8.2: Fibrous Joints. There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses): Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis. Interosseus membrane of leg.
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1 8.1: Introduction Are known as articulations Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction Three (3) classifications of joints will be considered 1
2 8.2: Fibrous Joints There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses): Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis Interosseus membrane of leg Syndesmosis: A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane) Amphiarthritic Fibula Anterior tibiofibular (interosseus ) Lateral malleolus Tibia Medial malleolus 2
3 Suture: Between flat bones Teeth-like projections Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones Skull Synarthritic (a) Sutural bones Suture Occipital bone Parietal bone Margin of suture (both): Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr. (b) Gomphosis: Cone-shaped bony process in a socket Tooth in jawbone Synarthritic Crown of tooth Alveolar process of mandible Periodontal Root of tooth 3
4 8.2: Cartilaginous Joints There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints): Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis: Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones Epiphyseal plate (temporary) Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages) First rib Costal cartilage Manubrium Thoracic vertebra 4
5 8.3 Symphysis: Pad of fibrocartilage between bones Pubic symphysis Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae Gelatinous core Band of fibrocartilage Spinous process Body of vertebra Pubis Intervertebral discs Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis (a) (b) 5
6 8.4: Synovial Joints Most joints All are diarthritic Consist of: Articular cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Secretes synovial fluid 6
7 General Structure of a Synovial Joint There are specific parts of a synovial joint: Articular cartilage Joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Meniscus Bursae Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Spongy bone Joint capsule Articular cartilage Synovial membrane 7
8 Types of Synovial Joints Ball & Socket/spheroidal Joint Hip joint Shoulder joint Condylar/ellipsoidal Joint between metacarpals and phalanges Between radius and carpals Hip bone Head of femur in acetabulum Metacarpal Femur Phalanx (a) Ball-and-socket joint (b) Condylar joint 8
9 Types of Synovial Joints Plane/gliding Joint Between carpals Between tarsals Between facets of adjacent vertebrae Hinge Joint Elbow joint Between phalanges Humerus Radius Carpals (c) Plane joint (d) Hinge joint Ulna 9
10 Types of Synovial Joints Pivot/trochoid Joint between atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2) Saddle/sellar Joint Between carpal and 1 st metacarpal of thumb Axis Dens Transverse Atlas First metacarpal Trapezium (e) Pivot joint (f) Saddle joint 10
11 8.5: Types of Joint Movements Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin). 11
12 Types of Joint Movements Abduction/adduction Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion Flexion/extension/hyperextension Lateral flexion Flexion Abduction Dorsiflexion Extension Adduction Plantar flexion (all): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Womack Photography Ltd. 12
13 Types of Joint Movements Rotation Circumduction Supination/pronation Circumduction Supination Medial rotation Lateral rotation Pronation McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. 13
14 Types of Joint Movements Eversion/inversion Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression 14 McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
15 Shoulder Joint Ball-and-socket Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Loose joint capsule Bursae Ligaments prevent displacement Very wide range of movement (circumduction) Clavicle Acromion process Humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Joint capsule Joint cavity (a) 15
16 Shoulder Joint Joint capsule Joint cavity Head of humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Humerus Acromion process Clavicle Coracohumeral Transverse humeral Tendon of biceps brachii (long head) Humerus (a) Scapula Articular capsule (glenohumeral s hidden) Coracoid Joint process capsule Acromion process Subscapular bursa Glenoid labrum Scapula (b) Clavicle Coracoid process Glenohumeral s Glenoid cavity Triceps brachii (long head) (b) Paul Reimann 16
17 Elbow Joint Hinge joint Trochlea of humerus Trochlear notch of ulna Flexion and extension Plane/Gliding joint Capitulum of humerus Head of radius Pronation and supination Many reinforcing s Humerus Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Anular Radius Ulna (a) Olecranon process Trochlea 17
18 Elbow Joint Humerus Humerus Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Anular Anular Radius Radius Ulna Coronoid process Ulnar collateral Olecranon process Radial collateral Ulna (a) (b) 18
19 Hip Joint Ball-and-socket joint Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone Heavy joint capsule Many reinforcing s Variety of movement, yet less than at shoulder joint Hip bone Joint cavity Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Ligamentum capitis Joint capsule Femur (a) 19
20 Hip Joint Hip bone Ilium Ilium Articular cartilage Joint cavity Head of femur Joint capsule Femur Iliofemoral Greater trochanter Pubofemoral Pubis Ischium Iliofemoral Ischiofemoral Femur Lesser trochanter Femur (a) (b) (b) Paul Reimann 20
21 Knee Joint Largest joint Most complex 3 bones Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and Femur articulates anteriorly with patella Strengthened by many s and tendons Menisci separate femur and tibia Bursae (a) Femur Synovial membrane Suprapatellar bursa Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Patella Prepatellar bursa Joint cavity Articular cartilage Patellar Menisci Infrapatellar bursa Joint capsule Tibia 21
22 Knee Joint (b) Femur Anterior cruciate Lateral condyle Lateral meniscus Articular cartilage Lateral condyle Head of fibula Tibia Fibula Femur Lateral condyle Lateral meniscus Lateral condyle Fibular collateral Fibula Tibia (a) Posterior cruciate Medial condyle Anterior cruciate Medial meniscus Medial condyle Tibial collateral Patellar (cut) Plantaris muscle (cut) Oblique popliteal Fibular collateral Arcuate popliteal Fibula (b) Femur Tendon of adductor magnus (cut) Joint capsule Gastrocnemius muscle (cut) Tendon of semimembranosus (cut) Tibial collateral Popliteus muscle cut) Tibia Paul Reimann 22
23 8.7: Lifespan Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) Synovial joints lose elasticity Disuse hampers the blood supply Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer 23
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