Circumstances of Service and Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD: Findings From the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Circumstances of Service and Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD: Findings From the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study"

Transcription

1 Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 20, No. 4, August 2007, pp ( C 2007) Circumstances of Service and Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD: Findings From the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study J. Blake Turner Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY Nicholas A. Turse Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY BruceP.Dohrenwend Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY Data from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS) revealed a prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female Vietnam Theater veterans half the size of the prevalence in their male counterparts. This stands in contrast to the elevated prevalence of PTSD in women obtained in general population surveys. This study undertakes further analyses of gender differences in the NVVRS and how these differences might be specified by the amount and type of exposure to war-zone stress. The findings indicate that male elevations in PTSD are limited to men who served under circumstances of high probable severity of war-zone stress exposure. When prewar demographic differences are controlled, male veterans in low-exposure circumstances display a level of PTSD prevalence substantially lower than female veterans. Epidemiological research has found that women are twice as likely as men in the general population to have a lifetime diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). The prevalence of PTSD in male and female veterans who served in Vietnam shows a very different pattern. In describing findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS), Kulka and his col- leagues (1990) reported that male veterans who served in the Vietnam theater have nearly twice the prevalence of current PTSD as female Vietnam theater veterans (15.2% vs. 8.5%) precisely the opposite of the general population studies. One possible explanation for this striking difference is the marked contrast in the demographic character of the male and female service personnel who entered Vietnam. This research was supported by grant MH59309 from the National Institute of Mental Health and by grants from the Spunk Fund, Inc. The authors acknowledge Joan Furey for her valuable insights during the early stages of this work. William Schlenger and Tom Yager provided helpful comments on earlier drafts and David Schatzkamer provided valuable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: J. Blake Turner, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 78, New York, NY jbt12@columbia.edu. C 2007 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Published online in Wiley InterScience ( DOI: /jts

2 644 Turner, Turse, and Dohrenwend Because they were mostly nurses (Kulka et al., 1990), female veterans were substantially older at the time they entered Vietnam compared to their male counterparts. Younger age is associated with increased risk for the development of PTSD following exposure to violent terrorist acts (Schlenger et al., 2002; Trautman et al., 2002), so it is reasonable to surmise that this risk will extend to late adolescents and young adults exposed to combat. The nurses were also substantially more educated than the male veterans, on average, as most would have completed 3 years in hospital schools of nursing (Norman, 1990). Higher levels of education have been found to be inversely associated with the probability of PTSD in situations of high probable exposure to severe stressors (Dirkzwager, Bramsen, & van der Ploeg, 2005; Parslow, Jorm, & Christensen, 2006). Another quite intuitive explanation centers on the differences between male and female veterans exposure to the type of experiences likely to elicit PTSD. Because they were not directly involved in combat operations, female veterans were comparatively unlikely to experience life-threatening events that satisfied Criterion A for PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). On the other hand, a substantial proportion of the male veterans served in service support roles that were at least equally removed from combat circumstances. Furthermore, these rear echelon soldiers would not have had the extensive exposure to the bloody and grotesque consequences of combat characteristic of the experience of nurses. In this article, we attempt to interpret the gender differences in PTSD in the NVVRS in the context of variation in the circumstances of service of the male veterans who served in Vietnam. The NVVRS supplemented the selfreport data from its survey instrument with a substantial amount of information abstracted from the veterans personnel files. Using this information, the analyses in this study address the following questions: First, to what extent are the differences between male and female veterans in PTSD prevalence explained by gender differences in prewar demographic risk factors? Second, is the elevated PTSD prevalence relative to female veterans limited to men who served under circumstances of high probable exposure to war-zone stress? Finally, do female veterans, primarily nurses, have a higher prevalence of PTSD than men who served in service-support, low-exposure circumstances? METHOD Sample The NVVRS was conducted by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI; Research Triangle Park, NC) in response to a Congressional mandate to investigate PTSD and other psychological problems in U.S. Vietnam veterans. This study included intensive interviews with a probability sample of 1,200 men and 432 women who served in the Vietnam theater during the war years of This sample was drawn from military records with strong efforts to get good completion rates and with careful checks on and adjustments for nonresponse. The completion rate for the Vietnam theater veterans was 83%. Female veterans were substantially oversampled, as were Blacks and Hispanics among the men. Measures Posttraumatic stress disorder. All veterans in the study were administered the Mississippi Scale for Combat- Related PTSD (Keane, Caddell, & Taylor, 1988) as part of the survey. The original investigators conducting the NVVRS wanted to use this self-report information to make PTSD prevalence estimates. To this end, they constructed a variable for the predicted probability of being a PTSD case, generating these predicted values from regression models that accurately predicted clinical diagnoses (as a function of Mississippi Scale scores and a number of other variables) in a subsample of veterans who received in-depth psychiatric assessments. These predicted probabilities provided the basis for the prevalence estimates published from the NVVRS (Kulka et al., 1990), and serve as the dependent variable in this study. Prewar risk factors. The RTI investigators abstracted extensive information from the personnel files of the veterans

3 Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD 645 selected into the NVVRS sample. This information included the veterans racial background, their dates of birth, and the dates of their tour(s) in Vietnam. The race/ethnic categorizations were modified, where appropriate, based on self-identification and interviewer observation. For the analyses in this article, age at entry to Vietnam was determined by comparing each veteran s date of birth to the date of entry to Vietnam as given in the military records, and then was collapsed into five categories, ranging from 19 or younger at the low end to up to 25 and older. Level of premilitary education was also provided in the military records, but it was inconsistently recorded. Thus, analysis of premilitary education in this study relied on self-report and separated veterans into four groups: those who failed to complete high school (no diploma); those who completed high school and went no further; those who had some college education; and those who graduated from college with a bachelor s degree or higher. Probable severity of war-zone stress exposure among the male veterans. In addition to demographic variables, the military record information available to us included a number of military service variables that are related to the probable severity of war-zone stress exposure. These include the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of the veteran, the starting and end dates of Vietnam service, and the unit (from division down to the company-level) in which the veteran served. Military occupational specialties vary substantially in terms of likelihood of combat involvement; some military divisions are explicitly combat or non-combat; and the likelihood of exposure to combat and to combat consequences is associated with the time of service since the amount of fighting and the casualty rates varied substantially over the 11-year history of the war. Unlike measures of exposure based on self-report, these Military Historical Measures (MHMs) are contemporaneous and independent of respondent recall. This is important because there is substantial evidence indicating that retrospective reports of exposure to war-zone stress are strongly influenced by PTSD symptom levels (Roemer, Litz, Orsillo, Ehlich, & Friedman, 1998; Southwick, Morgan, & Nicolau, 1997). These three measures were combined into a composite MHM that differentiated male theater veterans into groups with low (25.9%), moderate (63.4%), and high (10.7%) probable severity of exposure to war-zone stress in a manner described in an earlier study (Dohrenwend et al., 2004). We have been able to validate these groupings using information compiled on most of the approximately 58,000 U.S. veterans killed in action (KIA) during the Vietnam War (Coffelt, Arnold, & Argabright, 2002). Over 30% of the veterans in the high-exposure category had 10 or more KIA in their company during their tour in Vietnam. The corresponding figures for the moderate and low categories were 7.3% and 2.9%. In contrast, 71.4% of the veterans in the low-exposure category had no KIA at all in their company during the period they were in Vietnam. The veterans in the original high-exposure category who also had 10 or more KIA in their company during their period of service were placed into a fourth category identified as having a very high probable severity of war-zone stress. The resulting four-category MHM composite is the measure of severity of war-zone stress exposure used in this study. Previous analyses have shown this measure to be strongly related to self-reported war-zone stress exposure, and have demonstrated a very strong dose-response relationship between this MHM and PTSD (Dohrenwend et al., 2006). Data Analysis Initial analyses compared linear regression models in which gender differences in PTSD were estimated with and without controls for race/ethnicity, age at entry to Vietnam, and premilitary education. A separate set of models similarly assessed the role of race and ethnicity, premilitary education, and age of entry to Vietnam on gender differences in PTSD, but separated the male veterans into probable warzone exposure levels based on the four-category composite MHM described above. The only missing data for any of these analyses were on the dependent variable 35 of the 1,632 cases were missing on the algorithm for the predicted

4 646 Turner,Turse,andDohrenwend Table 1. Premilitary Demographics and Rates of Current Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Total Vietnam Theater Sample) Male % Female % Current PTSD Race/Ethnicity White Black Latino Other Premilitary education Without high school diploma High school graduate/no college Some college College graduate (4-year) Age of entry to Vietnam Differs from percentage of women, p <.05. probability of PTSD, largely because of too many missing responses to items on the Mississippi Scale. These 35 cases were removed from analysis. Because of the complex sampling design in which the probability of selection into the NVVRS varied substantially across groups of veterans (in particular, across race and ethnic groups), the data were weighted back to the population of Vietnam theater veterans from which they were sampled. Further, to account for this complex design, we used the software package SUDAAN (Shah, Barnwell, & Bieler, 1997) to obtain Taylor-series estimates of the standard errors. RESULTS Table 1 compares male and female veterans in the Vietnam theater sample. The top row displays current PTSD rates based on the RTI diagnostic algorithm and previously reported in Kulka et al. (1990). As noted previously, the rate of current PTSD in men who served in the Vietnam theater was nearly twice that of the women. As the remainder of the table shows, a number of characteristics likely to be related to risk for PTSD were not equally distributed by gender in Vietnam veterans. In each case, characteristics related to greater risk of PTSD were more prevalent among men. Racial and ethnic minority groups, particularly Blacks, were represented to a far greater degree among the male theater veterans. Furthermore, as expected, female veterans had substantially greater educational attainment than did their male counterparts, and were substantially older at the start of their Vietnam service. Given that the female veterans were advantaged relative to men on the prewar PTSD risk factors, it may be that the elevated PTSD rates in the male veterans were attributable to these advantages. Table 2 displays the results of regression analyses in which the predicted probability of PTSD was regressed on each of the variables displayed in the previous table, and then finally on all of the prewar risk factors together. The coefficient for the variable, male in each column represents the difference between male and female veterans in the mean of the predicted probability of PTSD. For example, in Model 1, the coefficient of indicates that the unadjusted elevation in current PTSD prevalence among males was 6.7%. The remainder of the analyses in the table indicates that this difference was partially explained by differences in racial and ethnic distribution (Model 2), was reduced by more than half when adjusted for premilitary education (Model 3), and was almost completely explained by differences in the age at entry to Vietnam (Model 4). With all of the premilitary risk factors in the model, the PTSD rate was actually 2.0% lower among men than among women. Table 3 displays the results of regression analyses that again compared male and female PTSD probabilities, but this time the male veterans were divided into those with low, moderate, high, and very high probabilities of war-zone stress exposure as measured by our composite military-historical measure. The coefficient for each exposure group in the table represents the mean differences in the predicted probability of PTSD between this group and the women veterans. The control variables for Models 2 through 5 were the same as those in Table 2, though the coefficients are not presented.

5 Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD 647 Table 2. The Role of Premilitary Risk Factors in Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Vietnam Veterans Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 B SE B SE B SE B SE B SE Gender a Female Male Race/ethnicity b White Black Latino Other Premilitary education c Without high school diploma High school graduate/no college Some college College graduate (4-year) Age of entry to Vietnam d a Represented in the model with a dummy variable scored 1 for men and 0 for women. b Represented in the model using three dummy variables with White being the contrast category. c Represented in the model using three dummy variables, Without high school diploma being the contrast category. d Represented in the model using four dummy variables with 19 being the contrast category. Significantly different from contrast group, p <.05. Table 3. Elevations in Male Veteran Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rates at Different Levels of War-Zone Exposure Relative to Female Veterans a Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 B SE B SE B SE B SE B SE Women b Low-exposure men Moderate-exposure men High-exposure men Very high-exposure men a Model 1 gives the gross comparison of men at each exposure level to women, Model 2 controls race/ethnicity, Model 3 controls premilitary education, Model 4 controls age at entry to Vietnam, Model 5 controls all of the above. b Contrast category. Significantly different from female veterans, p <.05. From an examination of Model 1 in Table 3, it appears that male elevations in rates of PTSD existed even among those veterans with a relatively low probability of war-zone stress exposure. As the remaining results show, however, greater minority representation, lower levels of education, and the comparative youth of the male veterans effectively explained these elevations. Indeed, when all three of these factors were controlled, men at the lowest level of

6 648 Turner,Turse,andDohrenwend exposure exhibited a prevalence of current PTSD more than 4% lower than the female veterans. Although not quite statistically significant, this difference is comparable in magnitude to that obtained in the National Comorbidity Study from a representative national household sample (Kessler et al., 1995). In contrast, even though race/ethnicity and education were strongly related to probable exposure (for example, 8.0% of Black male veterans were in the highest exposure category, and 20.4% were in the top two categories; for White veterans the comparable figures were 2.4% and 10.4%, respectively), the highest exposure category retained an elevated prevalence of PTSD relative to women even when all other risk factors were controlled (10.5% higher). Thus, the elevated rates of PTSD in male veterans appear to be the result both of the greater prevalence of prewar risk factors among the men and of their greater exposure to war-zone adversity. Because of the qualitative differences between nurses and male combat soldiers in the nature of their exposures, we decided to further restrict the comparison to male medical personnel and female nurses. Most male personnel with a medical MOS, however, were field medics and hence substantially exposed to combat. When we repeated the analyses in Table 3 for nurses and male medical personnel only, the men in the high- and very high-exposure categories had a prevalence of PTSD 32.0% higher than the female nurses and this difference reduced only to 27.5% in the fully adjusted model. In contrast, medical personnel in low and moderate exposure circumstances did not differ in prevalence from the nurses. DISCUSSION The original NVVRS investigators found a twofold elevation in rates of PTSD among male relative to female Vietnam theater veterans. The analyses presented here show that, net of prewar risk factors, men with low probable severity of exposure had lower rates of PTSD than women a finding consistent with those from nonveteran samples. Elevations among male veterans were limited to those who served under circumstances of high exposure. The primary exposures to war-zone stressors for women serving in Vietnam did not involve engagement with the enemy. If they were nurses, as were the vast majority, they were exposed to varying degrees to the consequences of combat casualties in the form of death, life-threatening injury, and disfigurement. The general severity of the wounds and injuries witnessed by nurses was greater during the Vietnam War than during any previous war in U.S. history. Due, in large part, to new rapid medical evacuation methods, many horribly wounded soldiers who would have died on the battlefield in previous wars survived, but were left maimed and permanently disabled (Appy, 2003; Norman, 1990). In addition to these adverse witnessing experiences, nurses had the responsibility of providing medical care for severely wounded soldiers and, in the war setting, often had to intervene in life or death situations in a manner generally reserved for physicians in civilian life (Freedman & Rhoads, 1987). Further, this responsibility fell on nurses who were, on average, quite inexperienced upon arriving in Vietnam. According to the Assistant Chief of the Army Nurse Corps, 60% of Army nurses had less than 2 years nursing experience and of that 60%, most had less than 6 months experience (Marshall, 1987). In a further refinement to the analyses, the elevation in PTSD prevalence among highly exposed males was found to be even greater when the sample was restricted to medical personnel. This may reflect the additional exposure of medics to the bloody and grotesque consequences of combat because of their medical duties. Alternatively, having to treat wounded soldiers while under fire may have actually exposed them to a greater degree of life threat than generally experienced by their comrades in the same unit. Two important limitations to our study need to be discussed. First, risk factors for PTSD are included in the algorithm that created it. Specifically, Hispanic ethnic status and the presence of a self-reported traumatic event are among the variables included to adjust for discrepancies between the self-report measure and clinical diagnoses of PTSD. The adjustment for Hispanic status is less of a problem because race/ethnicity is part of our analysis only as a potential confounder of the relationship between gender

7 Gender Differences in War-Related PTSD 649 and PTSD. Further, the results did not change when the two minority groups were combined and the adjustment made in this way. More serious is the inclusion of traumatic event (self-reported and not necessarily war-related) in the algorithm because this builds in an association between events and the predicted probability of PTSD. Fortunately, our military historical measure of exposure is independent of self-report and is essentially an ecological assessment of probable severity of exposure given the time and circumstances of the veteran s military assignment. Nonetheless, to the extent that this is correlated with endorsement of traumatic events, caution is warranted. Another limitation of the analyses presented here is that, to date, we have no measure of exposure for the female veterans in Vietnam comparable to our MHMs for the men. We have been working to develop these measures for nurses primarily around the concept of casualty load. It will be important to continue this archival work to understand the etiology of PTSD in female veterans of the Vietnam War and, more generally, to uncover potentially traumatic war-zone stressors that are not explicitly attached to combat experiences. REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Appy, C. (2003). Patriots: The Vietnam War remembered from all sides. New York: Viking. Coffelt, R. D., Arnold, R. J., & Argabright, D. (2002). An electronic database of combat area causalities. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Bramsen, I., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2005). Factors associated with posttraumatic stress among peacekeeping soldiers. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 18, Dohrenwend, B. P., Neria, Y., Turner, J. B., Turse, N., Marshall, R., Lewis-Fernandez, R., et al. (2004). Positive tertiary appraisals and post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. male veterans of the war in Vietnam: The roles of positive affirmation, positive reformulation, and defensive denial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, Dohrenwend,B.P.,Turner,J.B.,Turse,N.A.,Adams,B.G., Koenen, K. C., & Marshall, R. (2006). The Psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: A revisit with new data and methods. Science, 313, Freedman, D., & Rhoads, J. (1987). Nurses in Vietnam: The forgotten veterans (p. 164). Austin, TX: Texas Monthly Press. Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., et al. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment study. New York: Brunner-Mazel. Marshall, K. (1987). In the Combat Zone: Vivid personal recollections of the Vietnam War from the women who served there. New York: Viking. Norman, E. M. (1990). Women at war: The story of fifty military nurses who served in Vietnam. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Parslow, R. A., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. (2006). Associations of pre-trauma attributes and trauma exposure with screening positive for PTSD: Analysis of a community-based study of 2,085 young adults. Psychological Medicine, 36, Roemer, L., Litz, B., Orsillo, S., Ehlich, P. J., & Friedman, M. J. (1998). Increases in retrospective accounts of war-zone exposure over time: The role of PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 228, Shah, B. V., Barnwell, B. G., & Bieler, G. S. (1997). SUDAAN users manual. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute. Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., & Nicolau, A. L. (1997). Consistency of memory for combat- related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, Trautman, R., Tucker, P., Pfefferbaum, B., Lensgraf, S. J., Doughty, D. E., Buksh, A., et al. (2002). Effects of prior trauma and age on posttraumatic stress symptoms in Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants after terrorism in the community. Community Mental Health Journal, 38,

8

The Consistency of Combat Exposure Reporting and Course of PTSD in Vietnam War Veterans

The Consistency of Combat Exposure Reporting and Course of PTSD in Vietnam War Veterans Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 20, No. 1, February 2007, pp. 3 13 ( C 2007) The Consistency of Combat Exposure Reporting and Course of PTSD in Vietnam War Veterans K. C. Koenen Departments of Society,

More information

War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Black, Hispanic, and Majority White Vietnam Veterans: The Roles of Exposure and Vulnerability

War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Black, Hispanic, and Majority White Vietnam Veterans: The Roles of Exposure and Vulnerability Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2008, pp. 133 141 ( C 2008) War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Black, Hispanic, and Majority White Vietnam Veterans: The Roles of Exposure and

More information

Understanding the role of Acute Stress Disorder in trauma

Understanding the role of Acute Stress Disorder in trauma Understanding the role of Acute Stress Disorder in trauma Dr. Trina Hall Police Psychologist Dallas Police Department Lessons Learned: Unfolding the story of PTSD NAMI 2014 Fall Conference Trauma and

More information

Deployment Stressors, Coping, and. Psychological Well-Being Among Peacekeepers. Luigi Pastò, Ph.D., Don McCreary, Ph.D., Megan Thompson, Ph.D.

Deployment Stressors, Coping, and. Psychological Well-Being Among Peacekeepers. Luigi Pastò, Ph.D., Don McCreary, Ph.D., Megan Thompson, Ph.D. Deployment Stressors, Coping, and Psychological Well-Being Among Peacekeepers Luigi Pastò, Ph.D., Don McCreary, Ph.D., Megan Thompson, Ph.D. Defence Research and Development Toronto 1133 Sheppard Avenue

More information

Derek Rutter Wake Forest University

Derek Rutter Wake Forest University Derek Rutter Wake Forest University According to a 2008 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) study cited by Albright and Thyer (2009), from 2002 until January of 2008, the VA diagnosed 40% of OEF (Operation

More information

Long-Term Effects of Military Service on Mental Health among Veterans of the Vietnam War Era

Long-Term Effects of Military Service on Mental Health among Veterans of the Vietnam War Era MILITARY MEDICINE, 173, 6:570, 2008 Long-Term Effects of Military Service on Mental Health among Veterans of the Vietnam War Era Matthew S. Brooks, PhD*; Sarah B. Laditka, PhD ; James N. Laditka, DA PhD

More information

TRAUMA SCENE: INITIATION OF THE PROCESS OF POSITIVE RESOLUTION OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS

TRAUMA SCENE: INITIATION OF THE PROCESS OF POSITIVE RESOLUTION OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS TRAUMA SCENE: INITIATION OF THE PROCESS OF POSITIVE RESOLUTION OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN GROUPS AND Mladen Trlek Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia ABSTRACT The author presents his experience

More information

The potential for faking on the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD

The potential for faking on the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD The potential for faking on the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD Lyons, J.A.; Caddell, J.M.; Pittman, R.L.; Rawls, R.; Perrin, Sean Published in: Journal of Traumatic Stress DOI: 10.1007/BF02102788

More information

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Types

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Types Being Male in Indian Country: The Risk of Trauma, PTSD and Alcoholism Spero M. Manson, Ph.D. Professor and Head American Indian and Alaska Native Programs School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver

More information

Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress?: a prospective study in civilians experiencing air attacks

Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress?: a prospective study in civilians experiencing air attacks Psychological Medicine, 2005, 35, 659 663. f 2005 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/s0033291704004131 Printed in the United Kingdom Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress?: a prospective

More information

Persisting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and their Relationship to Functioning in Vietnam Veterans: A 14-Year Follow-Up

Persisting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and their Relationship to Functioning in Vietnam Veterans: A 14-Year Follow-Up Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2008, pp. 49 57 ( C 2008) Persisting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and their Relationship to Functioning in Vietnam Veterans: A 14-Year Follow-Up

More information

War & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Abigail B. Calkin Calkin Consulting Center, Gustavus, Alaska Association Behavior Analysis Int l, May 2015

War & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Abigail B. Calkin Calkin Consulting Center, Gustavus, Alaska Association Behavior Analysis Int l, May 2015 War & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Abigail B. Calkin Calkin Consulting Center, Gustavus, Alaska Association Behavior Analysis Int l, May 2015 Few things are as painful as an invisible wound. Nelson Mandela

More information

Effects of PTSD with Family Members of Veterans. Dr. Barbara Anderson, DSW, MSW, BCD, MAC, LICSW

Effects of PTSD with Family Members of Veterans. Dr. Barbara Anderson, DSW, MSW, BCD, MAC, LICSW Effects of PTSD with Family Members of Veterans Dr. Barbara Anderson, DSW, MSW, BCD, MAC, LICSW Learning Objectives: 1) Increased knowledge about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the effects of Post-Traumatic

More information

Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment

Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment I. G. Jacobson M. A. K. Ryan, T. I. Hooper, T. C. Smith P. J. Amoroso, E. J. Boyko, G. D. Gackstetter T. S. Wells, N.

More information

Traumatic Events and Suicide Attempts

Traumatic Events and Suicide Attempts Traumatic Events and Suicide Attempts Findings from a large representative sample of Canadian military personnel Presenter: Shay-Lee Belik Co-Authors: Brian J Cox Gordon JG Asmundson Murray B Stein Jitender

More information

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most Article Medical Service Utilization by Veterans Seeking Help for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patrick S. Calhoun, Ph.D. Hayden B. Bosworth, Ph.D. Steven C. Grambow, Ph.D. Tara K. Dudley, M.Stat. Jean

More information

Deployment, Readjustment & Restoration: The PTSD Family Workshop. Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY

Deployment, Readjustment & Restoration: The PTSD Family Workshop. Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY Deployment, Readjustment & Restoration: The PTSD Family Workshop Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY Homecoming With deployment comes change, knowing what to expect and how to deal with changes will

More information

PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS

PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BASRAH UNIVERSITY PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS Asaad Q. Al-Yassen, Aqeel Ibrahim Salih ABSTRACT Background Post traumatic stress disorder

More information

Manual Supplement. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL)

Manual Supplement. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) Manual Supplement V OLUME 1, I SSUE 1 N OVEMBER 18, 2014 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is one of the most frequently used standardized

More information

PTSD: Armed Security Officers and Licensed Operators. Peter Oropeza, PsyD Consulting Psychologist

PTSD: Armed Security Officers and Licensed Operators. Peter Oropeza, PsyD Consulting Psychologist PTSD: Armed Security Officers and Licensed Operators Peter Oropeza, PsyD Consulting Psychologist History of PTSD 1678 Swiss physician Johannes Hofer coins the term nostalgia. to describe symptoms seen

More information

Unit Cohesion and PTSD Symptom Severity in Air Force Medical Personnel

Unit Cohesion and PTSD Symptom Severity in Air Force Medical Personnel MILITARY MEDICINE, 175, 7:482, 2010 and PTSD Symptom Severity in Air Force Medical Personnel Benjamin D. Dickstein, MA * ; Carmen P. McLean, PhD * ; Jim Mintz, PhD ; Lauren M. Conoscenti, PhD * ; Maria

More information

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 2016 Elder Friendly Futures Conference Multiple Voices Shaping Our Communities Panel: New Insights About What Works and What Doesn't in Geriatric Mental Health September

More information

Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Combat Exposure Among US Men

Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Combat Exposure Among US Men Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Combat Exposure Among US Men Holly G. Prigerson, PhD, Paul K. Maciejewski, PhD, and Robert A. Rosenheck,

More information

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among People Living with HIV

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among People Living with HIV Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among People Living with HIV Milton L. Wainberg, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University mlw35@columbia.edu

More information

Comparison of Two Widely Used PTSD-Screening Instruments: Implications for Public Mental Health Planning

Comparison of Two Widely Used PTSD-Screening Instruments: Implications for Public Mental Health Planning Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 19, No. 5, October 2006, pp. 699 707 ( C 2006) Comparison of Two Widely Used PTSD-Screening Instruments: Implications for Public Mental Health Planning Kenneth J. Ruggiero,

More information

A Clinical Translation of the Research Article Titled Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and. Additional Psychiatric Comorbidity in Posttraumatic Stress

A Clinical Translation of the Research Article Titled Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and. Additional Psychiatric Comorbidity in Posttraumatic Stress 1 A Clinical Translation of the Research Article Titled Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and Additional Psychiatric Comorbidity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among US Adults: Results from Wave 2 of the

More information

Reliability of the Deployment Resiliency Assessment

Reliability of the Deployment Resiliency Assessment BRIEF REPORTS MILITARY MEDICINE, 181, 7:638, 2016 Reliability of the Deployment Resiliency Assessment Samuel E. Simon, PhD*; Kate Stewart, PhD*; Michelle Kloc, PhD ; Thomas V. Williams, PhD ; MG Margaret

More information

Age of Drinking Onset, Driving After Drinking, and Involvement in Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Crashes

Age of Drinking Onset, Driving After Drinking, and Involvement in Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Crashes Title: Age of Drinking Onset, Driving After Drinking, and Involvement in Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Crashes Author(s): Affiliation: Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Levenson, S., Jamanka, A., Voas, R. Boston

More information

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Journal of Traumatic Stress Dissociative Symptoms and the Acute Stress Disorder Diagnosis in Children and Adolescents: A Replication of Harvey & Bryant () Journal: Manuscript ID: Wiley - Manuscript type: Keyword - Topics: Keywords

More information

PREPARED FOR: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, Maryland

PREPARED FOR: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, Maryland Award Number: W81XWH-061-0573 TITLE: Identification of Risk Factors for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: M. Tracie Shea, Ph.D. CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION: Brown University

More information

Male-Perpetrated Domestic Violence: Testing a Series of Multifactorial Family Models

Male-Perpetrated Domestic Violence: Testing a Series of Multifactorial Family Models Male-Perpetrated Domestic Violence: Testing a Series of Multifactorial Family Models By Lynda A. King and Daniel W. King 2004 NCJ 199712 Lynda A. King, Ph.D., is with the Women s Health Sciences Division,

More information

For surveillance purposes, a case of adjustment disorder is defined as:

For surveillance purposes, a case of adjustment disorder is defined as: 1 MH 12 ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS Does Not Include Acute Stress Reaction or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); For PTSD, See Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Case Definition. Background This case definition

More information

EMERGENCY ROOM AND PRIMARY CARE SERVICES UTILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE IN THE UNITED STATES GENERAL POPULATION

EMERGENCY ROOM AND PRIMARY CARE SERVICES UTILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE IN THE UNITED STATES GENERAL POPULATION Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 581 589, 1999 EMERGENCY ROOM AND PRIMARY CARE SERVICES UTILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE IN THE UNITED STATES GENERAL POPULATION CHERYL J. CHERPITEL

More information

POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AND REDUCED PTSD FOR VETERANS THROUGH RECREATION

POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AND REDUCED PTSD FOR VETERANS THROUGH RECREATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AND REDUCED PTSD FOR VETERANS THROUGH RECREATION Jessie

More information

PTSD and Other Invisible Wounds affecting our Service Members and Veterans. Alan Peterson, PhD, ABPP

PTSD and Other Invisible Wounds affecting our Service Members and Veterans. Alan Peterson, PhD, ABPP PTSD and Other Invisible Wounds affecting our Service Members and Veterans Alan Peterson, PhD, ABPP 1 Alan Peterson, PhD, ABPP Retired USAF Lt Col Clinical Health Psychologist Former Chair, Department

More information

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder With Respect to Combat Exposure: A Study on Army Veterans

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder With Respect to Combat Exposure: A Study on Army Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder With Respect to Combat Exposure: A Study on Army Veterans Pallavi Sachdeva 1, Rahul Sharma 2 & Sonia Sharma Badyal 3 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Life Long Learning,

More information

Relationships Among PTSD Symptoms, Social Support, and Support Source in Veterans With Chronic PTSD

Relationships Among PTSD Symptoms, Social Support, and Support Source in Veterans With Chronic PTSD Journal of Traumatic Stress,Vol.21,No.4,August2008,pp.394 401 (C 2008) Relationships Among PTSD Symptoms, Social Support, and Support Source in Veterans With Chronic PTSD Charlene Laffaye VA HSR&D Center

More information

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Behavior: Current Understanding and Future Directions

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Behavior: Current Understanding and Future Directions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Behavior: Current Understanding and Future Directions Jaimie L. Gradus, DSc, MPH Epidemiologist, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System Associate

More information

Co-Occurring PTSD and Substance Abuse in Veterans

Co-Occurring PTSD and Substance Abuse in Veterans Co-Occurring PTSD and Substance Abuse in Veterans Study of residential PTSD program: Substance abuse onset associated with onset of PTSD symptoms Increases in substance abuse paralleled increases in PTSD

More information

CONSEQUENCES OF MARIJUANA USE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. Master s Thesis. Submitted to: Department of Sociology

CONSEQUENCES OF MARIJUANA USE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. Master s Thesis. Submitted to: Department of Sociology CONSEQUENCES OF MARIJUANA USE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Master s Thesis Submitted to: Department of Sociology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirement

More information

Working in post conflict zone is as stressful as working home

Working in post conflict zone is as stressful as working home IAMPS, Bucharest, May 10, 2018 Working in post conflict zone is as stressful as working home preliminary evidence from a multi sample PTSD screening Lt.col. Ştefan Liţă, PhD Psychological Services Section,

More information

Methodology. Outcomes of interest and measures used. Statistical analysis

Methodology. Outcomes of interest and measures used. Statistical analysis ht t p: / / doi. or g/ 10. 4038/ s l j ps yc. v8i 2. 8154 Kaushalya and Ponnamperuma since the trauma and other individual and environmental factors may affect the trauma-mental health relationship. These

More information

Measuring Trauma. Discussion Brief. Dean G. Kilpatrick, Medical University of South Carolina Frederick Conrad, University of Michigan.

Measuring Trauma. Discussion Brief. Dean G. Kilpatrick, Medical University of South Carolina Frederick Conrad, University of Michigan. Measuring Trauma Discussion Brief Dean G. Kilpatrick, Medical University of South Carolina Frederick Conrad, University of Michigan May 2016 -DRAFT- Opinions and statements included in the paper are solely

More information

Prevention of Partner Aggression in Veterans with PTSD

Prevention of Partner Aggression in Veterans with PTSD Prevention of Partner Aggression in Veterans with PTSD Casey Taft, Ph.D. National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System Boston University School of Medicine Domestic Violence Rates in Military Populations

More information

Exploring the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders and Discharge Status: Results and Implications

Exploring the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders and Discharge Status: Results and Implications MWSUG 2017 - Paper DG02 Exploring the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders and Discharge Status: Results and Implications ABSTRACT Deanna Naomi Schreiber-Gregory, Henry M Jackson

More information

February 4 & 5, 2013

February 4 & 5, 2013 February 4 & 5, 2013 Check Homework The Things YOU Carry Finish Reading: The Things They Carried (Chapter 1) TTTC: Chapter 1 Quiz! (Turn in Ch. 1 Notes/Worksheet) Euphemisms Notes Understanding Euphemisms

More information

Screening for Traumatic Stress among Re-deploying Soldiers

Screening for Traumatic Stress among Re-deploying Soldiers R E S E A R C H R E P O R T # 2 0 0 4-0 0 1 US Army Medical Research Unit - Europe Walter Reed Army Institute of Research MAJ Paul Bliese (paul.bliese@us.army.mil) Dr. Kathleen Wright (kathleen.wright@us.army.mil)

More information

SHORT REPORTS. David W. Foy Pepperdine University. Daniel W. King and Lynda A. King. John A. Fairbank

SHORT REPORTS. David W. Foy Pepperdine University. Daniel W. King and Lynda A. King. John A. Fairbank Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1999, Vol. 108, No. 1, 164-170 In the public domain SHORT REPORTS Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a National Sample of Female and Male Vietnam Veterans: Risk Factors, War-Zone

More information

A Quiet Storm: Addressing Trauma & Addiction through a Trauma Informed Lens

A Quiet Storm: Addressing Trauma & Addiction through a Trauma Informed Lens A Quiet Storm: Addressing Trauma & Addiction through a Trauma Informed Lens P R E S E N T E D B Y : B R E N D E N A. H A R G E T T, P H. D., L P C, L C A S, N C C, M A C A L G R E E N E A D D I C T I O

More information

Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11

Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11 The Role of Background Characteristics, Event Exposures, and Perievent Panic Jennifer Ahern, MPH,* Sandro

More information

GULF WAR SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE LINKING STRESS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS

GULF WAR SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE LINKING STRESS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS Chapter Five GULF WAR SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE LINKING STRESS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS OVERVIEW This chapter evaluates available data bearing directly on the possible role of exposure to potentially stressful conditions

More information

Moral Injury and Stress Response Patterns in United States Military Veterans

Moral Injury and Stress Response Patterns in United States Military Veterans Modern Psychological Studies Volume 23 Number 1 2017 Moral Injury and Stress Response Patterns in United States Military Veterans Emily L. Ferrell Bowling Green State University, emilylf@bgsu.edu John

More information

APNA 30th Annual Conference Session 3037: October 21, 2016

APNA 30th Annual Conference Session 3037: October 21, 2016 Erica Mumm, DNP, MSN, RN American Psychiatric Nurses Association 30 th Annual Conference October 19 th 22 nd, 2016 Disclosure This presenter has no conflict of interest to disclose. 2 OEF & OIF: A Different

More information

Diagnosis and Assessment of PTSD: A Report to the Institute of Medicine

Diagnosis and Assessment of PTSD: A Report to the Institute of Medicine Diagnosis and Assessment of PTSD: A Report to the Institute of Medicine Matthew J. Friedman, MD, PhD Executive Director, VA NCPTSD Definition of Mental Disorder A clinically significant behavioral or psychological

More information

Trauma informed care. Prof. Edward Ogden PSM

Trauma informed care. Prof. Edward Ogden PSM Trauma informed care Prof. Edward Ogden PSM Who Gets PTSD? It depends on: Severity Duration Proximity PTSD is mitigated or worsened by: Childhood experience Personality characteristics Family history Social

More information

FOR: JONATHAN WOODSON, M.D., ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (HEALTH AFFAIRS)

FOR: JONATHAN WOODSON, M.D., ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (HEALTH AFFAIRS) DEFENSE HEALTH BOARD FIVE SKYLINE PLACE, SUITE 810 5111 LEESBURG PIKE FALLS CHURCH, VA 22041-3206 FOR: JONATHAN WOODSON, M.D., ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (HEALTH AFFAIRS) SUBJECT: Interim Report: Department

More information

2015 Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR)

2015 Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR) Public Health Report 2015 Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR) PHR No. S.0008056-15 Approved for public release, distribution unlimited General Medical: 500A September 2017 Clinical

More information

The Impact of Reported Direct and Indirect Killing on Mental Health Symptoms in Iraq War Veterans

The Impact of Reported Direct and Indirect Killing on Mental Health Symptoms in Iraq War Veterans Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 23, No. 1, February 2010, pp. 86 90 ( C 2010) The Impact of Reported Direct and Indirect Killing on Mental Health Symptoms in Iraq War Veterans Shira Maguen San Francisco

More information

Although traumatic events such as accidents, lifethreatening

Although traumatic events such as accidents, lifethreatening Lifetime Trauma Exposure in Veterans With Military-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Association With Current Symptomatology Carolina P. Clancy, Ph.D.; Anna Graybeal, Ph.D.; Whitney P. Tompson, B.A.;

More information

POST-DEPLOYMENT MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING INSTRUMENTS: HOW GOOD ARE THEY?

POST-DEPLOYMENT MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING INSTRUMENTS: HOW GOOD ARE THEY? POST-DEPLOYMENT MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING INSTRUMENTS: HOW GOOD ARE THEY? MAJ (P) Paul D. Bliese, Ph.D., Kathleen M. Wright, Ph.D., CPT Jeffrey L. Thomas*, Ph.D., Amy B. Adler, Ph.D. United States Army Medical

More information

Diagnosis of PTSD by Army Behavioral Health Clinicians: Are Diagnoses Recorded in Electronic Health Records?

Diagnosis of PTSD by Army Behavioral Health Clinicians: Are Diagnoses Recorded in Electronic Health Records? ARTICLES Diagnosis of PTSD by Army Behavioral Health Clinicians: Are Diagnoses Recorded in Electronic Health Records? Joshua E. Wilk, Ph.D., Richard K. Herrell, Ph.D., Abby L. Carr, Joyce C. West, Ph.D.,

More information

A Noncognitive Temperament Test to Predict Risk of Mental Disorders and Attrition in U.S. Army Recruits

A Noncognitive Temperament Test to Predict Risk of Mental Disorders and Attrition in U.S. Army Recruits MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 4:374, 2012 A Noncognitive Temperament Test to Predict Risk of Mental Disorders and Attrition in U.S. Army Recruits MAJ Marlene E. Gubata, MC USA*; Alexis A. Oetting, MPH* ; Natalya

More information

Military Operational Medicine Research Program

Military Operational Medicine Research Program Mission Military Operational Medicine Research Program The mission of the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP) is to develop effective countermeasures against stressors and to maximize

More information

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Domiz camp-duhok city

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Domiz camp-duhok city Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Domiz camp-duhok city Received: 6/11/2016 Accepted: 16/3/2017 Yousif Ali Yaseen* Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is

More information

DISCLOSURE ISSUE AT HAND. Treating Combat Veterans with PTSD: Using Group-Based Exposure Therapy

DISCLOSURE ISSUE AT HAND. Treating Combat Veterans with PTSD: Using Group-Based Exposure Therapy Treating Combat Veterans with PTSD: Using Group-Based Exposure Therapy LAURA M. WELLS, BSN, RN GEORGINE R. BERENT, EdD, RN-BC DISCLOSURE The speakers have no conflicts of interest, commercial support,

More information

THE ASSIST ANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 1200 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON, DC

THE ASSIST ANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 1200 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON, DC THE ASSIST ANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 1200 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON, DC 20301-1200 HEALTH AFFAIRS SEP 09 2013 MEMORANDUM FOR ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE ARMY (MANPOWER AND RESERVE AFFAIRS) ASSISTANT SECRETARY

More information

Post-Traumatic Stress, Resilience and Post Traumatic Growth (PTG): What are they? How do they relate? How do they differ? How can we advance PTG?

Post-Traumatic Stress, Resilience and Post Traumatic Growth (PTG): What are they? How do they relate? How do they differ? How can we advance PTG? Post-Traumatic Stress, Resilience and Post Traumatic Growth (PTG): What are they? How do they relate? How do they differ? How can we advance PTG? In the scholarly literature on trauma, three important

More information

SBIRT IOWA. Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION. Iowa Army National Guard

SBIRT IOWA. Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION. Iowa Army National Guard SBIRT IOWA Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION Iowa Army National Guard Biannual Report April 2017 With Funds Provided By: Iowa Department of Public

More information

The New England Journal of Medicine. Special Article PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE OF THE SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NEW YORK CITY

The New England Journal of Medicine. Special Article PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE OF THE SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NEW YORK CITY Special Article PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE OF THE SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NEW YORK CITY SANDRO GALEA, M.D., M.P.H., JENNIFER AHERN, M.P.H., HEIDI RESNICK, PH.D., DEAN KILPATRICK, PH.D., MICHAEL BUCUVALAS,

More information

The Contribution of Prior Psychological Symptoms and Combat Exposure to Post Iraq Deployment Mental Health in the UK Military

The Contribution of Prior Psychological Symptoms and Combat Exposure to Post Iraq Deployment Mental Health in the UK Military Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 22, No. 1, February 2009, pp. 11 19 ( C 2009) The Contribution of Prior Psychological Symptoms and Combat Exposure to Post Iraq Deployment Mental Health in the UK Military

More information

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder following deployment

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder following deployment Post-traumatic Stress Disorder following deployment Fact Sheet Introduction A substantial majority of the Dutch population (approximately 80%) will at some point experience one or more potentially traumatic

More information

Presented at International Violence, Abuse and Trauma Conference Dr. Priscilla Dass-Brailsford Georgetown University Washington DC

Presented at International Violence, Abuse and Trauma Conference Dr. Priscilla Dass-Brailsford Georgetown University Washington DC The Traumatic Lives of Women Living with HIV/AIDS Presented at International Violence, Abuse and Trauma Conference 9.8.2013 Dr. Priscilla Dass-Brailsford Georgetown University Washington DC Funded By Center

More information

Deployment Stressors, Gender, and Mental Health Outcomes Among Gulf War I Veterans

Deployment Stressors, Gender, and Mental Health Outcomes Among Gulf War I Veterans Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2005, pp. 115 127 ( C 2005) Deployment Stressors, Gender, and Mental Health Outcomes Among Gulf War I Veterans Dawne S. Vogt, 1,2,4 Anica P. Pless, 1

More information

Consistency of Memory for Combat-Related Traumatic Events in Veterans of Operation Desert Storm

Consistency of Memory for Combat-Related Traumatic Events in Veterans of Operation Desert Storm CONSISTENCY Am J Psychiatry OF 154:2, MEMORY February 1997 Consistency of Memory for Combat-Related Traumatic Events in Veterans of Operation Desert Storm Steven M. Southwick, M.D., C. Andrew Morgan III,

More information

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master title style Jeanne Block, RN, MS Coordinator, Community Addictions Recovery Specialist (CARS) Program Project ECHO UNM Health Sciences Center Learning Objectives To understand defining characteristics of trauma To

More information

Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR)

Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR) Ar m y Public Health Center 2013-2014 Behavioral Health Risk Assessment Data Report (BH-RADR) PHR No. S.0008056-14 Approved for public release, distribution unlimited General Medicine: 500A, Public Health

More information

Social support and coping as moderators of perceived disability and posttraumatic stress levels among Vietnam theater veterans

Social support and coping as moderators of perceived disability and posttraumatic stress levels among Vietnam theater veterans Vol.2, No.4, 332-341 (2010) doi:10.4236/health.2010.24050 Health Social support and coping as moderators of perceived disability and posttraumatic stress levels among Vietnam theater veterans Erin Martz*,

More information

Counseling Troops, Veterans and Their Families Webinar Sponsored by North Carolina Central University

Counseling Troops, Veterans and Their Families Webinar Sponsored by North Carolina Central University Counseling Troops, Veterans and Their Families Webinar Sponsored by North Carolina Central University Department of Counselor Education Durham North Carolina Gwendolyn Keith Newsome, PhD, LPC, NCC Coping

More information

Patterns of adolescent smoking initiation rates by ethnicity and sex

Patterns of adolescent smoking initiation rates by ethnicity and sex ii Tobacco Control Policies Project, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA C Anderson D M Burns Correspondence to: Dr DM Burns, Tobacco Control Policies Project, UCSD School of Medicine,

More information

Cognitive Processing Therapy: Moving Towards Effectiveness Research

Cognitive Processing Therapy: Moving Towards Effectiveness Research Cognitive Processing Therapy: Moving Towards Effectiveness Research Courtney Chappuis, M.A., Chelsea Gloth, M.A., & Tara Galovski, Ph.D. University of Missouri-St. Louis Overview Brief review of trauma

More information

Examining the role of unit cohesion as a moderator of the relationship between warfare exposure and PTSD

Examining the role of unit cohesion as a moderator of the relationship between warfare exposure and PTSD Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Examining the role of unit cohesion as a moderator of the relationship between warfare exposure and PTSD

More information

RACE-ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES IN ADOLESCENT SUICIDE IN THE 2009 DANE COUNTY YOUTH ASSESSMENT

RACE-ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES IN ADOLESCENT SUICIDE IN THE 2009 DANE COUNTY YOUTH ASSESSMENT 1 P age RACE-ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES IN ADOLESCENT SUICIDE IN THE 2009 DANE COUNTY YOUTH ASSESSMENT Andrew J. Supple, PhD Associate Professor Human Development & Family Studies The University of North Carolina

More information

Post-traumatic stress disorder A brief overview

Post-traumatic stress disorder A brief overview THEME: Trauma and loss Post-traumatic stress disorder A brief overview Simon Howard, Malcolm Hopwood BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which occurs following exposure

More information

The Many Presentations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Empirical Examination of Theoretical Possibilities

The Many Presentations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Empirical Examination of Theoretical Possibilities 480151SGOXXX10.1177/215824 4013480151SAGE OpenHickling et al. 2013 The Many Presentations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Empirical Examination of Theoretical Possibilities SAGE Open January-March

More information

Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in World War II Veterans

Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in World War II Veterans hological Assessment, Vol. 8, No. 4. 445-449 Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in World War II Veterans Brian E. Engdahl, Raina E. Eberly, and Julee D. Blake Veterans Affairs Medical Center,

More information

Treatment of PTSD in VA Facilities and Programs

Treatment of PTSD in VA Facilities and Programs Treatment of PTSD in VA Facilities and Programs Alfonso R. Batres, Ph.D., M.S.S.W. Chief Officer Readjustment Counseling Service (15) Tuesday, January 16, 2007 The National Academy of Sciences Building

More information

Brittany Hall-Clark, Ph.D. & Iman Williams Christians, Ph.D. Central Texas African American Family Support Conference February 8-9, 2016

Brittany Hall-Clark, Ph.D. & Iman Williams Christians, Ph.D. Central Texas African American Family Support Conference February 8-9, 2016 Brittany Hall-Clark, Ph.D. & Iman Williams Christians, Ph.D. Central Texas African American Family Support Conference February 8-9, 2016 Calls for increased collaboration between community, mental health

More information

Iowa Army National Guard Biannual Report April 2016

Iowa Army National Guard Biannual Report April 2016 SBIRT IOWA Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION Iowa Army National Guard Biannual Report April 2016 With Funds Provided By: Iowa Department of Public

More information

SAMHSA/CMHS Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery Priority to Veterans

SAMHSA/CMHS Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery Priority to Veterans SAMHSA/CMHS Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery Priority to Veterans David Morrissette, Ph.D. LCSW SAMHSA 240-276-1912 david.morrissette@samhsa.hhs.gov Opportunities for breaking the cycle: Sequential Intercept

More information

Introduction. xtensive information exists on the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in community-residing combat

Introduction. xtensive information exists on the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in community-residing combat MILITARY MEDICINE, 170, 10:862, 2005 Assessment of Trauma Exposure and Post-Traumatic Stress in Long-Term Care Veterans: Preliminary Data on Psychometrics and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prevalence

More information

CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION

CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION In military veterans, what is the effect of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRE) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms, as

More information

Posttraumatic stress disorder; combat exposure; and nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, and major depression in male twins

Posttraumatic stress disorder; combat exposure; and nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, and major depression in male twins Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Comprehensive Psychiatry 49 (2008) 297 304 www.elsevier.com/locate/comppsych Posttraumatic stress disorder; combat exposure; and nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence,

More information

Author's Personal Copy

Author's Personal Copy 830 Vietnam Veterans, Postwar Experiences and Health Outcomes Vietnam Veterans, Postwar Experiences and Health Outcomes J A Boscarino Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, and Geisinger Health

More information

Anger and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in a Trauma-Exposed Military Population: Differences by Trauma Context and Gender

Anger and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in a Trauma-Exposed Military Population: Differences by Trauma Context and Gender San Jose State University From the SelectedWorks of Miranda E. Worthen December, 2015 Anger and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in a Trauma-Exposed Military Population: Differences by Trauma

More information

Research shows that the

Research shows that the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment The N-SSATS Report September 3, 1 Mental Health Screenings and Trauma- Related Counseling in Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities In Brief In 9, more than half

More information

Post-traumatic stress disorder among hospital emergency personnel in South-East of Iran

Post-traumatic stress disorder among hospital emergency personnel in South-East of Iran International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at www.irjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 4 (6): 1400-1405 Science Explorer Publications Post-traumatic stress disorder

More information

SBIRT IOWA. Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION. Iowa Army National Guard

SBIRT IOWA. Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION. Iowa Army National Guard SBIRT IOWA Iowa Army National Guard THE IOWA CONSORTIUM FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION Iowa Army National Guard Biannual Report October 2016 With Funds Provided By: Iowa Department of Public

More information

Identifying Adult Mental Disorders with Existing Data Sources

Identifying Adult Mental Disorders with Existing Data Sources Identifying Adult Mental Disorders with Existing Data Sources Mark Olfson, M.D., M.P.H. New York State Psychiatric Institute Columbia University New York, New York Everything that can be counted does not

More information

Timothy Heeren Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA

Timothy Heeren Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 23, No. 1, February 2010, pp. 41 51 ( C 2010) PTSD Symptom Increases in Iraq-Deployed Soldiers: Comparison With Nondeployed Soldiers and Associations With Baseline Symptoms,

More information

BUILDING A PTSD PREVENTION PLAN DR. ASH BENDER, MD, FRCPC KIM SLADE, DIRECTOR RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PSHSA

BUILDING A PTSD PREVENTION PLAN DR. ASH BENDER, MD, FRCPC KIM SLADE, DIRECTOR RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PSHSA BUILDING A PTSD PREVENTION PLAN DR. ASH BENDER, MD, FRCPC KIM SLADE, DIRECTOR RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PSHSA 1 THIS SESSION IS DESIGNED TO HELP YOU Understand what PTSD is and how it might present

More information