid cartilages

23 Types of Joints

24 1) Hinge joint permits back and forth motion (90 0 ) ex: knee, elbow Types of Joints SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT fibula femur patella HINGE JOINT tibia hinge joint

25 2) Pivot joint allow one bone to rotate around another (180 0 ) ex: neck vertebrae Types of Joints SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT HINGE JOINT

26 3) Ball and socket joint permit movement in many directions (360 0 ) ex: shoulder, pelvis clavicle Types of Joints SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT HINGE JOINT humerus ball-and -socket joint scapula

27 4) Saddle joint permits one bone to slide in two directions ex: carpals and metacarpals Types of Joints SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT HINGE JOINT carpal saddle joint metacarpal

28 Bone Injuries 1) Sprain = torn ligaments 2) Fracture = break in a bone 3) Dislocation = bones are forced out of the joint

29 Treatment surgically insert metals into the injured area to hold broken bones together, so bone building cells can begin to repair before after

30 36.2 The Muscular System KEY CONCEPT Muscles are tissues that can contract, enabling movement.

31 36.2 The Muscular System The muscular system moves substances throughout the body. bones of the skeletal system food through digestive system blood through circulatory system fluids through excretory system

32 36.2 The Muscular System Structure of a muscle Muscle tissue is made up of fibers bundled up together called myofibrils muscle fiber myofibril

33 36.2 The Muscular System Structure of a muscle muscles work in pairs in opposite directions: when one contracts (shortens), the other relaxes (lengthens) ex: bicep and tricep

34 36.2 The Muscular System There are three types of muscle tissues. 1) skeletal muscle attaches to bones voluntary (can control it) striated (show line pattern) have many nuclei ex: arm & leg muscles, neck, shoulder

35 36.2 The Muscular System There are three types of muscle tissues. 2) smooth muscle involuntary (cannot control it) non striated (do not show line pattern) (this is why it is called smooth have one nucleus ex: blood vessels, digestive tract SMOOTH MUSCLE

36 36.2 The Muscular System There are three types of muscle tissues. 3) cardiac muscle is only found in heart involuntary (cannot control it) striated have one nucleus

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