Can Sudden, Severe Emotional Loss Be a Traumatic Stressor?
|
|
- Pierce Ellis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14: , 2013 ISSN: print/ online DOI: / Can Sudden, Severe Emotional Loss Be a Traumatic Stressor? EVE B. CARLSON, PhD National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California, USA STEVE R. SMITH, PhD Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA CONSTANCE J. DALENBERG, PhD Trauma Research Institute and California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, California, USA Aspects of the stressor criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been controversial since its inception, and the theoretical or empirical reasons for decisions about it have not been clear. To investigate whether sudden events involving severe emotional loss have the potential to precipitate PTSD, we assessed exposure to Criterion A stressors, sudden abandonment, sudden move or loss of home, and symptoms of PTSD and dissociation in a community sample of 427 adults. In regression analyses, models that included a severe emotional loss stressor accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in PTSD and dissociation symptoms beyond that accounted for by a model including only Criterion A stressors. The findings suggest that limiting Criterion A1 to events involving actual or threatened death or injury may be overly restrictive. Future research is needed to replicate these findings in a clinical sample and to prospectively examine the conditional probability of PTSD following these events. KEYWORDS traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress, trauma, traumatic stressors, PTSD, diagnostic criteria, stressor criterion This article is not subject to U.S. copyright law. Received 17 August 2011; accepted 30 January Address correspondence to Eve B. Carlson, PhD, National Center for PTSD (NC-PTSD- 334), 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA eve.carlson@va.gov 519
2 520 E. B. Carlson et al. CLINICAL UTILITY OF THE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) STRESSOR CRITERION The stressor criterion for PTSD has been controversial ever since the disorder was added to the diagnostic system in 1980 (Davidson & Foa, 1991; Lindy, Green, & Grace, 1987; Weathers & Keane, 2007). In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM III), the criterion was existence of a recognizable stressor that would evoke significant symptoms of distress in almost everyone (American Psychiatric Association, 1980, p. 238). Version 10 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD- 10) has a very similar definition of the stressor: Exposure to a stressful event or situation (either short or long lasting) of exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature, which is likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone (World Health Organization, 1993, p. 120). A stipulation was added in DSM IV to restrict Criterion A events to those involving actual or threatened death or serious injury (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). A theoretical or empirical basis for this restricted definition of Criterion A1 was not provided. That is, we know of no theory of traumatic stress or empirical evidence to support the premise that such events are the only types of events that can cause overwhelming distress or be associated with the development of PTSD. Shalev and Ursano (2003) have described a number of elements of stressors that are traumatizing but do not involve threat of injury or death. Sudden separation, relocation, surrender, loss, isolation, dehumanization, uncertainty during traumatic events, incongruity of extreme experiences, and exposure to the grotesque can all cause extreme psychological pain (Shalev & Ursano, 2003). The mechanism of traumatization in such events has been hypothesized to be sudden and uncontrollable threatened or actual severe emotional or psychological pain (Carlson & Dalenberg, 2000). Threat of psychological harm due to emotional loss seems to be the traumatizing element in events involving threat of or actual injury or death of a loved one, which are already included in the current Criterion A. Given that such a threat could be associated with other extreme stressors, it is unclear why such stressors are not included in Criterion A. As the criteria for PTSD in DSM 5 were developed, the restrictiveness of Criterion A1 was widely discussed. One author voiced concern that including noncatastrophic events in Criterion A would produce a kind of conceptual bracket creep whereby increasingly trivial events are awarded causal significance as triggering PTSD (McNally, 2005, p. 97). Others expressed concern that Criterion A is overly restrictive (Brewin, Lanius, Novac, Schnyder, & Galea, 2009; Kilpatrick, Resnick, & Acierno, 2009). Several past studies have investigated whether events that do not meet Criterion A1 are associated with PTSD symptoms. In two large epidemiological samples, Kilpatrick and colleagues (1998, 2009) found that the diagnosis of PTSD was affected very little by whether the event in question met various
3 Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14: , definitions of Criterion A. In other studies, compared to events that met Criterion A1, events that did not meet Criterion A1 were found to be associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms (Gold, Marx, Soler-Baillo, & Sloan, 2005; Van Hooff, McFarlane, Baur, Abraham, & Barnes, 2009), lower levels of PTSD (Boals & Schuettler, 2009), the same levels of PTSD (Anders, Frazier, & Frankfurt, 2011; Bodkin, Pope, Detke, & Hudson, 2007), and higher levels of PTSD when assessed before Criterion A1 events (Long et al., 2008). These findings have been interpreted by some as calling into question the uniqueness of Criterion A events and as casting doubt on the core assumption that there is a distinct class of stressors that can cause traumatic stress (Rosen & Lilienfeld, 2008). Another possibility is that events that are considered nontraumatic according to the DSM definition are, in fact, traumatic. That is, if Criterion A is erroneously restricted to only a subset of events that could cause traumatization, some events that do not meet the current Criterion A may indeed be associated with high levels of PTSD symptoms. Some support for this premise is provided by detailed descriptions of events considered nontraumatic in some past studies. In Bodkin et al. (2007), two of the three examples of events considered nontraumatic involved fears about losing loved ones, and examples of equivocal events included diagnosis of a life-threatening condition, threat of gang rape, and a childhood sexual abuse experience. Similarly, in Long et al. (2008), the most prevalent nontraumatic event was breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend. It is also worth noting that all subjects in the Long et al. study had experienced an event that met Criterion A during the previous 5 years. This design element may have influenced the study results if participants attributed symptoms that were caused by the Criterion A event to a non-criterion A event. In the context of the validation of a measure of traumatic stress exposure, data were collected on exposure to two types of experiences of sudden threat of extreme psychological loss: experiences of sudden abandonment by a partner, a family member, or loved ones or sudden loss of home and possessions (Carlson, Smith, et al., 2011). Such experiences fit a fear model of PTSD well. In animals, loss of a mate or member of a family group, den, or burrow may well signal an increase in danger. In humans, such losses may cause psychological harm by damaging emotional security. Examples of experiences of sudden loss of a loved one that do not involve death include sudden abandonment by a spouse or the sudden absence of a parent due to imprisonment. In war-torn countries, spouses and family members may disappear or be suddenly separated with reunion uncertain. Sudden loss of home and possessions may occur when people flee war or when they experience financial problems or disasters such as fire, flood, or tornado. For children, eviction or sudden change of residence may result in the sudden loss of a familiar environment and important relationships. We hypothesized that sudden abandonment or loss of home events would be associated with
4 522 E. B. Carlson et al. PTSD and dissociation symptoms at levels comparable to those of events that meet Criterion A and that experiences of the two events would be associated with variance in posttraumatic symptoms above and beyond that accounted for by Criterion A events. We studied dissociation symptoms because they have been strongly associated with trauma exposure and PTSD (Carlson, Dalenberg, & McDade-Montez, 2012) but are not well represented in the criteria for PTSD. METHODS Participants In 2006 and 2007, participants were recruited from shopping areas located in two small West Coast cities (n = 177); other participants were students from a mid-size western university (n = 107) and a small community college located in the same town (n = 143). Some students received psychology course credit. Other students and community participants were compensated with a $5 gift card. Participants ages ranged from 18 to 73, with a mean of 24.6 (SD = 9.6), and 38.8% were male. Self-reported racial/ethnic identities were White (59.7%), Hispanic/Latino (22.2%), Asian (8.0%), other and mixed race (6.1%), and African American (4.0%). Socioeconomic status ranged from lower to upper middle class, with a mean score of 34 (SD = 8.0) on the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index (Hollingshead & Redlich, 1958) falling in the middle class. Materials and Procedures All participants completed the Trauma History Screen (THS), the Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS), and the Traumatic Dissociation Scale (TDS). The THS is a self-report measure of trauma exposure that has been found to have reliability and validity for assessing trauma exposure (Carlson, Smith, et al., 2011). It includes reports of frequency of exposure to 12 high magnitude stressors (HMS): transportation accidents; accidents at home or work; natural disasters; child physical assault; adult physical assault; child sexual assault; adult sexual assault; assault with a weapon; military service trauma; the sudden death of a close friend or family member; witnessing death or serious injury; and other events causing fear, helplessness, or horror. Sudden loss of home/community ( Sudden move or loss of home or possessions ) and sudden abandonment ( Sudden abandonment by spouse, partner, parent, or family ) were also assessed. Frequencies reported for the 12 Criterion A items were collapsed into categories (accidents, disasters, interpersonal violence, death, military trauma, witnessed trauma, and other). The SPTSS is a 17-item self-report measure of DSM IV PTSD symptoms during the past week that has shown good reliability and validity (Carlson,
5 Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14: , ; Caspi, Carlson, & Klein, 2007). Response options are 0 = not at all, 1 = 1 or 2 times, 2 = almost every day, 3 = about once every day, 4 = more than once every day. Scores on the SPTSS range from 0 to 68. The TDS is a 24-item self-report measure of the frequency of dissociative symptoms during the past week, including experiences of depersonalization, derealization, sensory misperceptions, and gaps in awareness and memory. Response options are 0 = not at all, 1 = 1 or 2 times, 2 = almost every day, 3 = about once every day, 4 = more than once every day. Scores range from 0 to 96. The TDS has been found to have good test retest reliability over 1 2 weeks and excellent internal reliability. Higher scores in those meeting criteria for PTSD and high correlations with the Dissociative Experiences Scale and real-time reports of dissociation provided evidence of strong construct validity (Carlson, Waelde, et al., 2011). RESULTS Table 1 shows endorsement rates for each of 12 stressor type categories and for sudden abandonment and sudden loss of home. Of those endorsing any events, 9% reported exposure to a single stressor. To reduce distorting effects of outliers while retaining information about magnitude, we used Winsorization transformation to calculate total HMS events. Values above the 95th percentile were replaced by the value at the 95th percentile. The mean total frequency of HMS events endorsed was 6.4 (SD = 6.5), the median number of HMS events was 4.0, and the modal number was 0. The mean SPTSS score was 10.3 (SD = 10.1), and the mean TDS score was 8.5 (SD = 12.1). TABLE 1 Correlations Between Frequency of Trauma Types and PTSD and Dissociation Symptoms Trauma Participants endorsing 1 or more (%) PTSD Dissociation Transport and other accidents Disasters Interpersonal violence Military trauma Sudden deaths Witnessing death or injury Other trauma All Criterion A stressors Abandonment Loss of home Notes: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. p <.05. p <.001. p <.0001.
6 524 E. B. Carlson et al. TABLE 2 Hierarchical Stepwise Regression with Criterion A and Sudden Abandonment Predicting PTSD and Dissociation Symptoms PTSD Predictor R 2 β Dissociation Partial correlation R 2 β Partial correlation Step Criterion A stressors Step Criterion A stressors Sudden abandonment Total R n Notes: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. p <.05. p <.01. p < For statistical analyses, HMS event type frequencies were log transformed to normalize distributions skewed because of a small number of participants reporting high frequencies for one or more HMS event types. In Table 1, correlations are shown between the frequency of each event type, total HMS frequency, sudden abandonment, and sudden loss of home and symptoms of PTSD and dissociation. The correlation between frequencies of sudden abandonment and sudden loss of home was.44 (p <.001). The total frequency of Criterion A stressors was correlated.37 (p <.001) with the frequency of sudden loss of home and.34 (p <.001) with the frequency of sudden abandonment. Table 2 shows results of hierarchical multiple regressions predicting PTSD symptoms and dissociation symptoms with Criterion A stressor frequency entered in the first block and sudden abandonment entered in the second block. The models that included sudden abandonment accounted for significantly more variance in PTSD and dissociation symptoms than the models that included only Criterion A stressors. Table 3 shows the same analyses with sudden loss of home entered in the second block. The models that included sudden loss of home accounted for significantly and considerably more variance in PTSD symptoms than Criterion A stressors alone. DISCUSSION Overall, our hypotheses were confirmed that two stressors involving extreme emotional loss that do not meet Criterion A were associated with posttraumatic symptoms as strongly as Criterion A stressors and accounted for variance in posttraumatic symptoms beyond that accounted for by Criterion A stressors. These findings suggest that limiting Criterion A1 to
7 Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14: , TABLE 3 Hierarchical Stepwise Regression with Criterion A and Sudden Loss of Home Predicting PTSD and Dissociation Symptoms PTSD Predictor R 2 β Dissociation Partial correlation R 2 β Partial correlation Step Criterion A stressors Step Criterion A stressors Sudden loss of home Total R n Notes: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. p <.01. p < events involving actual or threatened death or injury may be overly restrictive. From participants reports of persisting distress following the reported events, it appears that sudden abandonment and sudden loss of home may precipitate posttraumatic symptoms as frequently as do other extreme stressors. This does not imply that the events directly caused the symptoms, but like other extreme stressors they may precipitate disorder in individuals who are vulnerable because of prior, co-occurring, or subsequent biological, psychological, experiential, or social factors. If this is the case, excluding extreme emotional loss stressors from Criterion A may result in a failure to inquire about disabling symptoms. The additional variance accounted for by adding abandonment to the model was significant but quite small. This may be because experiences of abandonment shared variance with other traumatic stressors. Of those reporting abandonment, 98.6% also reported one or more additional types of HMS. In addition, abandonment may not be an enduring traumatic stressor for some because it is not associated with persisting psychological distress. Low associations with symptoms and endorsement of stressors that were low in severity are common for other stressors as well, such as sudden deaths, witnessing death or injury, disasters, and accidents. As with these other stressors, it seems preferable to assess severity following endorsement rather than refrain from assessing exposure. Prospective studies exploring the severity and duration of distress associated with abandonment could be illuminating. Strengths of the study are that the data were collected systematically using a validated measure of trauma exposure from a relatively large sample of adults that was ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. There are also several limitations to the study. The sample was a convenience sample and included a large proportion of younger adults, who tend to have lower levels of exposure to potentially traumatic stressors than adults who are older. As with epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorder in the
8 526 E. B. Carlson et al. general population, sampling from the community is a disadvantage in terms of generalizing findings to those seeking treatment, who have more severe symptoms and are the primary target of diagnosis. Because data on stressor exposure were cross-sectional and retrospective, it is possible that observed associations resulted from those with more symptoms recalling exposure to events more frequently than others. The relative magnitudes of the relationships with PTSD and dissociation across stressor types still seem notable. The finding that exposure to events such as sudden abandonment or loss of home was more strongly associated with both PTSD symptoms and dissociation than exposure to several other types of typical Criterion A stressors raises the question of how strongly these particular non-criterion A events are associated with PTSD compared to other types of stressors. Future research on a larger sample could examine the conditional probability of PTSD or other new anxiety or affective disorder following a single event or a most upsetting event as did Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, and Nelson (1995). It would also be valuable to study the differential impact of various potentially traumatic stressors when they occur at different times in life. In light of these findings and the difficulty inherent in creating an exhaustive list of stressors that may precipitate extreme emotional distress, we agree with Brewin and colleagues (2009) that in the DSM, Criterion A ought to be either eliminated or expanded to include other stressors associated with sudden, extreme emotional pain. Either change would have the advantage of bringing the DSM criteria for PTSD into closer alignment with the ICD criteria for the disorder, which is a stated goal for DSM (Andrews et al., 2009) and is of increasing importance as the United States moves toward the use of the ICD system for classifying mental disorders (Reed, 2010). REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Anders, S. L., Frazier, P. A., & Frankfurt, S. B. (2011). Variations in Criterion A and PTSD rates in a community sample of women. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, Andrews, G., Goldberg, D., Krueger, R., Carpenter, W., Hyman, S., Sachdev, P., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Exploring the feasibility of a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Could it improve utility and validity? Psychological Medicine, 39, Boals, A., & Schuettler, D. (2009). PTSD symptoms in response to traumatic and nontraumatic events: The role of respondent perception and A2 criterion Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23,
9 Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14: , Bodkin, J. A., Pope, H. G., Detke, M. J., & Hudson, J. I. (2007). Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S. (2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life after Criterion A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, Carlson, E. B. (2001). Psychometric study of a brief screen for PTSD: Assessing the impact of multiple traumatic events. Assessment, 8, Carlson, E. B., & Dalenberg, C. (2000). A conceptual framework for the impact of traumatic experiences. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1, Carlson, E. B., Dalenberg, C. J., & McDade-Montez, E. (2012). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Part I: Definitions and review of research. Psychological Trauma, 4, Carlson, E. B., Smith, S., Palmieri, P., Dalenberg, C., Ruzek, J. I., Kimerling, R., Spain, D. A. (2011). Development and validation of a brief self-report measure of trauma exposure: The Trauma History Screen. Psychological Assessment, 23, Carlson, E. B., Waelde, L., Palmieri, P. A., Smith, S. R., McDade-Montez, E., & Gauthier, J. (2011, November). Validation studies of the Traumatic Dissociation Scale: A measure of dissociation associated with traumatic stress. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD. Caspi, Y., Carlson, E. B., & Klein, E. (2007). Validation of a screening instrument for posttraumatic stress disorder in a community sample of Bedouin men serving in the Israeli Defense Forces. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, Davidson, J. R. T., & Foa, E. B. (1991). Diagnostic issues in posttraumatic stress disorder: Considerations for the DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Anxiety Disorders, 19, Hollingshead, A., & Redlich, F. (1958). Social class and mental illness. NewYork, NY: Wiley. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Acierno, R. (2009). Should PTSD Criterion A be retained? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Freedy, J. R., Pelcovitz, D., Resick, P., Roth, S., & van der Kolk, B. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: Evaluation of the PTSD construct-criteria A through E. In T. Widiger, A. Frances, H. Pincus, R. Ross, M. First, W. Davis, & M. Kline (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook (Vol.4,pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., & Grace, M. C. (1987). The stressor criterion and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, Long, M. E., Elhai, J. D., Schweinle, A., Gray, M. J., Grubaugh, A. L., & Frueh, B. C. (2008). Differences in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic rates and symptom severity between Criterion A1 and non-criterion A1 stressors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22,
10 528 E. B. Carlson et al. McNally, R. J. (2005). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reed, G. M. (2010). Toward ICD-11: Improving the clinical utility of WHO s international classification of mental disorders. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, Shalev, A. Y., & Ursano, R. J. (2003). Mapping the multidimensional picture of acute responses to traumatic stress. In R. Orner & U. Schnyder (Eds.), Reconstructing early intervention after trauma (Vol , pp ). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Van Hooff, M., McFarlane, A. C., Baur, J., Abraham, M., & Barnes, D. J. (2009). The stressor Criterion-A1 and PTSD: A matter of opinion? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, Weathers, F. W., & Keane, T. M. (2007). The Criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, World Health Organization (1993). The ICD 10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BASRAH UNIVERSITY PREVALENCE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG BASRAH MEDICAL STUDENTS Asaad Q. Al-Yassen, Aqeel Ibrahim Salih ABSTRACT Background Post traumatic stress disorder
More informationUnderstanding the role of Acute Stress Disorder in trauma
Understanding the role of Acute Stress Disorder in trauma Dr. Trina Hall Police Psychologist Dallas Police Department Lessons Learned: Unfolding the story of PTSD NAMI 2014 Fall Conference Trauma and
More informationPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among People Living with HIV
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among People Living with HIV Milton L. Wainberg, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University mlw35@columbia.edu
More informationNew Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-5: Implications for Causality
New Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-5: Implications for Causality Paul A. Arbisi, Ph.D. ABAP, ABPP. Staff Psychologist Minneapolis VA Medical Center Professor Departments of Psychiatry
More informationENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
ENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER MPC 00620 ICD-9 309.81 ICD-10 43.1 DEFINITION Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
More informationAnnual Insurance Seminar. Tuesday 26 September 2017
Annual Insurance Seminar Tuesday 26 September 2017 Dublin Dublin London London New New York York San San Franscisco Francisco Welcome Emer Gilvarry, Chairperson Dublin Dublin London London New New York
More informationPATHWAYS TO HEALING FOR VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES
THE ATTACK ON THE WORLD TRADE CENTER PATHWAYS TO HEALING FOR VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES Monica J. Indart, Psy.D. Rutgers University Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology Physical Facts
More informationACEs in forensic populations in Scotland: The importance of CPTSD and directions for future research
ACEs in forensic populations in Scotland: The importance of CPTSD and directions for future research Thanos Karatzias School of Health & Social Care Professor of Mental Health Director of Research Overview
More informationCommentary. Avoiding Awareness of Betrayal: Comment on Lindblom and Gray (2009)
APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 24: 20 26 (2010) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).1555 Commentary Avoiding Awareness of Betrayal: Comment on Lindblom
More informationTrauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Eating Disorders
Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Eating Disorders Written by Timothy D. Brewerton, MD, DFAPA, FAED, DFAACPA, HEDS Traumatic events are events that cause psychological, physical and/or emotional
More informationTools and Tips for Managing Employee Issues with Traumatic Stress
Tools and Tips for Managing Employee Issues with Traumatic Stress Barry Beder, LICSW President, Beder Consulting, LLC 2015 NECOEM/MaAOHN Annual Conference, Dec. 3, 4, 2015 Newton, MA Overview Review Acute
More informationThe Utility of the A1 and A2 Criteria in the Diagnosis of PTSD
Journal List > NIHPA Author Manuscripts Behav Res Ther. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 September 1. Published in final edited form as: Behav Res Ther. 2008 September; 46(9): 1062 1069. Published
More informationStress Disorders. Stress and coping. Stress and coping. Stress and coping. Parachute for sale: Only used once, never opened.
Stress Disorders Parachute for sale: Only used once, never opened. Stress and coping The state of stress has two components: Stressor: event creating demands Stress response: reactions to the demands Stress
More informationThe PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 with Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 and Criterion A
The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 with Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 and Criterion A Version date: 14 August 2013 Reference: Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr,
More informationNorthwest Territories and Nunavut 03.09
POLICY STATEMENT The Workers Safety and Compensation Commission (WSCC) may provide compensation benefits to workers who develop a psychiatric or psychological disability arising out of and during the course
More informationComplicated Grief. Sidney Zisook, M.D*.
Complicated Grief Sidney Zisook, M.D*. Department of Psychiatry, University of California; and San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California Charles F. Reynolds III
More informationManual for the Administration and Scoring of the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I)*
Manual for the Administration and Scoring of the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I)* Introduction The PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I) was designed as a flexible semi-structured interview to allow
More informationTrauma They MUST have it?? Foster Care Conference Hobart 2010 Bryan Jeffrey MOAT: Mental Health
Trauma They MUST have it?? Foster Care Conference Hobart 2010 Bryan Jeffrey MOAT: Mental Health Trauma Traumatic incidents plunge people into themselves; they become disbonded from each other They can
More informationThe changing face of PTSD in 2013: Proposed Updates & Revised Trauma Response Checklist Quick Screener (Baranowsky, May 2013)
The changing face of PTSD in 2013: Proposed Updates & Revised Trauma Response Checklist Quick Screener (Baranowsky, May 2013) Dr. Anna B.Baranowsky Traumatology Institute http://www.ticlearn.com TRAUMATOLOGY
More informationJournal of Traumatic Stress
Dissociative Symptoms and the Acute Stress Disorder Diagnosis in Children and Adolescents: A Replication of Harvey & Bryant () Journal: Manuscript ID: Wiley - Manuscript type: Keyword - Topics: Keywords
More informationConsequences of Childhood Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence among Pregnant Women
Consequences of Childhood Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence among Pregnant Women Alissa Huth-Bocks, Ph.D., Erin Gallagher, M.A., Kylene Krause, M.A., & Sarah Ahlfs-Dunn, B.S. Eastern Michigan University
More informationEvaluation of an Enhanced Drug Treatment Court Santa Barbara County, California,USA
Evaluation of an Enhanced Drug Treatment Court Santa Barbara County, California,USA Merith Cosden June 19, 212 Drug Court Enhancements Address clients trauma Serve adults with co-occurring disorders Implement
More informationNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE SCOPE. Personality Disorder: the clinical management of borderline personality disorder
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE 1 Guideline title SCOPE Personality Disorder: the clinical management of borderline personality disorder 1.1 Short title Borderline personality disorder
More informationPRISM SECTION 15 - STRESSFUL EVENTS
START TIME : PRISM SECTION 15 - STRESSFUL EVENTS Statement I.1: These next questions are about difficult or stressful things that can happen to people. It may be hard to remember everything about these
More informationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Types
Being Male in Indian Country: The Risk of Trauma, PTSD and Alcoholism Spero M. Manson, Ph.D. Professor and Head American Indian and Alaska Native Programs School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver
More informationPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ACUTE STRESS DISORDER DSM5 Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders Reactive Attachment Disorder Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Acute Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress
More informationCelia Vega: A Case Study. Kerrie Brown, Collin Kuoppala, Sarah Lehman, and Michael Way. Michigan Technological University
Running head: CELIA VEGA: A CASE STUDY 1 Celia Vega: A Case Study Kerrie Brown, Collin Kuoppala, Sarah Lehman, and Michael Way Michigan Technological University CELIA VEGA: A CASE STUDY 2 Celia Vega: A
More informationHealing after Rape Edna B. Foa. Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania
Healing after Rape Edna B. Foa Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Outline of Lecture What is a trauma? What are common reactions to trauma? Why some people do not recover? How can we help
More informationAttachment: The Antidote to Trauma
Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Faculty Publications and Presentations Center for Counseling and Family Studies 9-24-2009 Attachment: The Antidote to Trauma Joshua Straub Liberty University,
More informationUnderstanding Complex Trauma
Understanding Complex Trauma Frightening events can have lasting effects Trauma and Homelessness Team Carswell House Dennistoun Glasgow G31 2HX Tel: 0141 232 0114 Fax: 0141 232 0131 General enquiries email:
More informationUNC-CH School of Social Work Clinical Lecture Series
UNC-CH School of Social Work Clinical Lecture Series Michael C. Lambert, PhD Professor and Licensed Psychologist with HSP Cert. March 7, 2016 It is not a diagnostic category recognized by the DSM or ICD
More informationCHILD PTSD CHECKLIST CHILD VERSION (CPC C) TRAUMATIC EVENTS
CHILD PTSD CHECKLIST CHILD VERSION (CPC C) 7 18 years. (Version May 23, 2014.) Name ID Date TRAUMATIC EVENTS TO COUNT AN EVENT, YOU MUST HAVE FELT ONE OF THESE: (1) YOU FELT LIKE YOU MIGHT DIE, OR (2)
More informationRunning Head: ASSESSING TRAUMA HISTORY 1
Running Head: ASSESSING TRAUMA HISTORY 1 Tables: 1 Methodological Considerations for Assessing Trauma History via Self-report Joseph R. Bardeen & Natasha Benfer Department of Psychology, Auburn University
More informationThe Impact of Changes to the DSM and ICD Criteria for PTSD
The Impact of Changes to the DSM and ICD Criteria for PTSD Jonathan I Bisson Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neursociences Cardiff University What is PTSD? Question Diagnosing PTSD DSM-IV
More informationEditorial Comments: Complex Developmental Trauma
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2005, pp. 385 388 ( C 2005) Editorial Comments: Complex Developmental Trauma The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was included in the
More informationCHILD PTSD CHECKLIST PARENT VERSION (CPC P) TRAUMATIC EVENTS
CHILD PTSD CHECKLIST PARENT VERSION (CPC P) 7 18 years. Version May 23, 2014. Name ID Date TRAUMATIC EVENTS TO COUNT AN EVENT, YOUR CHILD MUST HAVE FELT ONE OF THESE: (1) FELT LIKE HE/SHE MIGHT DIE, OR
More informationUCLA PTSD REACTION INDEX FOR CHLDREN AND ADOLESCENTS DSM-5 Version Page 1 of 9 TRAUMA HISTORY PROFILE
UCLA PTSD REACTION INDEX FOR CHLDREN AND ADOLESCENTS DSM-5 Version Page 1 of 9 Child/Adolescent Name: ID # Age: Sex: Girl Boy Grade in School School: Teacher: City/State Interviewer Name/I.D. Date (month,
More informationMeasuring Trauma. Discussion Brief. Dean G. Kilpatrick, Medical University of South Carolina Frederick Conrad, University of Michigan.
Measuring Trauma Discussion Brief Dean G. Kilpatrick, Medical University of South Carolina Frederick Conrad, University of Michigan May 2016 -DRAFT- Opinions and statements included in the paper are solely
More informationCLAIMANT S FACTS ABOUT TRAUMATIC INCIDENT CAUSING PTSD These facts should be written in a narrative statement giving details about the following:
CLAIMANT S FACTS ABOUT TRAUMATIC INCIDENT CAUSING PTSD These facts should be written in a narrative statement giving details about the following: 1. The nature of the trauma such as military combat, sexual
More informationScreening & Assessment for Trauma in Drug Courts
Screening & Assessment for Trauma in Drug Courts Chanson Noether & Lisa Callahan NADCP Annual Meeting July 15 th, 2013 What is Trauma? Individual trauma results from an event, series of events, or set
More informationPTSD and the Combat Veteran. Greg Tribble, LCSW Rotary Club of Northwest Austin January 23, 2015
PTSD and the Combat Veteran Greg Tribble, LCSW Rotary Club of Northwest Austin January 23, 2015 What is PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Traumatic Events that you see, hear about, or happens to you:
More informationClick to edit Master title style
Jeanne Block, RN, MS Coordinator, Community Addictions Recovery Specialist (CARS) Program Project ECHO UNM Health Sciences Center Learning Objectives To understand defining characteristics of trauma To
More informationPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder "I was raped when I was 25 years old. For a long time, I spoke about the rape as though it was something that happened to someone else. I was very aware that it had happened
More informationThe ABC s of Trauma- Informed Care
The ABC s of Trauma- Informed Care AGENDA What do we mean by trauma? How does trauma affect people? What can we learn from listening to the voices of people who have experienced trauma? Why is understanding
More informationSHORT REPORT. Is Acute Stress Disorder the optimal means to identify child and adolescent trauma survivors. at risk for later PTSD?
SHORT REPORT Is Acute Stress Disorder the optimal means to identify child and adolescent trauma survivors at risk for later PTSD? Tim Dalgleish PhD, Richard Meiser-Stedman PhD, Nancy Kassam-Adams PhD,
More informationUnderstanding Secondary Traumatic Stress
Understanding Secondary Traumatic Stress Introduction Each year, millions of children are exposed to some type of traumatic event including physical, sexual or emotional abuse, neglect, witnessing domestic
More informationImplementing a screening programme for post-traumatic stress disorder following violent crime
æclinical RESEARCH ARTICLE Implementing a screening programme for post-traumatic stress disorder following violent crime Jonathan I. Bisson 1 *, Ruth Weltch 2, Steve Maddern 2 and Jonathan P. Shepherd
More informationEffects of Trauma Intensity on Posttraumatic Growth: Depression, Social Support, Coping, and Gender
Effects of Trauma Intensity on Posttraumatic Growth: Depression, Social Support, Coping, and Gender Author: Jennifer M. Steward Faculty Mentor: Dr. Adriel Boals, Psychology Department, College of Arts
More informationTo Associate Post Traumatic Stress and Sociodemographic Variables among Children with Congenital Heart Disease
International Academic Institute for Science and Technology International Academic Journal of Humanities Vol. 4, No. 1, 2017, pp. 31-36. ISSN 2454-2245 International Academic Journal of Humanities www.iaiest.com
More informationNoteworthy Decision Summary. Decision: WCAT Panel: Susan Marten Decision Date: September 8, 2004
Decision Number: -2004-04737 Noteworthy Decision Summary Decision: -2004-04737 Panel: Susan Marten Decision Date: September 8, 2004 Adjustment Disorder Mental Stress Distinction between Compensation for
More informationEffects of Wildfire on Adolescents in Volusia County Florida
Quick Response Report #132 Effects of Wildfire on Adolescents in Volusia County Florida Audra Langley and Russell T. Jones Department of Psychology Virginia Tech University 2000 Return to the Hazards Center
More informationTreating Complex Trauma, Michael Lambert, Ph.D. 3/7/2016
UNC-CH School of Social Work Clinical Lecture Series Michael C. Lambert, PhD Professor and Licensed Psychologist with HSP Cert. March 7, 2016 It is not a diagnostic category recognized by the DSM or ICD
More informationCHILD TRAUMATIC STRESS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
CHILD TRAUMATIC STRESS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Role of Trauma in Child Development The role of development in vulnerability to and responses to traumatic events is important to child welfare because
More informationENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE SCHIZOPHRENIA
Entitlement Eligibility Guideline SCHIZOPHRENIA Page 1 of 8 ENTITLEMENT ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINE SCHIZOPHRENIA MPC 00607 ICD-9 295 ICD-10 F20 DEFINITION SCHIZOPHRENIA Characteristic symptoms of Schizophrenia
More informationTraumatic Events and Suicide Attempts
Traumatic Events and Suicide Attempts Findings from a large representative sample of Canadian military personnel Presenter: Shay-Lee Belik Co-Authors: Brian J Cox Gordon JG Asmundson Murray B Stein Jitender
More informationWhat s New in the Study and Treatment of Interpersonal Trauma? Judith Margolin, Psy.D
What s New in the Study and Treatment of Interpersonal Trauma? Judith Margolin, Psy.D The study of the pervasive psychological effects of trauma has seen a significant growth since the mid-1980 s, when
More informationEffects of Traumatic Experiences
Effects of Traumatic Experiences A National Center for PTSD Fact Sheet By Eve B. Carlson, Ph.D. and Josef Ruzek, Ph.D When people find themselves suddenly in danger, sometimes they are overcome with feelings
More informationCognitive Processing Therapy: Moving Towards Effectiveness Research
Cognitive Processing Therapy: Moving Towards Effectiveness Research Courtney Chappuis, M.A., Chelsea Gloth, M.A., & Tara Galovski, Ph.D. University of Missouri-St. Louis Overview Brief review of trauma
More informationUnderexplored Territories in Trauma Education: Charting Frontiers for Clinicians and Researchers
Underexplored Territories in Trauma Education: Charting Frontiers for Clinicians and Researchers Abigail Carter Susan Drevo Yvette Guereca Namik Kirlic Elana Newman Rachel Micol Stephen Snider Jennifer
More informationTRAUMA INFORMED CARE: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORKING ALLIANCE
TRAUMA INFORMED CARE: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORKING ALLIANCE Justin Watts PhD. NCC, CRC Assistant Professor, Rehabilitation Health Services The University of North Texas Objectives Upon completion of this
More informationARCHIVE. Alberta WCB Policies & Information
1. Under what circumstances is a psychiatric or psychological injury 2. How does WCB determine whether a psychiatric or psychological injury is WCB will consider a claim for psychiatric or psychological
More informationThe role of flood memory in the impact of repeat flooding on mental health. Jessica Lamond
The role of flood memory in the impact of repeat flooding on mental health. Jessica Lamond Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Floods Communities and Resilience University of the West of England Content
More informationThe ABCs of Trauma-Informed Care
The ABCs of Trauma-Informed Care Trauma-Informed Care Agenda What do we mean by trauma? How does trauma affect people? What can we learn from listening to the voices of people who have experienced trauma?
More informationInnovations and Trends in Organizational Responses to Trauma
2018 Travelers Aid International Conference z Kathryn Bocanegra, LCSW, ABD, AM, MA Innovations and Trends in Organizational Responses to Trauma z Introduction Recovery following traumatic loss Child and
More informationPTSD: Armed Security Officers and Licensed Operators. Peter Oropeza, PsyD Consulting Psychologist
PTSD: Armed Security Officers and Licensed Operators Peter Oropeza, PsyD Consulting Psychologist History of PTSD 1678 Swiss physician Johannes Hofer coins the term nostalgia. to describe symptoms seen
More informationPDS Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Profile Report Edna B. Foa, PhD
PDS Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Profile Report Edna B. Foa, PhD ID Number: 12345 Age: 22 Gender: Male Date Assessed: 01/04/2004 Copyright 1995 NCS Pearson, Inc. All rights reserved. "PDS" is
More informationHacking Fear: A trauma-informed approach to work with vulnerable populations
Hacking Fear: A trauma-informed approach to work with vulnerable populations Christina Tara Khan, MD, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor Director, THRIVE Stanford University School of Medicine I learned
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : UNDERSTANDING TRAUMATIC STRESS PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : UNDERSTANDING TRAUMATIC STRESS PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 understanding traumatic stress understanding traumatic stress pdf understanding traumatic stress Like what you read?
More informationWhich Instruments Are Most Commonly Used to Assess Traumatic Event Exposure and Posttraumatic Effects?: A Survey of Traumatic Stress Professionals
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2005, pp. 1 5 ( C 2005) Which Instruments Are Most Commonly Used to Assess Traumatic Event Exposure and Posttraumatic Effects?: A Survey of Traumatic
More informationDepression: what you should know
Depression: what you should know If you think you, or someone you know, might be suffering from depression, read on. What is depression? Depression is an illness characterized by persistent sadness and
More informationTrauma-Informed Care/ Palliative Care Panel
Building Hopeful Healing around Life s Most Challenging Times Trauma-Informed Care/ Palliative Care Panel Misty Boldt, LMSW Lifespan Tony Cotraccia, LCSW Syncopation Melissa Oakley, LMSW CareFirst Kim
More informationWELCOME 2011 MIDDLE BASIC TRAINING. History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived. need not be lived again.
WELCOME 2011 MIDDLE TENNESSEE TF CBT BASIC TRAINING This project is funded by the State of Tennessee, Bureau of TennCare History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived. But, if faced with courage,
More informationThe lifesaving value and improved
Cardiology Patient Page Coping With Trauma and Stressful Events as a Patient With an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Jessica Ford, MA; Samuel F. Sears, PhD; Julie B. Shea, MS, RNCS; John Cahill,
More informationTrauma and Stress- Related Disorders. Adjustment Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactive Attachment Disorder
Trauma and Stress- Related Disorders Adjustment Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactive Attachment Disorder What is psychological trauma? Psychological trauma is an emotional response to a terrible
More informationBeyond Trauma: A Healing Journey for Women
Beyond Trauma: A Healing Journey for Women Stephanie S. Covington, Ph.D., LCSW Institute for Relational Development Center for Gender & Justice La Jolla, CA September 22-24, 2006 Internationales Symposium
More informationTerrorism and Depression: An Overview
Terrorism and Depression: An Overview Anne van Oorsouw Abstract Terrorist attacks can have a profound impact on people who are exposed to them. In this article, one such possible effect, depression, is
More informationAdult Perpetrators. Chapter 10
Adult Perpetrators Chapter 10 INTRODUCTION Since 1993, the rate of nonfatal intimate partner violence has declined. Decline due to: Improved services for battered women Criminalization of intimate partner
More informationPosttraumatic Stress and Attributions in College Students after a Tornado. Introduction. Introduction. Sarah Scott & Lisa Beck
Posttraumatic Stress and Attributions in College Students after a Tornado Sarah Scott & Lisa Beck Department of Behavioral Sciences Faculty Mentor: Caleb W. Lack, Ph.D. Most adults will be exposed to a
More informationGrounding Exercise. Advanced Breathing
Dan Griffin, MA Grounding Exercise Advanced Breathing What would men tell us if we created a truly safe place and listened to their struggles instead of telling them what they are and are not? This is
More informationHow Being Trauma Informed Improves Criminal Justice System Responses
How Being Trauma Informed Improves Criminal Justice System Responses Rachel Halleck, MA, LMHC, LAC Treatment Counselor Healing Families Volunteers of America, Indiana rhalleck@voain.org What is Volunteers
More informationPost-traumatic stress disorder A brief overview
THEME: Trauma and loss Post-traumatic stress disorder A brief overview Simon Howard, Malcolm Hopwood BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which occurs following exposure
More informationTITLE: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Brief Summary TITLE: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. SOURCE(S): Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment
More informationGender differences in the experience of Postraumatic Stress
Gender differences in the experience of Postraumatic Stress MSc. Nevzat Shemsedini Lecturer in the University College Fama Abstract The aim of this research is to understand whether there are gender differences
More informationCumulative Adversity and Mental Health: Accounting for Adversity Type and Time of Occurrence
Cumulative Adversity and Mental Health: Accounting for Adversity Type and Time of Occurrence Amit Shrira 1,2, Howard Litwin 1, and Dov Shmotkin 2,3 1 The Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald
More informationEarly Identification of Triggers in Childhood Trauma. Cheri Meadowlark, BCPC Board Certified PTSD Clinician
Early Identification of Triggers in Childhood Trauma Cheri Meadowlark, BCPC Board Certified PTSD Clinician OBJECTIVES Define trauma, trauma reminders, and traumatic stress reactions. Identify minimum of
More informationEvaluation of PTSD in Elderly and Cognitively-Impaired Populations
Evaluation of PTSD in Elderly and Cognitively-Impaired Populations Sage Schuitevoerder, M.A. Alliant International University, San Diego Constance J. Dalenberg, Ph.D. Trauma Research Institute, La Jolla
More informationManaging the impact of violence on mental health, including among witnesses and those affected by homicide
Managing the impact of violence on mental health, including among witnesses and those affected by homicide Position Statement PS01/2012 July 2012 Royal College of Psychiatrists London Approved by Central
More informationTrauma and Complex Trauma
Trauma and Complex Trauma Christine A. Courtois, PhD, ABPP Psychologist, Private Practice Courtois & Associates, PC Washington, DC CACourtoisPhD@AOL.COM www. Drchriscourtois.com Lisa Firestone, Ph.D. The
More informationComparison of Two Widely Used PTSD-Screening Instruments: Implications for Public Mental Health Planning
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 19, No. 5, October 2006, pp. 699 707 ( C 2006) Comparison of Two Widely Used PTSD-Screening Instruments: Implications for Public Mental Health Planning Kenneth J. Ruggiero,
More informationCHILDHOOD TRAUMA: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT. Gabrielle A. Roberts, Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist Advocate Children s Hospital
CHILDHOOD TRAUMA: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT Gabrielle A. Roberts, Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist Advocate Children s Hospital What is a Trauma? Traumatic event: Witnessing or experiencing a frightening,
More informationAgrowing body of literature reveals. Service Utilization and Help Seeking in a National Sample of Female Rape Victims
Service Utilization and Help Seeking in a National Sample of Female Rape Victims Ananda B. Amstadter, Ph.D. Jenna L. McCauley, Ph.D. Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ph.D. Heidi S. Resnick, Ph.D. Dean G. Kilpatrick,
More informationDissociative Disorders. Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder What is a dissociative disorder? Someone with a dissociative disorder escapes reality
More informationCharacteristics of Chronic Nightmares in a Trauma-Exposed Treatment-Seeking Sample
Characteristics of Chronic Nightmares in a Trauma-Exposed Treatment-Seeking Sample Joanne L. Davis, Patricia Byrd, and Jamie L. Rhudy University of Tulsa David C. Wright United States Air Force Chronic
More informationTraumatic events, neighborhood conditions, and changes in depression severity among adult Detroit residents. Melissa S. Tracy
Traumatic events, neighborhood conditions, and changes in depression severity among adult Detroit residents by Melissa S. Tracy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
More informationBeyond Criterion A1: The Effects of Relational and Non-Relational Traumatic Events
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation ISSN: 1529-9732 (Print) 1529-9740 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjtd20 Beyond Criterion A1: The Effects of Relational and Non-Relational Traumatic
More informationPOSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ACUTE AND LONG TERM RESPONSES TO TRAUMA AND DISASTER
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ACUTE AND LONG TERM RESPONSES TO TRAUMA AND DISASTER page 1 / 5 page 2 / 5 posttraumatic stress disorder acute pdf Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder
More informationThe Practitioner Scholar: Journal of Counseling and Professional Psychology 1 Volume 5, 2016
The Practitioner Scholar: Journal of Counseling and Professional Psychology 1 Assessing the Effectiveness of EMDR in the Treatment of Sexual Trauma Shanika Paylor North Carolina Central University and
More informationClinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - Part 1
UW ADAI Sound Data Source Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - Part 1 Protocol Number: XXXXXXXX-XXXX a Participant #: d Form Completion Status: 1=CRF administered 2=Participant refused 3=Staff
More informationTrauma Centrality and PTSD Symptom Severity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Trauma Centrality and PTSD Symptom Severity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story
More information