Transcription

1 Psychopathology

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6 Psychopathy (con t)

7 Psychopathy Characteristics High impulsivity Thrill seeking Low empathy Low anxiety

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10 What is the common factor? Callous Self-Centeredness N M P

11 Dr. Robert Hare World s expert on psychopathy Read his book: Without Conscience

12 Psychopathy

13 Emotional Processing in Psychopathy

14 Cognitive Processing in Psychopathy ADHD Top down vs bottom up processing

15 Empathy in Psychopaths Emotion Perception VS Theory of Mind

16 Cognitive Load

17 Dual-Process Models

18 Disfluencies

19 Study Overview Signal Analysis Emotional Content Analysis Content Complexity Analysis Social Perception Study 1 Study 2

20 Record Signal Clean

21 Code

22 Signal Analysis

23 Get numbers.

24 Get More numbers.

25 Content Analysis Word Emotion Token Value Word Emotion Token Value love anger 0 love anticipation 0 love disgust 0 love fear 0 love joy 1 love negative 0 love positive 1 love sadness 0 love surprise 0 love trust 0 killing anger 1 killing anticipation 0 killing disgust 0 killing fear 1 killing joy 0 killing negative 1 killing positive 0 killing sadness 1 killing surprise 0 killing trust 0

26 Content Analysis: Complexity

27 Fluency in the psychopathic population as a function of motivation and cognitive load High Cognitive Load Low Cognitive Load High Motivation Unknown High Fluency Low Motivation Low Fluency Normal Fluency

28 Psychopathology

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30 Psychopathology Models Four Main Perspectives Biomedical View Some biological part of you is broken Psychodynamic View Internal psychological conflict Behavioural View Maladaptive learning or faulty habits Diathesis- Stress View

31 Modern Views: Diathesis-Stress Model Diathesis Predisposition (e.g., genetic) for disorder Stress Triggers disorder Both diathesis (risk) and stress must be present for disorder Broken legs example

32 Modern Views: Multicausal Models Expands diathesis-stress models Multiple diatheses E.g., genetics, styles of thinking Multiple stresses E.g., relationship problems, victim of a crime Biopsychosocial perspective All three can contribute to mental disorders

33 Risk of Mental Illness Is Widespread Point prevalence How many people live with a disorder at a given time Lifetime prevalence How many people will experience a given disorder at any point in life Lifetime prevalence among adults = 46%

34 DSM-IV-TR ( ) Diagnosis Guidelines: DSM-V Previously, 5 major axes I. Clinical syndromes and II. III. IV. disorders Personality disorders and mental retardation Medical conditions Psychosocial and environmental stressors V. Global assessment of functioning DSM-V (2013-Present) Revised, nonaxial Biopsychosocial diagnosis and risk factors (Axes I-III) Psychosocial and environmental stressors (Axis IV) Disability (Axis V) Better aligned with international standards (WHO, ICD)

35 DSM-V Definition of Mental illness

36 Assessing Mental Disorders Assessment is critical for understanding reasons for symptoms and developing a treatment plan 3 primary methods of assessment Clinical interviews Semi-structured interview with a professional Self-report measures Questionnaires Projective tests

37 Projective Tests Projective test types Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach (inkblot) Test Meant to indirectly reveal unconscious wishes or conflicts

38 What are the benefits of diagnosis?

39 Major Categories of Mental Disorders Anxiety disorders Mood disorders Schizophrenia Other Axis I & II disorders

40 Anxiety Disorders

41 Anxiety: Coping with Intense Emotions Characterized by feelings of intense distress or worry Similar to, but not the same as, nervousness Disruptive and unsuccessful attempts at coping with those feelings

42 Phobias = Fear + Avoidance Specific phobias E.g., acrophobia (heights), claustrophobia (enclosed places), arachnophobia (spiders) Social phobia (social anxiety disorder) Avoidance may exacerbate psychological or physical harm E.g., more extreme avoidance of related fears, resorting to substance abuse dependence

43 Panic Disorder As Physical Anxiety Panic attacks Sudden onset of terrifying bodily symptoms Labored breathing Choking Dizziness Tingling hands & feet Sweating Trembling Heart palpitations Chest pain

44 Anxiety Can Be Continuous & Pervasive Phobias Need a stimulus Panic attacks Not constant Generalized Anxiety Disorder Visibly worried nearly all the time Anxiety is not specific to any stimulus

45 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions Recurrent, unwanted or disturbing thoughts Compulsions Repetitive or ritualistic acts that may help cope with obsessions

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47 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Triggered abruptly by identifiable, horrific event Dissociation Numbness to traumatic event Reactions include intense, intrusive recurrent nightmares and flashbacks Affects women and men equally Can be cause by events such as : Sexual assault, violent crime, or even a break-up (in extreme cases).

48 PTSD Symptoms persist >1 month Re-experience Nightmares, flashbacks Arousal Difficulty sleeping, concentrating, hyper vigilance Avoidance Avoid anything related to trauma 7% lifetime prevalence

49 Some brain areas (amygdala, insula) are hyperactive (red) across phobias, social anxiety, and PTSD Hypoactivation (blue) may be related to blunted affect in PTSD Etkin & Wager, 2007 Roots of Anxiety

50 Changes in the brain: The cause, or effect of mental health problems?

51 Mood Disorders

52 Depression Mood: Persistent Ups and/or Downs Extremely common lifetime prevalence 1 in 4 women, 1 in 10 men Global deficits or disruption in Affect (sadness, loss of pleasure) Behavior (sleep, diet, bodily functions) Cognition (attention, working memory)

53 Mood: Persistent Ups and/or Downs Bipolar Disorder Depressive & manic episodes (hours-months in duration) Mania racing thoughts and speech, irritability or euphoria, impaired judgment

54 Mood: Persistent Ups and/or Downs Bipolar Disorder Hypomania (mild) Mania Acute/Psychotic Mania Short-lived periods, particularly insidious progression Switching doesn t always happen, but there can be mixed states (signs of both depression and mania) Lifetime prevalence of 4%...

55 Schizophrenia

56 Schizophrenia: The Split Mind Group of severe mental disorders Disturbance of thought, withdrawal, inappropriate or flat emotions, delusions, hallucinations Lifetime prevalence = 1% Commonly diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood; more often in men

57 Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive or negative symptoms based on presence or absence in healthy people Cognitive symptoms reflect impaired attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and even early sensory processing Psychosis is a break from reality

58 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Not typically present in healthy individuals Delusions Systematized false beliefs of grandeur or persecution (delusions of reference) Hallucinations Sensory experience without actual external stimulation Disorganized behavior Strangely dressed, violent or nonsensical behavior

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60 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Not typically absent or low in healthy individuals Flat affect Little to no display of emotion Catatonic behavior Anhedonia No interest in pleasurable activities Withdrawal Isolation from social interactions Development of idiosyncratic thoughts and behavior

61 Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component Risk increases with closer relations Genetics & Development in Schizophrenia

62 Enlarged ventricles Decreased white and gray matter volume Shenton et al., 2001 Neural Bases of Schizophrenia Decreased gray matter in prefrontal cortex Impaired executive control