The Muscular System. Chapter 10 Part D. PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College

Transcription

1 Chapter 10 Part D The Muscular System Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College

2 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg Grouped according to anterior, medial, or posterior Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend leg at knee (foreswing of walking) Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg (backswing of walking) Medial muscles all adduct thigh All three groups enclosed by fascia lata

3 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime mover of flexion Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius Thigh extensors Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension

4 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg

5 Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. 12th rib 12th thoracic vertebra Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus Anterior superior iliac spine 5th lumbar vertebra Tensor fascia lata Pectineus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament

6 A&P Flix : Iliopsoas

7 A&P Flix : Sartorius

8 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) are used in movements that press thighs together Overstretched thigh muscles are referred to as pulled groin Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus Gracilis

9 A&P Flix : Medial Muscles That Cross the Hip Joint

10 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

11 Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. Pectineus (cut) Adductor brevis Adductor longus I I O O Adductor magnus Femur I I O = origin I = insertion

12 A&P Flix : Pectineus Muscle

13 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Quadriceps femoris arises from four separate heads that form the flesh of front and side of thigh All insert into the quadriceps tendon, which then inserts into the patella, and then via patellar ligament, into the tibial tuberosity Powerful knee extensor

14 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

15 Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. 12th rib 12th thoracic vertebra Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus Anterior superior iliac spine 5th lumbar vertebra Tensor fascia lata Pectineus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament

16 Figure 10.20c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. O Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris tendon (cut) Patella Patellar ligament

17 A&P Flix : Rectus femoris

18 A&P Flix : Vastus lateralis

19 A&P Flix : Vastus medialis

20 A&P Flix : Vastus intermedius

21 A&P Flix : Tensor fasciae latae

22 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Abductors and lateral rotators Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh) Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh) Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh) Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh) Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh) Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh) Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)

23 A&P Flix : Posterior Muscles That Cross the Hip Joint

24 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

25 Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Short head Biceps femoris Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

26 Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. External oblique Iliac crest Gluteus medius Median sacral crest (of sacrum) Gluteus maximus Iliotibial tract Lumbar fascia Adductor magnus Gracilis Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

27 A&P Flix : Gluteus maximus

28 A&P Flix : Gluteus medius

29 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

30 Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Piriformis Obturator externus Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus (cut)

31 Figure 10.21d Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Obturator externus

32 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Hamstrings are fleshy muscles of posterior thigh Cross both the hip and knee joints Are prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion Innervated by sciatic nerve Pulled hamstring is a common sports injury

33 Table Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

34 Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Short head Biceps femoris Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

35 Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. External oblique Iliac crest Gluteus medius Median sacral crest (of sacrum) Gluteus maximus Iliotibial tract Lumbar fascia Adductor magnus Gracilis Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

36 A&P Flix : Biceps femoris

37 A&P Flix : Semitendinosus

38 A&P Flix : Semimembranosus

39 A&P Flix : Muscles That Act on the Hip Joint and Femur: An Overview

40 A&P Flix : Movement at the Hip Joint

41 A&P Flix : Anterior Muscles That Cross the Hip Joint

42 A&P Flix : Muscles That Cross the Knee Joint: An Overview

43 A&P Flix : Posterior Flexors That Act on the Knee

44 A&P Flix : Movement at the Knee Joint

45 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes Deep fascia of leg is continuous with fascia lata Segregates leg into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior Fascia thickens distally; forms flexor, extensor, and fibular retinacula

46 A&P Flix : Muscles That Act on the Ankle and Foot: An Overview

47 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Various leg muscles produce the following movements Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the foot Toes: flexion and extension

48 A&P Flix : Movements of the Ankle and Foot (a)

49 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of anterior compartment Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius (not always present) Extensor hallucis longus

50 A&P Flix : Anterior Muscles That Act on the Ankle and Foot (a)

51 Table Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes

52 Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis

53 Figure 10.22b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. O Tibialis anterior I

54 Figure 10.22c Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. O O Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius I I

55 Figure 10.22d Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. O Extensor digitorum longus O = origin I = insertion I

56 A&P Flix : Tibialis anterior

57 A&P Flix : Extensor digitorum longus

58 A&P Flix : Extensor hallucis longus

59 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of foot Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis

60 A&P Flix : Lateral Muscles That Act on the Ankle and Foot

61 Table Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

62 Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. Patella Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Fibular retinaculum Lateral malleolus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis Metatarsal V

63 Figure 10.23b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Fibularis longus I Tendon of fibularis longus

64 Figure 10.23c Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Fibularis brevis I

65 A&P Flix : Fibularis longus

66 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg Act to plantar flex the ankle All are innervated by tibial nerve Divided into: Superficial muscles Deep muscles

67 Table Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

68 Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Plantaris Gastrocnemius Medial head Lateral head Tendon of gastrocnemius Calcaneal tendon Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Calcaneus Superficial view of the posterior leg.

69 Figure 10.24b Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Gastrocnemius Lateral head (cut) Medial head (cut) Plantaris Popliteus Head of fibula Soleus Tendon of plantaris Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Tendon of tibialis posterior The gastrocnemius has been removed to show the soleus immediately deep to it.

70 A&P Flix : Gastrocnemius

71 A&P Flix : Soleus

72 Table Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

73 Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius medial head (cut) Gastrocnemius lateral head (cut) Popliteus Soleus (cut) Tibialis posterior Fibula Flexor digitorum longus Fibularis longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Tendon of tibialis posterior Medial malleolus Calcaneal tendon (cut) Calcaneus The triceps surae has been removed to show the deep muscles of the posterior compartment.

74 Figure 10.24d Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Tibialis posterior I Isolated tibialis posterior.

75 Figure 10.24e Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Flexor digitorum longus I Isolated flexor digitorum longus.

76 Figure 10.24f Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O O = origin I = insertion Popliteus I O Flexor hallucis longus I Isolated popliteus and flexor hallucis longus.

77 A&P Flix : Tibialis posterior

78 A&P Flix : Flexor digitorum longus

79 A&P Flix : Flexor hallucis longus

80 A&P Flix : Superficial Muscles That Act on the Ankle and Foot

81 A&P Flix : Deep Posterior Muscles That Act on the Ankle and Foot

82 Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct toes Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle; helps extend toes

83 Table Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

84 Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (cont.) Four layers of plantar muscles Superficial Second layer Third layer Deepest layer

85 Table Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

86 Figure 10.25a Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor accessorius Abductor digiti minimi Calcaneal tuberosity First layer (plantar aspect)

87 Table Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

88 Figure 10.25b Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus tendon Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor accessorius Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) Second layer (plantar aspect)

89 Table Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)

90 Figure 10.25c Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Adductor hallucis (transverse head) Adductor hallucis (oblique head) Interosseous muscles Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor accessorius Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) Third layer (plantar aspect)

91 Table Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)

92 Figure 10.25d Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Plantar interossei Fourth layer (plantar aspect): plantar interossei

93 Figure 10.25e Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Dorsal interossei Fourth layer (dorsal aspect): dorsal interossei

94 Table 10.17: Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot Summary of Tables through 10.16

95 Table Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot

96 Table Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot (continued)

97 Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg. Adductors Hamstrings Key: Posterior compartment muscles Anterior compartment muscles Vastus lateralis Femur Vastus intermedius Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Posterior compartment of thigh (flexes leg and extends thigh); innervated by tibial nerve (portion of sciatic nerve) Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral compartment muscles of leg Muscles of the thigh Medial compartment of thigh (adducts thigh); innervated by obturator nerve Anterior compartment of thigh (extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve

98 Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg. Fibula Fibularis muscles Triceps surae Key: Posterior compartment muscles Anterior compartment muscles Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral compartment muscles of leg Tibialis anterior Lateral compartment of leg (plantar flexes and everts foot); innervated by superficial fibular nerve Muscles of the leg Tibia Anterior compartment of leg (dorsiflexes foot, extends toes); innervated by deep fibular nerve Posterior compartment of leg (plantar flexes foot, flexes toes); innervated by tibial nerve

99 A&P Flix : Actions of the Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg

100 A&P Flix : Actions of the Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg

101 A&P Flix : Actions of the Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg