It is formed by fusion of 3 bones: I. Ilium (superior bone). II. Pubis (antero-inferior bone). III. Ischium (postero-inferior bone).

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2 It is formed by fusion of 3 bones: I. Ilium (superior bone). II. Pubis (antero-inferior bone). III. Ischium (postero-inferior bone). Pubis Acetabulum Ana (242 )

3 The three constituent of bones of the hip unite together in region called acetabulum by Y-shaped cartilage which ossifies at the puberty. Side determination (right or left side): Iliac crest above. Obturator foramen lies below. The acetabulum is directed laterally. The ischial tuberosity lies posteroinferiorly.

4 Body forming upper two fifth of acetabulum. 3 borders: Anterior. Posterior. Superior(iliac crest). Medial 2 surface: Outer surface (gluteal surface) Inner surface the divided by the medial border into: Iliac fossa Sacropelvic surface. Main features: Anterior superior iliac spine(asis). Anterior inferior iliac spine(aiis). Posterior superior iliac spine(psis). Posterior inferior iliac spine(piis). Iliac tubercle Iliac tuberosity Auricular surface of sacroiliac joint Ana (242 )

5 Iliac Fossa

6 Body forming posterior two fifth of acetabulum. Ischial spine: Separating the greater sciatic notch from lesser sciatic notch. Ischial tuberosity: gives origin to hamstrings The ischial tuberpsity divided by transverse ridge into: Upper quadrangular area: that further divided by oblique ridge into a. Upper lateral area b. lower medial area Lower triangular area: that further divded by vertical ridge into: a. Lateral area b. medial area (sub-cutaneous) Ischial ramus: joins the inferior pubic ramus to form conjoined ischiopubic ramus. Ana (242 )

7 Body : its upper border forms pubic crest which ends laterally by pubic tubercle. Its medial border articulates with that of opposite side to form the (symphysis pubis) Superior ramus: reaches the acetabulum forming anterior one fifth, has 3 furfaces Pelvic surface Pectineal surface: which is the Superior surface extending from pubic tubercle to ilio-pubic eminence obturator surface: that form the obturator groove inferior ramus : joins the Ischial ramus. Ana (242 )

8 It is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral aspect of the hip. It is directed laterally, downwards and forward. Its concavity presents a horse-shoe shaped articular surface occupying the anterior, superior and posterior parts which is called the lunate surface. Acetabular fossa: the floor of the cavity Acetabular notch: lower margin of the acetabulum

9 It is a ring of fibrocartilage fixed to rim of the acetabulum. It increases the depth of the cavity.

10 It is a large gap in the hip bone lying anteroinferior to the acetabulum. It is bounded by the pubis and ischium only. In living people, it is incompletely closed by a membrane (obturator membrane) leaving narrow passage called obturator canal.

11 Femur It is bone of the thigh. It about 45cm(longest & strongest bone of body). It is one of typical long bone and has upper end, shaft, and lower end. Articulations: The head: articulate with acetabulum to form hip joint. The two femoral condyles (medial& lateral): articulate with two tibial condyles forming tibiofemoral joint. The patellar surface of lower end articulates with posterior surface of patella forming patellofemoral joint. Subcutaneous parts (can be felt): the greater trochanter,the femoral condyles and femoral epicondyle.

12 Femur I. Upper end A. Head: it directed upwards, backwards and medially. It has fovea for round ligament. B. Neck: forming normal angle of 120 o with shaft. C. Greater trochanter: projecting laterally. D. Lesser trochanter: projecting posteromedially. The 2 trochanter are connected anteriorly by intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by intertrochanteric crest that carry a localized elevation named quadrate tubercle I. Shaft Posterior border is thick in the middle 1/3 & called linea aspera. Posterior aspect of the upper 1/3 shows spiral line medially & gluteal tuberosity (laterally). Posterior aspect of the lower 1/3 shows popliteal surface between medial and lateral supracondylar ridges. 3 surfaces (Anterior, postero-medial, posterolateral).

13 Femur III. Lower end 1. 2 condyles : medial & lateral epicondyles: medial & lateral on the outer aspect of 2 condyles. 3. Adductor tubercle: at the lower end of the medial supracondylar ridge. 4. Groove for popliteus: below the lateral epicondyle Surgical importance. Fracture of neck of femur lead to interruption of main blood supply of head of femur Avascular necrosis.

14 Patella It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It lies in front of knee, inside the quadriceps tendon. Triangular in shape having a base above and apex below. It has 2 surfaces :{anterior (rough), posterior (smooth)}. Posterior surface has two articular facets medial surface (small) and lateral surface (large). It has 2 borders: medial and lateral

15 Tibia Type: typical long bone. Site: it is medial bone of leg. Structure: it composed of upper end, shaft, and lower end. Identification of the side: The upper end is large and carries two condyles while the lower end is smaller and has medial malleolus directed medially. The tibial tuberosity is present in the upper end and directed forwardly.

16 Tibia I. Upper end Has 2 condyles (medial & lateral) & tibial tuberosity. The lateral condyle shows a facet of fibula On its postero-lateral aspect articulating with head of fibula The medial condyle shows a groove on its posterior aspect named groove for semimembranosus II. Shaft 3 borders Anterior, interosseous & medial. 3 surface Medial, lateral & posterior. Posterior surface: shows a soleal line extending from facet of fibula to junction between upper and middle thirds of the medial border III. Lower end : large and Has. Project downward and medially forming medial malleolus. Surgical importance. As it is superficial bone so it liable to fracture especially its lower third

17 Fibula Type: it is very thin long bone. Site: it is lateral bone of leg. Structure: it composed of upper end, shaft, and lower end. Identification of the side: The upper end is bulky and formed of head and styloid process of fibula. The Lower end is compressed from side to side. Medial side of lower end consist of triangular articular surface anteriorly, and depression called malleolar fossa posteriorly.

18 Fibula I. Upper end Formed by styloid process, head& neck. II. Shaft 3 borders Anterior, interosseous & posterior. 3 surface Medial, lateral & posterior. III. Lower end : small. forming lateral malleolus. Surgical importance. Pott s fracture occur as a result of lower third of fibula. Fracture of neck of fibula may lead to drop foot as a result of injury to lateral popliteal (common peroneal) 9 nerve Ana (242 )

19 Styloid process 19 Ana (242 )

20 Foot 10 Ana (242 ) Trasus Talus: top bone of tarsus Calcaneus: below the talus Cuboid: between Calcaneus & lateral 2 metatarsal. Navicular: between head of talus & 3 cuniforms bones. 3 cuniform: medial, lateral& intermediate. Metatarsal. 5 bone arranged as 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th & 5 th from medial to lateral. Phalanges Each toe has 3 phalanges except big toe has only 2 phalanges.