to commonly used medical terms

Transcription

1 Guide to medical terms Santokba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital Guide to commonly used medical terms (English-fgUnh)

2 SDMH Layman s Guide to commonly used medical terms

3 santokba durlabhji memorial hospital jaipur SDMH Layman s Guide to commonly used medical terms

4 ABDOMEN,CMkseu It is the part of the body cavity below the chest, separated by the diaphragm. The abdomen contains the organs of digestion stomach, liver and intestines; and excretion kidneys and bladder, etc. In women, it also contains the ovaries and the uterus. Nkrh d uhps d [kksy dks,cmkseu dgrs gsaa Mk;kÝke bu nksuksa fgllksa dks vyx djrk gsa,cmkseu esa ikpu d lhkh vax & isv] ; r ;k fyoj] vkarsa vkfn vksj eyr;kx d lhkh vax & xqnsz] ew=k'k; vkfn o efgykvksa esa vamk'k; vksj xhkkz'k; 'kkfey gsaa 4 5

5 ABDOMINAL PAIN,CMksfeuy isu ABG (ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS),-ch-th- Abdominal pain, or pain in the stomach, may reflect a major problem with one of the organs in the area, such as appendicitis or a perforated intestine, or it may result from a fairly minor problem, such as excess build-up of intestinal gas. vcmksfeuy isu & ;k ftls ge vkerksj ij isv dk nnz dgrs gsa oklro esa,cmkseu d fdlh vax dh dksbz xahkhj rdyhq dh otg ls gks ldrh gs] elyu vis.fmlkbfvl ;k fnfær vkar] ;k fqj NksVh&eksVh fnddr] tsls vkarksa esa ok;qa The sampling of the blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the arteries, as opposed to the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in venous blood. Typically, the acidity, or ph, of the blood is measured simultaneously in ABG sampling.,-ch-th- esa ul ;k osu dh txg /keuh ;k vkvzjh d jä esa v Dlhtu vksj dkczu Mkbv DlkbM d Lrj dks tkapk tkrk gsa,-ch-th- d nksjku] [kwu esa veyrk ;k,flfmvh dk ekid] ftls ih-,p- dgrs gsa] dks Hkh ukik tkrk gsa 6 7

6 ABORTION,c 'kzu ¼xHkZikr½ ACNE,Dus The loss of embryo or foetus any time between conception and the 24th week of pregnancy. xhkkz/kku vksj xhkkzolfkk d osa g rs rd zw.k ;k iyrs gq, cpps d lekir gks tkus ;k fxj tkus dks xhkzikr dgrs gsaa It is a common inflammatory disorder of the oil-producing glands. It involves the face, back and chest. rsyxzaffk;ksa esa lwtu vkus ls,dus gks tkrh gs tks psgjs] ihb vksj Nkrh ij eqgkalksa d :i esa fn[kkbz nsrh gsa 8 9

7 ACUPRESSURE,D;wçs'kj ACUPUNCTURE,D;wiaDpj It is a form of alternative therapy that applies the same principles as acupuncture to promote relaxation, and to treat disease. However, in this therapy, manual pressure is used instead of needles to stimulate specific points on the body, along what are considered to be lines of energy.,d;wiadpj d gh fl)karksa dks blrseky djus okyh,d fpfdrlk'ksyh ftlls bykt gksrk gs] vksj vkjke Hkh feyrk gsa ysfdu bl fpfdrlk'ksyh esa lqb;ksa dh txg maxfy; asa ls ncko fn;k tkrk gs ftlls 'kjhj d dqn [k+kl d aæ tkx`r gksdj larqfyr gksus yxrs gsaa ;g fcanq ;k d aæ ÅtkZ&js[kkvksa d vuqdwy g rs gsaa It is a complementary therapy in which fine sterile needles are inserted into the skin at specific points on the body. It may work by allowing the body to release its own natural painkiller. Acupuncture is used to treat many conditions, particularly chronic pain.,d;wiadpj,d,slh lgk;d fpfdrlk'ksyh gs ftld varxzr 'kjhj d dqn [k+kl LFkku ij NksVh vksj ckjhd thok.kqjfgr lqbz;ksa dks dqn nsj d fy, yxk;k tkrk gsa blls 'kjhj dh [kqn dks LoLFk djus dh 'kfä fqj dke djus yxrh gs tks dbz jksx Bhd djus esa lgk;d curh gs] [k+klrksj ls iqjkuk nnz] vkfna ;k ;w dgsa fd ;s lqb;ka 'kjhj dks viuh rdyhq [kqn gh Bhd djus d jklrs [kksy nsus dh {kerk j[krh gsaa 10 11

8 ACUTE RENAL FAILURE,D;wV jhuy Qsfy;j ADAM S APPLE vknet+,iy Also called Acute Kidney Failure, it is the sudden and, often, temporary loss of kidney function. Many times this is reversible but depending on the cause and severity, it may be irreversible and lead to Chronic Renal Failure or Chronic Kidney Disease. og flfkfr ftlesa xqnsz vlfkk;h rksj ij dke djuk can dj nsrs gsa],d;wv fdmuh ;k jhuy Q fy;j dgykrh gsa dbz ckj ;g flfkfr iyvh Hkh tk ldrh gsa ysfdu dhkh&dhkh j x d c<+us ls flfkfr Bhd ugha gks ikrh ftls Øksfud fdmuh ;k jhuy Q fy;j dgk tkrk gsa It is the familiar feature on the front of the neck that is the forward protrusion of the thyroid cartilage, the largest cartilage of the larynx. It tends to enlarge at adolescence, particularly in males. It is usually said to take its name from the extra-biblical story that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam s throat. dabdwi d Bhd Åij ik;k tkus okyk lkeku; vax ftlesa FkkbjksbM dkfvzyst ckgj dh vksj mhkj vkrh gsa fd'kksjkolfkk esa ;g c<+ tkrh gs] [k+klrksj ls ym+dksa esaa dgk tkrk gs dh bldk uke ckbcy dh,d vfrfjä dfkk ls feyk tc vkne d xys esa QksfcZMu ÝwV ¼fuf"k) gksus d dkj.k okanuh; yxus okyk½ dk,d VqdM+k vvd x;ka 12 13

9 ADDICTION,fMD'ku AEROBIC EXERCISE,jksfcd,Dljlkbt+ An uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as alcohol or drug is addiction. Dependence is such an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions. 'kjkc ;k Mªx tslh pht+ d çfr,slh çcy ykylk ftld vkxs O;fä foo'k g tkrk gsa,fmd'ku esa olrq O;fä ij gkoh gks tkrh gs vksj og mlij iwjh rjg ls fuhkzj gks tkrk gsa mldk ml olrq dks NksM+ nsuk cgqr gh eqf'dy gks tkrk gs] vksj NksM+us dh çfø;k esa xahkhj 'kkjhfjd vksj ekufld çfrfø;k,a gks ldrh gasa Brisk exercise that promotes the circulation of oxygen through the blood and is associated with an increased rate of breathing. Examples include running, swimming, and bicycling. jä esa v Dlhtu dk lapkj djus d fy, fd;k tkus okyk rst+ vksj LQwfrZnk;d O;k;ke ftls djus ls 'okl dh nj Hkh c<+ tkrh gsa Hkkxuk] rsjuk vksj lkbfdy pykuk,jksfcd O;k;ke ekus tkrs gsaa 14 15

10 AFEBRILE,Qhczkby Without, or not showing any signs of, a fever. og volfkk ftlesa ;k rks cq[kkj gksrk ugha ;k mld gksus dk dksbz Hkh fpà ugha gksrka AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME),M~l It is a syndrome resulting in suppression of the body s immune response. AIDS is essentially a sexually transmitted disease, either homosexually or heterosexually. The two other main routes of spread are via infected blood or blood products (current processing of blood for transfusion, as for haemophiliacs, has virtually eliminated this danger) and by the materno-foetal route. The virus may be transmitted from an infected mother to the child in the uterus or it may be acquired from maternal blood during parturition; it may also be transmitted in breast milk.,dok;mz be;quks MsfQf'k;salh flamªkse og ifjflfkfr ;k y{k.k gsa ftlesa 'kjhj dh viuh be;qfuvh ;k çfrj{kk&çfø;k Bhd rjg ls dke ugha dj ikrha ewyr%,m~l,d rjg dk ;ksu laøe.k gs tks leysafxd ¼gksekslsD'kqvy½ ;k foijhrysafxd ¼gsVjkslsD'kqvy½ lalxz ls gksrk gsa gkyk fd gseksqhfy;k d ejht+ksa ;k fdlh vu; flfkfr esa CyM Vªkal ;w'ku d fy, blrseky fd;s tkus okys jä dh çkslsflax us,m~l d [krjs dks iwjh rjg [kre dj fn;k gs] ;g chekjh laøfer jä }kjk Hkh QSyrh gs ;k ek d xhkzlfk f'k'kq dks Hkh gks ldrh gsa ;g laøe.k çlwfr ;k Lruiku d le; Hkh gks ldrk gsa 16 17

11 ALBINO vfycuks ALBUMIN vyc;qfeu An individual lacking the normal body pigment (melanin). og O;fä ftld 'kjhj esa esysfuu uked fixesav lkeku; ek=k esa ugha gksrk] vfycuks dgykrk gsa esysfuu og æo; gs tks O;fä d cky] vk [k vksj pem+h d jax dk fu.kkz;d gsa The main protein in human blood and the key to regulating the osmotic pressure of blood. Used for treating a variety of conditions, including shock due to blood loss in the body, burns, low protein levels due to surgery or liver failure, and as an additional medicine in bypass surgery. vyc;qfeu euq"; d jä esa ik;k tkus okyk eq[; çksvhu gs tks fd fyoj esa curk gsa ;g jä d rjy fglls dks CyM oslyl esa lqjf{kr j[krk gs vksj mls fjlus ugha nsrka bld ek/;e ls nokb;ka vksj vu; inkfkz [kwu esa çokfgr gksdj 'kjhj esa igq prs gsaa bldk blrseky dbz rjg dh chekfj;ksa esa gksrk gs] tsls] [kwu de gks tkus ij 'k d dh flfkfr] tyus dh pksv] ltzjh ;k fyoj Qsfy;j dh otg ls çksvhu dh deh vksj ckbikl ltzjh esa vfrfjä nokbz d rksj ija 18 19

12 ALCOHOLISM vydksgksfyle ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS,yftZd dkavsdv MesZVkbfVl Physical dependence on alcohol to the extent that stopping alcohol use would bring on withdrawal symptoms. Treatment requires, first, ending the physical dependence and, then, making lifestyle changes that help the individual avoid relapse. A red, itchy, weepy reaction where the skin has come into contact with a substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This type of reaction reflects a specific sensitivity or allergy to a specific substance. Also called allergic contact eczema. vydksgksfyle ;k fivôm+iu dh flfkfr esa 'kjkc ij 'kjhj bruk fuhkzj gks tkrk gs fd mldk lsou NksM+ nsus ls d"v g us yxrk gsa mipkj esa lcls igys 'kjhj dh bl fuhkzjrk ls NqVdkjk] vksj O;fä fqj igys dh flfkfr esa u tk,] bld fy, thou 'ksyh esa ifjorzu] 'kkfey gsaa tc Ropk fdlh,sls rùo d laidz esa vk;s tks gekjs be;wu fllve & çfrj{kk ra= & d fy, ijk;k gs vksj QyLo:i Ropk yky gksus yxs] mlesa [kqtyh gksus yxs ;k fqj ikuh fjlus yxs] r,yftzd dkavsdv MesZVkbfVl dh flfkfr gsa bl rjg dh çfrfø;k bl ckr dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gs fd ml,d inkfkz d çfr 'kjhj laosnu'khy gsa bls,yftzd dkavsdv,fdt+ek Hkh dgrs gsaa 20 21

13 ALLERGIC REACTION,yftZd fj,d'ku ALLERGY,ythZ The hypersensitive response of the immune system of an allergic individual to a substance.,ythz ls ihfm+r O;fä d be;wu fllve dh fdlh inkfkz d çfr vfrlaosnu'khy çfrfø;k,yftzd fj,d'ku dgykrh gsa A disorder in which the body becomes hypersensitive to particular allergen (called antigens) which provoke characteristic symptoms whenever they are subsequently inhaled, ingested, injected, or otherwise contacted. Normally, antibodies in the bloodstream and tissues react with, and destroy, specific antigens without further trouble. In an allergic person, however, the allergens provoke inflammation, and all the symptoms of the particular allergy.,ythz og j x gs ftlesa O;fä dk 'kjhj dqn rùoksa d çfr cgqr laosnu'khy gks tkrk gsa bu rùoksa d lwa?kus] [kkus] mudk batsd'ku yxus ;k fdlh Hkh rjg ls mud laidz esa vkus ls,ythz d y{k.k mhkj vkrs gsaa vkerksj ij [kwu vksj 'kjhj esa ekstwn çfrj{kh bu rùoksa ls fuiv ysrs gsa vksj,ythz lekir gks tkrh gsa ysfdu,ythz d jksxh esa ;s rùo lwtu] tyu vksj ¼ml fo'ks"k çdkj dh½,ythz d vu; y{k.k isnk djrs gsaa 22 23

14 ALTITUDE SICKNESS (MOUNTAIN SICKNESS) ekmavsu fldusl ALZHEIMER S DISEASE vyt+kbej fmt+ht+ The condition that results from unaccustomed exposure to a high altitude (4,500 m or more above sea level). Reduced atmospheric pressure and shortage of oxygen cause deep rapid breathing (hyperventilation) which lowers the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. Symptoms include nausea, exhaustion, and anxiety. ekmavsu fldusl mugsa gks ldrh gs tks Åapkb;ksa ¼leqæ ry ls åå ehvj ls vf/kd½ d vuh;lr gksrs gsaa ok;qeamy d ncko vksj v Dlhtu dh deh ls lkal cgqr rst+h ls pyus yxrh gs ftlls [kwu esa dkczu Mkbv DlkbM dh ek=k de gks tkrh gsa mcdkbz vkuk] Fkdku vksj cspsuh v YVhVîwM fldusl d dqn y{k.k gsaa A progressive form of dementia, occurring in middle age or later, characterized by loss of short-term memory, deterioration in behaviour and intellectual performance, and slowness of thought. vyt+kbej fmt+ht+ fmesaf'k;k ;k ekufld {k; dk og :i gs tks vk;q d e/; dky ;k mld ckn 'kq: gks ldrk gs vksj mez d lkfk c<+rk jgrk gsa vyidkyhu Lej.k'kfä ;k 'kkwvz&vez eseksjh vksj cksf)d {kerk de gksus yxrh gs] yksxksa d lkfk crkzo fcxm+us yxrk gs vksj fopkj'kfä {kh.k gks tkrh gsa 24 25

15 AMBULATORY,EC;qysVjh AMNESIA veusfl;k Able to walk about; not bedridden or immobile. py ikuk] fclrj ls mb ikuka Total or partial loss of memory, following physical injury, disease, drugs or psychological trauma. Anterograde amnesia is loss of memory for the events following some trauma. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memory for events preceding the trauma. Some patients experience both types. 'kkjhfjd pksv] chekjh] nokb;ksa vfkok ekufld lnes ls ;kìk'r dk iwjh rjg ;k vkaf'kd :i ls [kks tkuk veusfl;k dgykrk gsa lnes d igys dh ;kìk'r dk [kks tkuk,uvhjksxzsm veusfl;k vksj ckn dh jsvªksxzsm veusfl;k dgykrh gsa dqn jksxh nksuksa çdkj d veusfl;k ls çhkkfor gks ldrs gsaa 26 27

16 AMPUTATION,EI;qVs'ku ANAEMIA,uhfe;k The removal of a limb, part of a limb, or any other portion of the body (such as a breast or the rectum). The term is customarily modified by an adjective showing the particular type of amputation. 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls ;k vax ¼tSls gkfk] isj] Lru] xqnk vkfn½ dks 'kjhj ls vyx djus dh çfø;k,ei;qvs'ku dgykrh gsa ;fn Vkax dks vyx fd;k tkrk gs rks og ysx vei;qvs'ku dgykrh gs] vksj xqnk vyx dh tkrh gs rks mls jsdvy,ei;qvs'ku dgk tkrk gsa,ei;qvs'ku fdl çdkj dh gs] ;g vyx fd;s tkus okys vax d uke ls irk pyrk gsa A reduction in the quantity of the oxygencarrying pigment, haemoglobin, in the blood. The main symptoms are excessive tiredness and fatigability, breathlessness on exertion, pallor and poor resistance to infection. [kwu esa fgeksxyksfcu de gksus dks,uhfe;k dgrs gsaa fgeksxyksfcu og rÿo gs tks 'kjhj esa v Dlhtu dk lapkj djrk gs vksj [kwu dks yky jax nsrk gsa cgqr vf/kd Fkdku gksuk] FkksM+h Hkh esgur djus ij lkal Qwyuk vksj tynh chekj gks tkuk,uhfe;k d y{k.k gks ldrs gsaa 28 29

17 ANAESTHESIA,usLFkhfl;k Loss of feeling or sensation in a part or all of the body. The term is usually applied, however, to the technique of reducing, or eradicating, an individual s sensation of pain to enable surgery to be performed. General anaesthesia is total unconsciousness. Local anaesthesia abolishes pain in a limited area of the body, and is used for minor operations. Regional anaesthesia, usually of a limb, is achieved by encircling local anaesthetic solutions or direct application of the anaesthetic to one or more peripheral nerves.,uslfkhfl;k og flfkfr gs ftlesa 'kjhj ;k mld fdlh Hkh fglls esa,glkl gksuk can gks tkrk gsa gkykafd bl 'kcn dk blrseky vkerksj ij ml rduhd d fy, gksrk gs ftlls v ijs'ku ;k fdlh bykth çfø;k ls gksus okys nnz d vuqhko dks de ;k iwjh rjg ls [k+re fd;k tkrk gsa tujy,uslfkhfl;k esa O;fä dks nnz dk fcydqy irk ugha pyrk D;wafd og iwjh rjg csgks'k gksrk gsa yksdy,uslfkhfl;k ls nnz dk,glkl lhfer fglls esa gksrk gs vksj bldk blrseky NksVs&eksVs v ijs'ku esa fd;k tkrk gsa jhtuy,uslfkhfl;k vdlj,d ul ;k ulksa d lewg d ikl fn;k tkrk gs ftlls d oy ogh fgllk lquu fd;k tk ld tgk ij v ijs'ku g uk gsa 30 31

18 ANALGESIC vuytsfld ANGINA,Utkbuk A drug that relieves pain. Mild analgesics, such as aspirin and paracetamol, are used for relieving headache, toothache, and mild rheumatic pains. og nok tks nnz ls vkjke ns] vuytsfld dgykrh gsa,flifju vksj isjkflvsekwy tslh vuytsfld ljnnz] nkarksa d nnz ;k xfb;k d NksVs&eksVs nnz ls jkgr d fy, nh tkrh gsa A sense of suffocation or suffocating pain in the chest due to insufficient blood supply to the heart. Nkrh esa gksus okyh?kqvu ;k ne?kqvus okys nnz dks,utkbuk dgrs gsaa ;g ân; esa jä lapkj d de g us d dkj.k g rk gsa 32 33

19 ANOREXIA,uksjsfDl;k ANTACID,aVh&,flM Loss of appetite, combined with weight loss.,uksjsfdl;k dh flfkfr esa Hkw[k vksj ot+u nksuksa de gksus yxrs gsaa A drug that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid secreted in the digestive juices of the stomach, and is used to relieve pain and discomfort in disorders of the digestive system, including peptic ulcer.,avh&,flm isv d ikpd jlk;uksa esa cuus okys gkbmªksdyksfjd,flm dks csvlj djrh gs vksj isfivd vylj tslh ikpura= dh rdyhqksa esa gksus okys isvnnz ;k cspsuh dks nwj djrh gsa 34 35

20 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY,aVh&ba yesvjh ANTIOXIDANT,aVh&v DlhMsaV A drug that reduces inflammation. lwtu vksj tyu dks nwj djus okyh noka A substance capable of neutralizing oxygen-free radicals, the highly active and damaging atoms and chemical groups produced by various disease processes, and by poisons, radiation, smoking, and other agencies. v Dlhtu&lEcfU/kr dqn çfrfø;kred d.k 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa ¼lsy½ dks uqdlku igqapkrs gsaa jlk;uksa dh ;s cgqr gh lfø; vksj gkfudkjd Vksfy;k chekjh] dbz rjg d t+gj] jsfm,'ku] /kweziku br;kfn ls tue ysrh gsaa,avh&v DlhMsaV og rùo gs tks bu d.k&lewgksa dk çfrdkj dj] mugsa csvlj dj nsrk gsa 36 37

21 ANTISEPTIC,aVhlsfIVd APPENDICITIS vis.mhlkbfvl A chemical that destroys or inhibits the growth of disease-causing bacteria and other micro-organisms, and is sufficiently non-toxic to be applied to the skin or mucous membranes to cleanse wounds and prevent infections.,avhlsfivd og jlk;u gs tks chekjh isnk djus okys thok.kqvksa dks [kre dj nsrk gs ;k mudh jksdfkke djrk gsa bls ckgjh rksj ij Äko lkq djus vksj laøe.k jksdus d fy, pem+h ;k E;qdl dh f>yyh ij yxk;k tk ldrk gsa Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. The chief symptom is abdominal pain, first central, and later (with tenderness) in the right lower abdomen, over the appendix. visafmdl dh lwtu dks vis.mhlkbfvl dgrs gsaa isv dk rhoz nnz] tks chp ls gksrk gqvk visafmdl d Bhd Åij isv d nk;sa Hkkx esa uhps dh vksj tkrk gs] bldk eq[; y{k.k ekuk tkrk gsa 38 39

22 AROMATHERAPY vjksekfksjsih ARRHYTHMIA,fjRFkfe;k A form of alternative medicine in which essential oils or other scents are inhaled to achieve therapeutic benefit. The mechanism of action in aromatherapy is unknown, but recent studies have shown that aromatherapy may be beneficial for some health problems.,d osdfyid fpfdrlk&ç.kkyh tks lqxaf/kr rsy vksj vu; b= jksx&fuokj.k d fy, blrseky djrh gsa vhkh ;g rks Bhd&Bhd irk ugha py ik;k fd ;g 'ksyh dsls dke djrh gs] ysfdu dqn 'kks/k dgrs gsa fd dqn çdkj dh fcekfj;ksa dks Bhd djus esa 'kk;n vjksekfksjsih lqy gqbz gsa An abnormal heart rhythm is termed arrhythmia, in which the heartbeats may be too slow, too rapid, too irregular, or too early. Rapid arrhythmias (greater than 100 beats per minute) are called tachycardias. Slow arrhythmias (slower than 60 beats per minute) are called bradycardias. Irregular heart rhythms are called fibrillations. fny dh vlkeku; /km+du dks,fjrfkfe;k dgrs gasa bles /km+du cgqr /khjs ;k cgqr rst+ gks tkrh gs ;k fqj cgqr vo;oflfkr rjhd ls pyus yxrh gsa feuv esa lks ls vf/kd /kmdusa jsfim,fjrfkfe;k dh flfkfr gs ftls VSdhdkfMZ;k dgk tkrk gsa çfr feuv lkb ls de /km+du Lyks,fjRFkfe;k ;k czsmhdkfmz;k dh flfkfr gsa vfu;fer /km+du dks fqfczys'ku dgrs gsaa 40 41

23 ARTERY vkvzjh ARTHRITIS vkfkzjkbfvl A blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart. All arteries except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood. vkvzjh [kwu dh og uyh gs tks ân; ls lkq [kwu ckdh d 'kjhj esa igqapkrh gsa iyeujh vkvzjh ¼tks ân; ls Q QM+ksa esa xunk [kwu ys tkrh gs½ d vykok lc vkvzjh v Dlhtu okyk lkq [kwu ogu djrh gsaa Inflammation of one or more joints, characterized by pain, swelling, warmth, redness of the overlying skin, and diminished range of joint motion. tc,d ;k vf/kd tksm+ksa esa lwtu vkus yxrh gs] nnz gksrk gs] mu fgllksa esa rki yxus yxrk gs] Åij dh Ropk ij ykyh fn[kkbz nsrh gs vksj tksm+ksa dks fgykuk&mqykuk eqf'dy gksus yxrk gs] rc O;fä vkfkzjkbfvl ls ihfm+r gksrk gsa 42 43

24 ASPHYXIA,fLQfDl;k ASTHMA vlfkek Suffocation. A life-threatening condition in which oxygen is prevented from reaching the tissues by obstruction of, or damage to, any part of the respiratory system. Drowning, choking and breathing poisonous gas all lead to asphyxia. lkal u ys ikus dh og tkuysok flfkfr ftlesa 'olu ç.kkyh esa fdlh #dkov ;k uqdlku dh otg ls 'kjhj d fv';w rd v Dlhtu ugha igq p ikrka Mwcus] xyk nckus ;k t+gjhyh xsl vunj tkus ls,flqfdl;k gksrk gsa A condition with widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways, which changes in severity over short periods of time (either spontaneously or under treatment), and leads to cough, wheezing and difficulty in breathing. Bronchial asthma may be precipitated by exposure to one or more of a wide range of stimuli, including allergens, drugs, exertion, emotion, infections and air pollution. vlfkek ;k nek rc gksrk gs tc lkal dh ufy;ka fldqm+ tkrh gsaa dhkh&dhkh vuk;kl ;k bykt djrs gq, Hkh rdyhq cgqr c<+ tkrh gs vksj nksjs tynh&tynh vkus yxrs gsaa nksjk gksus ij [kkalh gksus yxrh gs ;k fqj lkal rst+h ;k eqf'dy ls vkrh gsa,ythz isnk djus okys rùo] nokb;ka] ruko] vkos'k] laøe.k ;k fqj gok d çnw"k.k ls vlfkek gks ldrk gsa 44 45

25 ATHLETE S FOOT,FkyhV~l QqV AUTISM vkwfvt+e A fungus infection of the skin between the toes. isjksa dh m xfy;ksa d chp esa gq, Qaxy laøe.k ;k buqsd'ku dks,fkyhv~l QqV dgrs gsaa A spectrum of neuro-psychiatric disorders, characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and unusual and repetitive behaviour. Some, but not all, people with autism are non-verbal. eu&raf=dk ls lecaf/kr fodkj dk,d çdkj ftlesa lkekftd O;ogkj vksj laokn esa fnddr vksj vlkeku; o nksgjk;k tkus okyk vkpj.k 'kkfey gsaa vkwfvt+e ls çhkkfor dqn yksx cksy ugha ikrsa 46 47

26 AUTOPSY v VksIlh AYURVEDA vk;qoszn Dissection and examination of a body after death in order to determine the cause of death or the presence of disease processes. e`r;q d ckn 'ko d dkvs tkus dh çfø;k ftlls ejus okys d vaxksa dh tkap dh tk ld vksj jksx d QSyko ;k eksr d vu; dkj.kksa dk irk py ld A India s traditional, natural system of medicine that has been practised for more than 5,000 years. Ayurveda provides an integrated approach to preventing and treating illness through lifestyle interventions and natural therapies. The Ayurvedic theory states that all disease begins with an imbalance or stress in the individual s consciousness. Lifestyle interventions play a major preventive and therapeutic role in Ayurveda. vk;qoszn Hkkjr dh çkphu o çk frd fpfdrlk'ksyh gs tks de ls de ååå o"kz ls ç;ksx esa gsa ;g fpfdrlk euq"; dks,d vfohkkt; tho d :i esa ns[krs gq,] çk frd rjhdksa ls chekjh ls cpko o bykt djrh gsa vk;qoszn fokku d vuqlkj gj chekjh O;fä dh psruk esa vlarqyu ;k ruko ls 'kq: gksrh gsa jksx dh jksdfkke vksj bykt esa thou'ksyh esa ifjorzu vk;qoszn dk,d çeq[k vax gsa 48 49

27 BARIATRIC SURGERY csfj,fvªd ltzjh BASIC LIFE SUPPORT csfld ykbq liksvz Surgery performed for the purpose of weight loss in obese patients. Most procedures are restrictive, designed to promote feelings of fullness and satiety after meals. ;g ltzjh eksvkis dks de djus d fy, dh tkrh gsa bl v ijs'ku esa vf/kdrj çkslhtj ;k fø;k, lhek yxkus okyh gksrh gsa] ftudh otg ls dqn Hkh [kkus ls isv tynh Hkj tkrk gsa The provision of treatment, designed to maintain adequate circulation and ventilation to a patient in cardiac arrest, without the use of drugs or specialist equipment. fny dk nksjk im+us ij tks çkfkfed mipkj ejht+ dks fn;k tkrk gs mls csfld ykbq liksvz dgrs gsaa bld pyrs fny dh [kkl nokb;ka vksj fo'ks"k midj.k feyus rd ejht+ dk jälapkj Bhd ls gksrk jgrk gs vksj og i;kzir lkal ysrk jgrk gsa 50 51

28 BCG ch-lh-th- BEHAVIOUR THERAPY fcgsfovj Fksjsih Short for Bacille Calmette Guerin, BCG is an effective immunization against tuberculosis. ch-lh-th- ;k clhy dyesv X;qfju {k;jksx ;k Vh-ch- d f[kykq çfrj{kk ¼bE;qukbls'ku½ dk,d rjhdk gsa A treatment program that involves substituting desirable behaviour responses for undesirable ones. fcgsfovj Fksjsih mipkj dk,d,slk çdkj gs ftlesa vokanuh; ;k vuqfpr vkpj.k dks okanuh; çfrfø;kvksa ls cnyus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gsa 52 53

29 BENIGN fcukbu BIOPSY ck;ksilh A tumour that does not invade and destroy the tissue in which it originates, or spread to distant sites in the body i.e. a tumour that is not cancerous. tc dksbz Vîwej vius lzksr fv';w ij /kkok ugha cksyrk] mls u"v ugha djrk ;k 'kjhj esa fdlh vksj txg ugha QSyrk] fcukbu dgykrk gsa The removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination. Biopsy is an important means of diagnosing cancer from the examination of a tumour fragment. 'kjhj d fdlh vax ;k fglls d thfor fv';w d,d NksVs&ls VqdM+s dh ekbøksldksfid tkap ck;ksilh gsa dsalj dk irk yxkus ;k çdkj igpkuus d fy, Vîwej d,d va'k dh tkap esa ck;ksilh dk egùoiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa 54 55

30 BIPOLAR DISORDER ckbiksyj fmlvkmzj BLADDER CySMj A mood disorder, sometimes called manic-depressive illness or manicdepression, that characteristically involves cycles of depression and elation or mania. ckbiksyj fmlvkmzj vfkok esfud fmçs'ku ;k esfud fmçsflo byusl,d çdkj dk ewm fmlvkmzj gs ftld varxzr fmçs'ku vksj mldk Bhd myvk & bys'ku & ;k esfu;k d ekufld mrkj&p<+ko vkrs&tkrs jgrs gsaa A sac-shaped organ that stores the urine produced by the kidneys. xqnksaz }kjk cuk;k is'kkc ftl FkSyhuqek vax esa bdëk gksrk gs] CySMj dgykrk gsa 56 57

31 BLISTER fcylvj BLOOD BANK CyM csad A swelling containing watery fluid (serum) and sometimes also blood (blood blister) or pus within, or just beneath, the skin. pem+h d vunj ;k mld Bhd uhps Nkyk gksrk gs ftlesa ikuh] [kwu ;k eokn Hkj tkrk gsa bl Nkys dks fcylvj dgrs gsaa A place where blood is collected from donors, typed, separated into components, stored, and prepared for transfusion to recipients. A blood bank may be a separate free-standing facility or part of a larger laboratory in a hospital. CyM csad esa O;fä;ksa }kjk nku fd;k jä bdîk djus d lkfk&lkfk] mls xzqi d vk/kkj ij vyx fd;k tkrk gs]?kvd vyx fd;s tkrs gsa vksj t+:jr im+us ij VªkaL ;q'ku d fy, rs;kj fd;k tkrk gsa CyM csad fdlh vlirky dh cm+h yscksjsvjh dk fgllk gks ldrk gs ;k fqj,dy QSflfyVh d :i esa Hkh LFkkfir gks ldrk gsa 58 59

32 BLOOD COUNT CyM dkmav BLOOD GROUP CyM xzqi The number of different blood cells in a known volume of blood, usually expressed as the number of cells per litre. [kwu dh,d Kkr ek=k esa ikbz tkus okyh dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k ftls çfr yhvj d fglkc ls ekik tkrk gsa An inherited feature on the surface of the red blood cells. A series of related blood types constitutes a blood group system, such as the Rh or ABO system. The frequencies of the ABO and Rh blood types vary from one population to the other. yky jä&dksf'kdkvksa & vkj-ch-lh- & d Åijh ry ij ik;k tkus okyk,d oa'kkuqxr y{k.ka lecaf/kr ;k feyrs&tqyrs jä d çdkj tqm+ dj CyM xzqi fllve cukrs gsa] tsls vkj-,p- ;k,-ch-vks- fllvea ;g fllve vyx&vyx tu&leqnk;ksa esa fhkuu gksrs gsaa 60 61

33 BLOOD PRESSURE CyM çs'kj The pressure of blood against the walls of the main arteries. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury by means of a sphygmometer at the brachial artery of the arm, where the pressure is most similar to that of blood leaving the heart. The normal range varies with age but a young adult would be expected to have a systolic (pressure of blood when the heart contracts) of 120 mm and a diastolic (pressure of blood when the heart rests between contractions) of 80 mm. These are recorded as 120/80 mm Hg (millimeter of mercury). eq[; /kefu;ksa esa [kwu d ncko dks CyM çs'kj dgrs gsaa bl ncko dks flqxeksehvj }kjk czsdh;y vkvzjh ¼da/ks vksj dksguh d chp okys fglls esa ikbz tkus okyh eq[; /keuh½ ij yxk dj ukik tkrk gsa ;gk [kwu dk ncko djhc mruk gh gksrk gs ftruk ân; ls fudy dj 'kjhj d vksj fgllksa dh vksj tkrs oäa ikjs d mrkj&p<ko d t+fj;s bls feyhehvj esa vk dk tkrk gsa,d ;qod esa lkeku;r% Åij dk ƒ å vksj uhps dk ncko Šå feyhehvj gksrk gsa bldk lh/kk eryc ;g gs fd fny d /km+dus ls [kwu dk tks ncko curk gs] og rjy ikjs d d ye dks bruh ÅapkbZ rd mbk dj [km+k dj ldrk gsa 62 63

34 BLOOD THINNER CyM ffkuj BLOOD TRANSFUSION CyM VªkaL ;q'ku A common name for an anticoagulant agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots. Blood-thinners do not really make the blood thin. They prevent it from clotting.,avh&dks,x;qysav & ;k og inkfkz t [kwu dks teus] xk<+k gksus ;k Dy V gksus ls jksdrk gs & dks cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa CyM ffkuj dgrs gsaa ysfdu CyM ffkuj [kwu dks iryk ugha djrk % og mls ek= teus ls jksdrk gsa The transfer of blood or blood components from one person (the donor) into the bloodstream of another person (the recipient). Blood transfusion may be done as a life-saving manoeuvre to replace blood cells or blood products lost through bleeding or due to depression of the bone marrow. jänku djus okys O;fä d [kwu ;k mlesa ik, tkus okys?kvd vfkok daiksusav~l ¼vkj-ch-lh-] McY;q-ch-lh-] IysVysV] IykT+ek vkfn½ dks fdlh vksj d 'kjhj esa igq pkus dh çfø;k dks CyM VªkaL ;q'ku dgrs gsaa tc cksu esjks ;s?kvd i;kzir ek=k esa ugha cuk ikrk ;k cgqr [kwu cg tkrk gs] rc thou&j{kk d fy, Hkh CyM VªkaL ;q'ku dk ç;ksx gksrk gsa 64 65

35 BLURRED VISION CyjZM fo'ku BMI CALCULATION ch-,e-vkbz- dsyd;qys'ku Lack of sharpness of vision with, consequently, the inability to see fine detail. Blurred vision can occur when a person who wears corrective lens is without them. Blurred vision can also be an important clue to eye disease. CyjZM fo'ku esa /kqa/kyk fn[kkbz nsus d dkj.k NksVh&NksVh phtsa fn[kuk can gks tkrh gsaa,slk rc gksrk gs tc O;fä vkerksj ij iguus okyk p'ek ;k ysal ugha yxkrka CyjZM fo'ku vk [k dh chekjh dks Hkh bafxr dj ldrk gsa A person s weight in kilograms (kg) divided by their height in meters (m) squared. BMI stands for body-mass index. tc O;fä d ot+u ¼fdyksxzke esa½ dks mld dn ¼ehVj esa½ d oxz ls Hkkx fd;k tkrk gs rks ch-,e-vkbz- ;k c Mh ekl bamsdl irk pyrk gsa 66 67

36 BODY TEMPERATURE c Mh VsEijspj BOIL c ;y The temperature of the body as measured by a thermometer. Body temperature is accurately controlled by a small area at the base of the brain. Normally, it is maintained at about 37 C (98.4 F). 'kjhj dk rkieku tks FkekZehVj }kjk ukik tkrk gsa fnekx d Bhd uhps,d NksVk lk fgllk bl rkieku dks fu;af=r djrk gsa,d lkeku; O;fä dk rkieku fmxzh lsfyl;l ;k Š- fmxzh QkjsugkbV jgrk gsa A tender, inflamed area of the skin containing pus. The infection is usually caused by bacteria. pem+h ij yky vksj laosnu'khy Nkys&tSlh mhkju] tks thok.kqvksa d laøe.k ls gksrh gs] c ;y dgykrh gsa 68 69

37 BONE DENSITY cksu MsaflVh BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT cksu esjks VªkalIykaV Bone density is the amount of bone tissue in a certain volume of bone. It can be measured using a special x-ray called a quantitative computed tomogram. gìh d,d [kam esa fv';w dh MsaflVh ;k mldk?kuro cksu MsaflVh dgykrk gsa DokafVVsfVo dai;wvsm Vkseksxzke uked,d [k+kl,dl&js }kjk bls ukik tkrk gsa A procedure in which bone marrow that is diseased or damaged is replaced with healthy bone marrow. The bone marrow to be replaced may be deliberately destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. [k+jkc ;k vlolfk cksu esjks dh txg LoLFk esjks dks 'kjhj esa igq pkus dh çfø;k cksu esjks VªkalIykaV dgykrh gs] ftlesa igys dheksfksjsih ;k jsfm,'ku Fksjsih dh Hkkjh [kqjkd nsdj jksx&xzlr esjks dks iwjh rjg lekir dj fn;k tkrk gsa 70 71

38 BOTOX cksv Dl BRAIN HAEMORRHAGE czsu gseksjkzt A highly purified preparation of botulinum toxin A, a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As a treatment, botox is injected, in very small amounts, into specific muscles. It acts by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles and so paralyzes (relaxes) the muscles. Botox treatment has found a growing number of uses from easing muscle spasms (as, for example, in spastic cerebral palsy) to its increasingly widespread cosmetic use in flattening wrinkles. Bleeding within the brain. Also known as cerebral haemorrhage or intra-cerebral haemorrhage. Brain haemorrhage may arise in a number of different situations, including stroke, rupture of an aneurysm, other problems with blood vessels, tumours, trauma, or bleeding disorders such as haemophilia. Symptoms vary depending upon the severity and the exact location of bleeding within the brain. Brain haemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition. cksv Dl DyksfLVªfM;e cksvîqfyue uked csdvhfj;k }kjk cuk;s x, cksvîqfyue VksfDlu&, dk,d fo'kq) :i gsa fpfdrlk esa bls dqn [k+kl çdkj dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa cgqr de ek=k esa igq pk;k tkrk gs rkfd cksv Dl mu rd vkus okys uozl flxuy dks jksd ns vksj ekalis'kh <hyh ;k 'kkar gks tk;sa LikfLVd lsfjczy ikylh esa ekalis'kh dh,abu jksdus ls ysdj >qfj;ksa dks ean djus rd] cksv Dl fpfdrlk dk mi;ksx vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa gksus yxk gsa eflr"d d vunj gksus okys jälzko dks czsu gseksjkzt dgrs gsaa bldks lsfjczy ;k bavªk&lsfjczy gseksjkzt Hkh dgrs gsaa gseksjkzt d dbz dkj.k gks ldrs gsa & LVªksd] /keuh dk QVuk vfkok jäokfgdkvksa dh vu; rdyhqsa] Vîwej] VªkWek ;k gseksfqfy;k tsls jälzko d fodkja czsu gseksjkzt] ftlls O;fä d thou dks [krjk gks ldrk gs] d y{k.k eflr"d esa lzko d LFkku vksj mldh xahkhjrk ij fuhkzj djrs gsaa 72 73

39 BRAIN TUMOUR czsu Vîwej BREAST CANCER czslv dsalj A benign or malignant growth in the brain. Primary brain tumours initially form in brain tissue. Secondary brain tumours are cancers that have spread (metastasized) to the brain tissue from elsewhere in the body. Brain tumours can occur in people of any age. eflr"d esa gksus okyh fcukbu ;k efyxuav lwtu vfkok xkaba tks czsu Vîwej lozçfke eflr"d d fv';w esa curs gsa] çkbejh czsu Vîwej dgykrs gsaa tks Vîwej 'kjhj d fdlh vu; fglls ls esvklvslkbt+ gksdj eflr"d esa QSy dj cuus yxrk gs] lsd amjh czsu Vîwej dgykrk gsa czsu Vîwej fdlh Hkh mez d O;fä dks gks ldrk gsa Cancer of the breast, which is diagnosed with self-examination and by a physician examining the breasts, or by mammography, ultrasound testing and biopsy. czslv dsalj ;k Lru dk dsalj Lo;a vfkok MkDVjh tkap ls] eseksxzkqh] vyvªklkmam VsfLVax ;k ck;ksilh }kjk irk fd;k tk ldrk gsa 74 75

40 BREAST LUMP czslv yei BRONCHITIS czksadkbfvl A localized swelling, knot, bump, bulge or protuberance in the breast. Breast lumps may appear in both sexes at all ages. In women, the fear is usually of breast cancer but many breast lumps turn out, fortunately, to be due to benign conditions that can be successfully treated, such as infection, trauma, fibroadenoma, cyst, or fibrocystic conditions. However, no breast lump should be dismissed as benign until it has been checked by a physician. Inflammation of the airway (bronchi), that is characterized by coughing and production of sputum. lkal ysus okyh ufy;ksa esa lwtu vkus ij tc ejht+ dks [kkalh o cyxe vkus yxrk gs] mls czksadkbfvl dgrs gsaa czslv yei Lru esa LFkkuh; lwtu] xk B ;k mhkkj dks dgrs gsaa gkyk fd fdlh Hkh mez d L=h vfkok iq#"k dks ;g f'kdk;r g ldrh gs] fl=;ksa esa czslv yei dsalj dk lwpd Hkh gks ldrk gsa vpnh [kcj ;g gs fd dbz czslv yei fcukbu volfkk,a gksrh gsa] tsls buqsd'ku] VªkWek] Qkbczks,Mhuksek] fllv ;k vu; QkbczksflfLVd flfkfr;ka] ftudk lqyrkiwozd bykt fd;k tkrk gsa ysfdu M DVj dh tk p gq, fcuk fdlh Hkh czslv yei dks fcukbu eku ysuk Bhd ugha gsa 76 77

41 BRUISE C:t+ BURSITIS cqjlkbfvl An area of skin discoloration, caused by the escape of blood from ruptured, underlying vessels following injury. Initially red or pink, a bruise gradually becomes bluish, and then greenish yellow, as the pigment in the tissues breaks down chemically, and is absorbed. Inflammation of a bursa, resulting from repetitive slight injury, pressure or friction or from infection or inflammatory conditions. Commonly affecting the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee or heel, it produces pain and tenderness, and, sometimes, restricts joint movement. C:t+] ;k uhy] rc curk gs tc pksv yxus ij ml fglls dh pem+h d Bhd uhps ul QV tkus ij ogka ls [kwu dk fudkl gks tkrk gsa yky&xqykch gksrs&gksrs C:t+ uhyk vksj /khjs&/khjs gjs&ihys jax dk gksus yxrk gs % ;g fv';w esa jklk;fud cnyko d dkj.k gksrk gsa cqjlk esa lwtu vksj tyu vkuk cqjlkbfvl dgykrk gsa cqjlk ;k 'ys"k&iqvh rjy inkfkz ls Hkjh,d xíhuqek FkSyh gs tks gfì;ksa] t M+ksa ;k ekalisf'k;ksa ds chp gksus okyh jxm+ ls cpko djrh gsa,d gh txg ij ckj&ckj ekewyh&lh pksv] ncko ;k jxm+ yxus ij vfkok fdlh rjg dk laøe.k] lwtu vksj tyu dh flfkfr esa cqjlkbfvl gks ldrk gsa bld gksus ij çk;% da/ks] dwygs]?kqvus ;k,m+h ij vlj im+rk gs] os nq[kus yxrs gsa vksj dhkh&dhkh fgyuss esa Hkh fnôr vkus yxrh gsa 78 79

42 BYPASS ckbikl CANNULA du;qyk A surgical procedure to divert the flow of blood or other fluid from one anatomical structure to another; a shunt. A bypass can be temporary or permanent, and is commonly performed in the treatment of cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders. e.g. cardiac bypass. ckbikl ^fodyi* gs % ;g,d,slh lftzdy çfø;k gs ftlesa 'kjhj esa fdlh Hkh eq[; /keuh d can ;k [k+jkc gks tkus ij [kwu d cgko d fy, nwljh fn'kk ;k fodyi /keuh nh tkrh gs] ftlls [kwu dh vkoktkgh cuh jgsa ckbikl LFkk;h ;k vlfkk;h gks ldrk gsa fpfdrlk&fokku esa bl 'kcn vksj çfø;k dk blrseky vf/kdrj fny ;k isv o vk rksa dh rdyhq+ksa d bykt esa fd;k tkrk gs] tsl ] dkfmz;d ckbikla A hollow tube designed for insertion into a body cavity or vessel such as the bladder or a blood vessel. du;qyk,d [kks[kyh ukyh gs ftls 'kjhj dh fdlh Hkh dsfovh ;k [kksy ¼tSls CySMj ;k jä /keuh½ d Hkhrj Mkyk tk ldrk gsa 80 81

43 CARCINOGEN dkflzukstu CARDIAC ARREST dkfmz;kd vjslv A substance or agent that causes cancer. Related terms include the adjective carcinogenic and the nouns carcinogenesis and carcinogenicity. og inkfkz ;k,tsav dkflzukstu dgykrk gs ftlls dsulj gksrk gsa blls tqm+s dqn vksj 'kcn gsa & dkflzukstsfud ¼fo'ks"k.k½] dkflzukstsfufll vksj dkflzukstsfuflvh ¼laKk½- The cessation of effective pumping action by the heart. There is abrupt loss of consciousness, absence of the pulse, and breathing stops. Unless treated promptly, irreversible brain damage and death follow within minutes. ân;xfr dk can gksuk] ;kfu og flfkfr tc fny dh /km+du #d tkrh gs] dkfmz;kd vjslv dgykrh gsa O;fä csgks'k gks tkrk gs] mldh uct+ ugha feyrh vksj lkal can gks tkrh gsa QkSju bykt d fcuk fnekx dks LFkk;h {kfr igq p ldrh gs vksj dqn gh?kfm+;ksa esa O;fä dh e`r;q gks ldrh gsa 82 83

44 CARDIOMYOPATHY dkfmz;ksek;ksisfkh CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) dkfmz;ksiyeujh fjlflvs'ku Disease of the heart muscle. ân; dh ekalis'kh dh chekjha An emergency procedure for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual, external cardiac massage. It is used in cases of cardiac arrest or apparent sudden death, resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest or other causes, to establish effective circulation and ventilation in order to prevent irreversible brain damage. dhkh&dhkh fctyh d 'k d] Mwcus] lkal can gksus ;k fdlh Hkh vksj otg ls fny dk nksjk im+ ldrk gs ;k lglk e`r;q d vklkj cu ldrs gsaa,slh flfkfr esa dkfmz;ksiyeujh fjlflvs'ku dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa ;g,d vkikrdkfyd çfø;k gs ftlesa vkfvzqhf'k;y jsflijs'ku & f=e 'olu & vksj gkfkksa ls dkfmz;d elkt & ân; dh ekfy'k & dh tkrh gs rkfd fny fqj ls /km+duk 'kq: gks tk;s vksj eflr"d dh LFkk;h {kfr jksdh tk ld A 84 85

45 CARIES d jht+ CELLULITIS lsy;qykbfvl Dental cavities in the two outer layers of a tooth (the enamel and the dentin). Small caries may not cause pain, and may not be noticed by the patient. Larger caries can collect food, and the inner pulp of the affected tooth can become irritated by bacterial toxins or by foods that are cold, hot, sour or sweet, causing a toothache. An infection of the deep dermis of the skin, it is most common in the lower legs. lsy;qykbfvl pem+h dh Hkhrjh ijr dk laøe.k gs tks fd T+;knkrj Vkax d fupys fglls esa gksrk gsa nkar dh ckgjh nks ijrksa & busey vksj MsfUVu & esa Nsn ;k dsfovh dks d jht+ dgrs gsaa NksVh d jht+ fcuk nnz d Hkh gks ldrh gs vksj blfy, ejht+ dk /;ku ml rjq ugha tkrka ysfdu d jht+ ;fn cm+h gks rks mlesa [kkuk tek gksrk jgrk gs vksj [k+jkc gks jgs nkar d van:uh xwns esa csdvhfj;k d VksfDlu tyu isnk dj ldrs gsa ;k BaMk] xez] [kêk] ehbk [kkus ls nkar esa nnz gks ldrk gsa 86 87

46 CENTRAL LINE lsavªy ykbu CEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE lsfjczy gseksjkzt An infusion tube located in or near the heart, which is at the centre of the circulatory system. ld;zqysvjh fllve d e/; esa flfkr ân; esa ;k mld ikl Mkyh x;h,d yech] iryh vksj yphyh Vîwc ftl d }kjk ejht+ dks dbz g rksa ;k vf/kd d fy, nokb;ka] rjy inkfkz] iks"kd rùo ;k [kwu fn;k tkrk gsa Bleeding from a blood vessel of the brain into the tissue of the brain. It is commonly caused by disease of the arteries and high blood pressure but it may result from bleeding caused by congenital (by birth) abnormalities of blood vessels. The symptoms vary from a transient weakness or numbness to profound coma and death. lsfjczy gseksjkzt esa fnekx dh ul QV tkus ij [kwu fnekx dh dksf'kdkvksa esa cgus yxrk gsa ;g vdlj /kefu;ksa dh chekjh ;k mpp jäpki dh flfkfr esa gksrk gs ysfdu ulksa esa isnkb'kh n "k gksus ls Hkh bld gksus dh lahkkouk jgrh gsa {kf.kd detksjh ;k lquu gks tkus dk,glkl] ;k fqj xgjh csgks'kh dh uhan vfkok e`r;q] lsfjczy gseksjkzt d y{k.k gsaa 88 89

47 CEREBRAL PALSY lsfjczy ikylh CERVICAL CANCER lfozdy dsalj A term that encompasses a set of neurological conditions that cause physical disability in human development by affecting the brain and nervous system. The word cerebral refers to the area in the brain that is affected, while palsy means complete or partial muscle paralysis, frequently accompanied by loss of sensation and uncontrollable body movements or tremors. lsfjczy ikylh esa,slh dbz U;wjksy ftdy volfkk, 'kkfey gsa tks fnekx vksj uozl fllve ij vlj djrh gsa] ftld pyrs 'kkjhfjd fuczyrk O;fä d fodkl dks vo#) djrh gsa *lsfjczy* eflr"d ls lecu/k j[krk gs vksj *ikylh* ekalisf'k;ksa d iw.kz ;k vkaf'kd :i ls Qkfyt ekjs tkus dks dgrs gsaa blesa laosnuk dk yksi vksj 'kjhj dk rhozrk ls fgyuk vksj FkjFkjkgV Hkh 'kkfey gsaa Cancer of the entrance to the womb (uterus). The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb). Regular pelvic exams and Pap testing can detect precancerous changes in the cervix. The most common symptom of cancer of the cervix is abnormal bleeding. This can be diagnosed using a Pap test or other procedures that sample the cervix tissue. Cervical cancer requires treatment that is different from other cancers of the uterus. xhkkz'k; d }kj & xhkkz'k; xzhok & dk dsalj lfozdy dsalj gsa xhkkz'k; d fupys] ladjs fglls dks lfozdl dgrs gsaa fu;fer isfyod tkap vksj isi VsfLVax ls lfozdl esa dsalj d igys gksus okys cnyko idms+ tk ldrs gsaa vlkeku; jälzko lfozdy dsalj dk vke y{k.k gsa isi VsLV ;k lfozdl d fv';w dks tkapus okyh vu; çfø;k,a bldk irk yxk ldrh gsaa lfozdy dsalj dk bykt xhkkz'k; d nwljs dsalj çdkj ls vyx gksrk gsa 90 91

48 CESAREAN SECTION lht+sfj;u lsd'ku CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS dheksçksfqykfdll Cesarean delivery, also called C-Section, is surgery to deliver a baby. The baby is taken out through the mother s abdomen. lht+sfj;u çlo ;k lh&lsd'ku og ltzjh gs ftlls f'k'kq dh fmyhojh gksrh gsa cpps dks ek d isv ls fudkyk tkrk gsa The use of a chemical agent to prevent the development of a disease. chekjh ls cpko d fy, fdlh d fedy,tsav dk blrseky djuka 92 93

49 CHEMORADIOTHERAPY dheksjsfm;ksfksjsih CHEMOTHERAPY dheksfksjsih The combination of simultaneous chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Chemoradiotherapy before surgery has been found to reduce the risk of local recurrence of rectal cancer. dheksjsfm;ksfksjsih dheksfksjsih vksj jsfm,'ku Fksjsih d,d lkfk ç;ksx dks dgrs gsaa ik;k x;k gs fd 'ky;&fpfdrlk ls igys dheksjsfm;ksfksjsih d ç;ksx ls jsdvy dsalj d LFkkuh; jsdjsal dh lahkkouk de gks tkrh gsa The prevention or treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances. The term is increasingly restricted to the treatment of cancer, in contrast to radiotherapy, but is also sometimes used for antibiotic and other treatment of infectious diseases. jklk;fud inkfkksaz ls fdlh Hkh chekjh dh jksdfkke ;k bykt dheksfksjsih dgykrh gsa ysfdu fofdj.k fpfdrlk ;k jsfm;ks&fksjsih d foijhr dheksfksjsih dk blrseky vc] T+;knkrj] dsalj d bykt d lunhkz esa gksrk gsa dhkh&dhkh,avhck;ksfvd nsus d fy, ;k laøked chekfj;ksa d bykt esa Hkh bldk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 94 95

50 CHIKUNGUNYA fpdquxqu;k CHILBLAIN fpycysu A disease caused by an arbovirus, and transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. The disease is similar to dengue, and symptoms include fever, headache, generalized body pain, and an irritating rash. fpdquxqu;k,d vkcksz&ok;jy laøe.k gs ftld fo"kk.kq epnjksa }kjk balkuksa rd igq prs gsaa epnj vksj fppm+h ¼fVd½ tsls çk.kh ftu fo"kk.kqvksa dk lapkj djrs gsa] mugsa vkcksz&ok;jy laøe.k dgk tkrk gsa fpdquxqu;k Msaxw dh gh rjg dh chekjh gs ftlesa cq[kkj] lj o iwjs 'kjhj esa nnz vksj rdyhqnsg [kqtyh ;k pdùks gks ldrs gsaa An injury due to cold temperatures that, although painful, causes little or no permanent impairment. It appears as red, swollen skin that is tender and hot to the touch, and may itch. fpycysu lnhz dh otg ls gksus okys t+[e dks dgrs gsaa blesa nnz rks gksrk gs ysfdu dksbz LFkk;h gkfu ugha gksrha Ropk yky] lwth gqbz vksj cgqr uez gks tkrh gs] gkfk yxkus ij xez yxrh gs vksj ml txg [kkfj'k gksus yxrh gsa 96 97

51 CHILLS fpyl CHOKING pksfdax Feelings of coldness accompanied by shivering. Chills may develop after exposure to a cold environment or may accompany a fever. B.M yx tkus ij] ;k cq[kkj esa] daidaih dh flfkfr d fpyl dgrs gsaa Partial or complete obstruction of the airway can be due to a foreign body (e.g. food, a bead, toy, etc.). [kkuk ;k fdlh NksVh olrq d vvd tkus ls 'okl&ufydk dk iwjh ;k vkaf'kd rksj ij can gks tkuk pksfdax gsa 98 99

52 CHOLESTEROL BAD dksyslvªkwy & csm CHOLESTEROL GOOD dksyslvª y & xqm LDL is the so-called bad cholesterol. Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with cardiovascular disease such as stroke or heart attack. c<+h gqbz,y-mh-,y-] ftls csm dksyslvªkwy Hkh dgk tkrk gs] dk lecu/k LVªksd ;k fny d nksjs tsls ân;&jksx d lkfk ekuk tkrk gsa High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the so-called good cholesterol. The higher the HDL cholesterol level, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease. Regular aerobic exercise, loss of excess weight (fat), and cessation of cigarette smoking increase HDL cholesterol levels. ;g rfkkdffkr ^xqm dksyslvª y* gkb&msaflvh fyiksçksvhu ;k,p-mh-,y- dk gh nwljk uke gsa,p-mh-,y- dk Lrj ftruk T+;knk gksrk gs] mruk gh fny dh chekjh dh vk'kadk de jgrh gsa fu;fer O;k;ke] de ot+u vksj /kweziku fu"ks/k xqm dksyslvª y d Lrj dks c<krs gsaa

53 CHRONIC Ø fud CHRONIC ILLNESS Øksfud byusl Describing a disease of long duration, involving very slow changes. Such a disease is often gradual in onset. The term does not tell anything about the severity of the disease. An illness that lasts three months or more. tks chekjh rhu ;k vf/kd eghus pyrh gs Øksfud byusl dgykrh gsa yech vksj iqjkuh chekjh Ø fud dgykrh gsa bldh 'kq#vkr vksj blesa cnyko nksuksa gh cgqr /khjs gksrs gsaa chekjh d Ø fud gksus ls chekjh dh mxzrk dk vankt+k ugha yxrka

54 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) Øksfud vksclvªfdvo iyeujh fmt+ht+ ¼lh-vks-ih-Mh-½ CHRONIC PAIN Øksfud isu COPD is any disorder that persistently obstructs bronchial airflow. COPD mainly involves two related diseases chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both cause chronic obstruction of air flowing through the airways and lungs. The obstruction is generally permanent and progresses (becomes worse) over time. dksbz Hkh fodkj tks czksafdvy,;j yks dks yxkrkj jksdrk gs] lh-vks-ih-mh- dh Js.kh esa vkrk gsa eksvs rksj ij lh-vks-ih-mh- esa nks lecaf/kr chekfj;k ekuh tkrh gsa % Øksfud czksadkbfvl vksj,eqhlheka nksuksa gh flfkfr;ka ok;qekxz esa #dkov isnk djrh gsa vksj QsQM+ksa ls gok dk vkuktkuk jksdrh gsaa ;g #dkov vkerksj ij LFkk;h gksrh gs vksj le; d lkfk c<+rh tkrh gsa Pain that persists or progresses over a long period of time, unlike acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable. Chronic pain is, often, resistant to medical treatments. Øksfud isu og nnz gs tks yecs le; rd pyrk gsa,d;wv nnz dh vis{kk & tks fdlh pksv ls,dne mbrh gs vksj veweu bykt ;ksx; Hkh gksrh gs & Øksfud nnz vdlj ykbykt gksrk gsa

55 CIRRHOSIS fljksfll CLAVICLE Dysfody A condition in which the liver responds to injury by the death of some of its cells. Causes include alcoholism (alcoholic cirrhosis), obstruction of the common bile duct, viral and autoimmune diseases, and chronic heart failure. fljksfll esa fyoj ¼; r½ dks vk?kkr ;k uqdlku gksus ij mldh dksf'kdk,a ej tkrh gsa vksj balku d 'kjhj dk ;g vge fgllk Bhd ls dke djuk can dj nsrk gsa vkerksj ij fljksfll gksus esa dkqh le; yx tkrk gsa vf/kd 'kjkc ihus] d eu ckby MDV ;k lh-ch-mh- esa #dkov] ok;jy o v Vks&bE;wu chekfj;k ¼tc 'kjhj dk çfrj{kk&ra= vius gh f[kykq+ gks tkrk gs½ vksj Ø fud gkvz Qsfy;j ¼tc ân; dh [kwu dks iai djus dh 'kfä de gksus yxrh gs½ fyoj fljksfll d dqn dkj.k ekus tkrs gsaa The collar bone: a long, slender curved bone, a pair of which form the front part of the shoulder girdle. Fracture of the clavicle is a common sports injury. The majority of cases require no treatment other than supporting the weight of the arm in a sling. Dysfody ;k d yj cksu,d çdkj dh yech] iryh vksj?kqekonkj gìh dks dgrs gsaa,slh nks gfì;ksa d esy ls da/ks dk vkxsokyk fgllk curk gsa [ksydwn esa yxus okyh pksvksa esa Dysfody dk VwVuk vke gsa ckag dks flyax ;k frdksuh iêh esa lgkjk nsus d vykok vkerksj ij bl pksv esa dksbz vksj bykt ugha fd;k tkrka

56 CLEFT LIP (HARE LIP) Dys V fyi ¼gs;j fyi½ CLEFT PALATE Dys V isysv The congenital deformity of a cleft in the upper lip on one or both sides of the midline. It can be corrected surgically. Åijh gksab d chpksa&chp ls bdrjqk ;k nksuksa rjq ls gq, tuetkr pkd dks Dys V fyi dgrs gsa tks fd ltzjh ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gsa A fissure in the midline of the palate due to failure of the two sides to fuse in embryonic development. It may be accompanied by a cleft lip and disturbance of tooth formation. Cleft palates can be corrected by surgery. tc xhkz esa iyrs Òzw.k d Åijh gksab d nk;sa vksj ck,a fgllksa dh dksf'kdk,a tqm+ ugha ikrha vksj rkyw esa njkj vk tkrh gs] Dys V isysv dgykrh gsa dvk gqvk rkyw vdlj dvs gksab vksj nkar d n "k d lkfk ik;k tkrk gsa Dys V isysv dks Hkh ltzjh }kjk Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gsa

57 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY fdyfudy lkbdksyksth CLINICAL RESEARCH TRIALS fdyfudy fjlpz Vªk;y A professional specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating diseases of the brain, emotional disturbance, and behaviour problems. fdyfudy lkbdksyksth,d çksq 'kuy fo'ks"krk gs tks eflr"d] HkkokRed mùkstuk vksj O;Ogkj dh lel;kvksa dks tkapus d lkfk&lkfk mudk bykt Hkh djrh gsa Trials to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of medications or medical devices by monitoring their effects on large groups of people. fdyfudy fjlpz Vªk;y og ek/;e gs ftld varxzr nokb;ksa ;k fpfdrlk&lecu/kh ;a=ksa dk yksxksa d lewgksa ij vlj tkap dj mudh dk;z{kerk vksj lqj{kk dk ewy;kadu fd;k tkrk gsa

58 CO-MORBID dks&e fczm COD LIVER OIL d M&fyoj vk;y Pertaining to two or more disorders simultaneously. nks ;k vf/kd fodkjksa ls,d lkfk lecaf/kra Oil extracted from the liver of the cod (fish). It is a rich source of Vitamin D and is also known to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Perhaps because of this, cod liver oil helps slow the destruction of joint cartilage in osteoarthritis. d M&fyoj vkw;y d M enyh d fyoj ls fudyk gqvk rsy gs] ftlesa fovkfeu&mh dh cgqrk;r gs vksj ftlesa vksesxk& QSVh,flM Hkh Hkjiwj ek=k esa ik, tkrs gsaa 'kk;n blh otg ls bl rsy d lsou ls vksflv;ks&vkfkzjkbfvl dh volfkk esa tksm+ksa dh dkfvzyst d [kjkc gksus dh xfr /kheh g tkrh gsa

59 COLIC dkwfyd COLORECTAL CANCER dksyks&jsdvy dsalj Severe abdominal pain, usually of fluctuating severity, with waves of pain, seconds or a few minutes apart. e.g. intestinal colic. dkwfyd dh flfkfr esa isv esa rst+ nnz gksrk gs] tks vdlj de&t+;knk gksrk jgrk gsa nnz dh ygjsa dqn {k.kksa ;k feuvksa d vurjky ij vkrh&tkrh jgrh gsaa mnkgj.k d fy,] vkarksa dk dkwfyda A malignant tumour arising from the inner wall of the large intestine (colon). dksyu ;k cm+h vkar dh Hkhrjh lrg ij cuus okyk efyxuav Vîwej dksyks&jsdvy dsalj dgykrk gsa

60 COLOUR BLINDNESS dyj CykbaMusl COMA dksek A state of unarousable unconsciousness. Any of the various conditions in which certain colours are confused with one another. The most common type of colour blindness is Daltonism (protanopia) red-blindness in which the person cannot distinguish between reds and greens. dksek esa O;fä rc gksrk gs tc og,slh csgks'kh esa gks ftlesa ls mls fdlh Hkh rjg mbk;k uk tk ld A,slh dksbz Hkh volfkk ftlesa,d jax nwljs jax tslk fn[kkbz im+rk gks] dyj CykbaMusl dh Js.kh esa vkrh gsa yky&gjh dyj CykbaMusl] ;k MsYVfuT+e] lcls vf/kd ik;k tkus okyk çdkj gsa

61 COMMON COLD d eu dksym COMPLICATION dkwfeiyd 'ku A contagious viral upper respiratory tract infection, the common cold can be caused by many different types of viruses, and the body can never build up resistance to all of them. For this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem. Going out into cold weather has no effect on causing a cold. Antibiotics do not cure or shorten the duration of the illness. In medicine, an unanticipated problem that arises following, and is a result of, a procedure, treatment, or illness. A new disease may come up in addition to the existing one. Or, the disease may become worse, affect other organsystems or spread throughout the body. A complication is so named because it complicates the situation. d eu dksym Åijh 'olura= dk laøked okbjy buqsd'ku gksrk gs tks dbz çdkj d ok;jl d dkj.k gks ldrk gs] vksj ftu lcd fo#) 'kjhj dh çfrjks/kd {kerk dhkh iwjh rjg ugha cu ikrha ;gh otg gs fd ;g dksym cgqr gh d eu gs & ;kfu ckj&ckj gksrk gsa ;g eku;rk fd B.M esa tkus ij d eu dksym gksrk gs] xyr gsa,avhck;ksfvd u rks blij dksbz vlj djrs gsa] u gh bldh vof/k dks de dj ldrs gsaa fpfdrlk'kkl= esa tc ejht+ dks fpfdrlk&fø;k] bykt ;k chekjh d dkj.k fdlh vçr;kf'kr rdyhq dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gs] mls dksfeiyd 'ku dk uke fn;k tkrk gsa ;g ijs'kkuh ;k tfvy flfkfr igys gqbz rdyhq d lkfk&lkfk,d fcydqy u;h chekjh d :i esa vk ldrh gsa py jgh chekjh vksj Hkh xahkhj gks ldrh gs] 'kjhj d vu; vaxksa dks çhkkfor dj ldrh gs ;k iwjs 'kjhj esa QSy ldrh gsa

62 COMPOUND FRACTURE daikmam ÝSDpj COMPRESSION FRACTURE deçs'ku ÝSDpj A fracture in which a bone is sticking through the skin. Also known as an open fracture. daikmam ÝSDpj] ftls vksiu ÝSDpj Hkh dgk tkrk gs] ml flfkfr dk uke gs tc gìh VwVus ij pem+h ls ckgj fudy vkrh gsa A fracture caused by compression, the act of pressing together. Compression fractures of the vertebrae are especially common in elderly people. tc gìh ladkspu ;k ncko im+us ls VwVrh gs rks deçs'ku ÝSDpj gksrk gsa jh<+ d tksm+ksa esa,slk ÝSDpj vf/kdrj cqt+qxz yksxksa esa ns[kk tkrk gsa

63 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (CONTAGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASE) de;qfud cy fmt+ht+ ¼dUVsftvl ;k buqsd'kl fmt+ht+½ COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) dai;wvjkbt+m VkseksxzkQh ¼lh-Vh-½ Any disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. This may occur by direct physical contact, by common handling of an object that has picked up infective micro-organisms, through a disease carrier, or by spread of infected droplets coughed or exhaled into the air. tks chekjh,d O;fä ls nwljs dks gks ldrh gs de;qfud cy dgykrh gsa 'kkjhfjd laidz] fdlh Hkh,slh pht+ dk mi;ksx tks lw{e thok.kqvksa }kjk laøfer gks pqdh gks] chekjh QSykus okys okgd ;k fqj gok esa [kkalh ;k lkal ls laøfer NksVh&NksVh cwanksa }kjk de;qfud cy fmt+ht+ gks ldrh gsa A form of X-ray examination in which the X-ray source and detector (CT scanner) rotate around the object to be scanned, and the information obtained can be used to produce cross-sectional images by computer (a CT scan). CT scanning can be used for all parts of the body. ;g,d rjg dk,dl&js gs ftlesas fdj.kksa dk lzksr vksj fmvsdvj ¼lh-Vh- LdSuj½ 'kjhj d ml fglls d vklikl?kwers gsa ftldh tkap dh tkuh gsa blls feyus okyh tkudkjh dks dai;wvj dqn fo'ks"k va'kksa esa ck V dj çlrqr djrk gsa lh-vh- LdSfuax 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls ij dh tk ldrh gsa

64 CONGENITAL datsfuvy CONGENITAL ANOMALY datsfuvy vukseyh A condition that is present at birth, whether or not it is inherited. tue d le; ikbz tkus okyh volfkk tks oa'kkuqxr gks Hkh ldrh gs] ;k ugha HkhA Something that is unusual or different at birth. tue d le; f'k'kq esa dksbz vlk/kkj.k ;k vyx flfkfra

65 CONGENITAL MALFORMATION datsfuvy e yqksesz'ku CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) dutsflvo gkvz Qsfy;j ¼lh-,p-,Q-½ A physical defect present in a baby at birth that can involve many different parts of the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, bones, and intestinal tract. Congenital malformation can be genetic. It can result from exposure of the foetus to a mal-forming agent (such as alcohol), or it can be of unknown origin. Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys. tue d le; f'k'kq d 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls & eflr"d] ân;] Q QM+s] ; r] gfì;k vfkok vk rksa & esa dksbz fodkj] deh ;k [kjkch datsfuvy e yqksesz'ku dgykrh gsa ;g oa'kkuqxr Hkh gks ldrh gsa,slk rc gksrk gs tc fdlh otg ls Òzw.k d 'kjhj esa 'kjkc tslh olrq fo fr dk dkj.k cu tkrh gs] ;k fqj fdlh vkkr otg ls HkhA tc ân; dh {kerk de g us yxrh gs rks og lkeku; :i ls jä dks Bhd ls iai ugha dj ikrka,slk gksus ij 'kjhj d nwljs fgllksa] tsls eflr"d] ; r vksj xqnksaz dks iwjk [kwu ugha igq prka ;g flfkfr dutsflvo gkvz Qsfy;j dgykrh gsa

66 CONJUNCTIVITIS datafdvokbfvl CONSENT dalsav Inflammation of the conjunctiva, which becomes red and swollen, and produces a watery or pus-containing discharge. It causes discomfort rather than pain, and does not usually affect vision. datafdvokbfvl esa vk [k dh j{kk d fy, cuh fpduh f>yyh esa ykyh vksj lwtu vk tkrh gs vksj mlesa ls ikuh ;k ylhyk eokn fudyus yxrk gsa datafdvokbfvl esa fnddr T;knk gksrh gs] nnz dea vkerksj ij O;fä dks ns[kus esa [kkl ijs'kkuh ugha gksrha Agreement to undergo medical treatment or to participate in medical research. ejht+ dh fpfdrlk ysus ;k fpfdrlk 'kks/k esa Hkkx ysus dh lgefr dalsav dgykrh gsa

67 CONSTIPATION dkaflvis'ku CONTAGIOUS duvsftvl Infrequent and often incomplete bowel movements. Constipation is the opposite of diarrhoea. A high-fibre diet can frequently relive constipation. If the diet is not helpful, medical evaluation is warranted. isv dk fu;fer :i ls ;k iwjh rjg ls lkq ugha gks ikuk dkaflvis'ku dgykrk gsa Mk;fj;k blls Bhd myvh flfkfr gsa vdlj [kkus esa Qkbcj dh ek=k c<+kus ls dct+ Bhd gks tkrk gsa u gks] rks MkDVjh tkap t+:jh gsa Capable of being transmitted from one human to another via direct or indirect contact. duvsftvl og gs tks,d O;fä nwljs dks çr;{k ;k vçr;{k laidz ls laøfer dj ldrk gsa

68 CONVULSION duoy'ku CORN d uz An involuntary contraction of the muscles, producing involuntary movement of the body and limbs. duoy'ku esa ekalisf'k;ka vupkgs :i ls dlus yxrh gsa ;k muesa ncko vkrk gs ftld dkj.k O;fä dk 'kjhj ;k tksm+ fcuk mld pkgs fgyus yxrs gsaa An area of hard, thickened skin on or between the toes: a type of callus produced by ill-fitting shoes. The horny skin layers form an inverted pyramid that presses down into the deeper skin layers, causing pain. isjksa d fdukjs] uhps dh pem+h ;k m xfy;ksa d chp dk l[r vksj eksvk fgllk d uz dgykrk gs tks xyr fdle ;k uki d twrs iguus ls Hkh gks ldrk gsa ;s l[r vksj eksvh ijrsa myvs fijkfem d vkdkj esa pem+h d cgqr Hkhrj rd tkdj mugsa nckrh gsa] ftlls dkqh nnz Hkh gks ldrk gsa

69 CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY dksjksujh,fut;ksxzkqh An X-ray technique for examination of the coronary arteries that also includes examination of the chambers of the heart. A catheter is introduced, usually into a vessel in the groin, and manipulated into the heart. Contrast medium is then injected. Video images are recorded during contrast-medium injection. Coronary angiography is used to diagnose cardiac disease, specifically narrowing or blockage in the coronary arteries, and to plan treatment by surgery or radiological interventional techniques. dksjksujh,fut;ksxzkqh,d fdle dh,dl&js rduhd gs ftld }kjk ân; rd [kwu igq pkus okyh /kefu;ksa dh vksj mld pseclz ¼[kkuksa½ dh tkap dh tk ldrh gsa ckag ;k xzksbu ¼isMw vksj tka?k dk tksm+½ d jklrs ls,d dsfkhvj [kwu dh ufydk esa Mkyh tkrh gs vksj ân; rd igqapkbz tkrh gsa fqj mlesa MkbZ ;k jax Mkyk tkrk gsa bl çfø;k d nksjku,dl&js }kjk ml fglls dh rlohjsa yh tkrh gs ftlls irk py ld fd /keuh esa MkbZ d çokg esa dksbz :dkov rks ughaa blls fny dh chekjh dk ¼[kklrkSj ls dksjksujh /kefu;ksa d rax ;k can gksus dk½ irk pyrk gs rkfd ltzjh ;k fofdj.k fpfdrlk }kjk mldk bykt fd;k tk ld A

70 CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY dksjksujh vfut;ksiyklvh CRAMP ØsEi A procedure in which a segment of coronary artery narrowed is stretched by the inflation of a balloon introduced into it by means of cardiac catheterization under X-ray screening. dksjksujh vfut;ksiyklvh esa /keuh d fldqm+s ;k rax gq, fglls dks,d xqcckjs d Qqykus ls [kksyk tkrk gsa ;g xqcckjk dsfkhvj d jklrs ls,dl&js }kjk lapkfyr [kwu dh uyh esa Mkyk tkrk gsa Prolonged painful contraction of a muscle. It is sometimes caused by an imbalance of the salts in the body. ekalis'kh esa lkeku; ls vf/kd le; rd fldqm+u ls gksus okyk rst+ nnz d Ø Ei dgrs gasa dhkh&dhkh 'kjhj esa lkwyv d vlarqyu ls ØsEi gks ldrs gsaa

71 CREATININE Øh,fVfuu CULTURE dypj A chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. Although it is a waste, creatinine serves a vital diagnostic function. Creatinine has been found to be a fairly reliable indicator of kidney function. A population of micro-organisms, usually bacteria, grown in a solid or liquid laboratory medium (culture medium). lw{e thok.kq] vkerksj ls csdvhfj;k] ftugsa fdlh fo'ks"k æo; ek/;e esa mxk;k tk ld A ekalis'kh dh esvkcksfyd çfø;k d nksjku fudyk,d jklk;fud vo'ks"k Øh,fVfuu gsa ;g xqnksaz d jklrs jä esa tkrk gsa osls rks ;g oslv ;k vo'ks"k gs] ysfdu Øh,fVfuu dh,d cgqr gh vge Hkwfedk gs & O;fä d 'kjhj esa xqnsz Bhd ls dke dj jgs gsa ;k ugha] Øh,fVfuu dk ysoy bldk fo'oluh; ekinam gsa

72 CUTANEOUS D;qVsfuvl CYST fllv Relating to the skin. pem+h ls lecaf/kra An abnormal sac or closed cavity, lined with pus, fluid or other material. rjy ;k Bksl inkfkz ls Hkjk gqvk vlkeku; Q M+k fllv dgykrk gsa

73 D & C (Dilatation & Curettage) Mh,aM lh ¼Mk;ysVs'ku,aM D;wjVst½ DANDRUFF MsaMªQ Dilatation and curettage, a minor operation in which the cervical canal is expanded enough (dilatation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a small spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). Mk;ysVs'ku,aM D;wjVst xhkkz'k;&xzhok ;k lokzbdy dsuky dks pksm+k djus dk,d NksVk v ijs'ku gsa bl d varxzr,d NksVs peep&uqek ;a= & D;wjsV & }kjk dsuky vksj xhkkz'k; dh Hkhrjh ijr dks [kjksapk tkrk gsa A scalp condition that produces white flakes that may shed from the hair. One cause of dandruff is overworking of the sebaceous glands. Another cause of dandruff is fungal infection. MsaMªQ gksus ij flj dh [kky esa lq n Qwl tslh iifm+;k >M+us yxrh gsaa flcsf'kvl XySaM d T;knk lfø; gksus ls,slk gksrk gsa Qaxy laøe.k Hkh :lh dk,d dkj.k gsa

74 DEBILITATE MsfcfyVsV DEBRIDEMENT fmczkbmesav To impair the strength of or to enfeeble. A chronic progressive disease may debilitate a patient. /khjs&/khjs 'kfä dk de gksuk ;k detksjh gksuk MsfcfyVsV gksus dh volfkk gsa yecs le; ls py jgh vksj fujarj c<+rh chekjh ejht+ dks MsfcfyVsV dj ldrh gsa The act of removing dead, contaminated or adherent tissue or foreign material is debridement. fmczkbmesav esa e`r] nwf"kr ;k fpid gq, fv';w ;k dksbz ckgjh]?kqlisfb;k inkfkz gvk;k tkrk gsa

75 DEHYDRATION MhgkbMªs'ku DELIRIUM fmfyfj;e Loss or deficiency of water in body tissues. The condition may result from inadequate water intake and/or from excessive removal of water from the body, e.g. by sweating, vomiting, or diarrhoea. Symptoms include great thirst, nausea, and exhaustion. An acute disorder of the mental processes accompanying organic brain disease. It may be manifested by delusions, disorientation, hallucinations, or extreme excitement and occurs in metabolic disorders, intoxication, deficiency diseases, and infections. 'kjhj d fv';w esa ikuh dk de gks tkuk MhgkbMªs'ku gsa de ikuh ihus ls ;k 'kjhj ls cgqr vf/kd ikuh fudy tkus dh flfkfr ¼tSls ilhuk vkuk] oeu ;k nlr vkfn½ esa,slk gks ldrk gsa cgqr I;kl yxuk] th fepykuk vksj vr;kf/kd Fkdku MhgkbMªs'ku d y{k.k gsaa cslq/kh ;k muekn dh volfkk fmfyfj;e dgykrh gsa bleas fnekx d Bhd ls dke u dj ikus d dkj.k ekufld çfø;kvksa esa xm+cm+h gksus yxrh gsa esvkcksfyd çfø;k & ftlls 'kjhj vius ewyhkwr dk;z dj ikrk gs & dh [kjkch ¼tSls e/kqesg½] u'kk] iks"k.k&lecu/kh chekfj;k ;k laøe.k tslh ifjflfkfr;ksa esa fmfyfj;e Hkze] Hkqyko ;k HkVdko d :i esa lkeus vk ldrk gsa

76 DENGUE Msaxw DEPRESSION fmçs'ku A disease caused by arbo-viruses, and transmitted to humans, principally by the mosquito Aedes. Symptoms, which last for a few days, include severe pains in the joints and muscles, headache, sore throat, fever, running of the eyes and an irritating rash. fpdquxqu;k dh gh rjg Msaxw Hkh,d vkcksz&ok;jy laøe.k gs ftld fo"kk.kq vf/kdrj,mht+ epnj }kjk balkuksa rd igq prs gsaa jksx d g rs 'kjhj d tksm+ksa] ekalisf'k;ksa vksj flj esa Hk;adj nnz] xyk [kjkc] cq[kkj] cgrh vk [ksa vksj rdyhqnsg [kkt dqn fnuksa rd jgrs gsaa A mental state, characterized by excessive sadness. fmçs'ku,d ekufld ifjflfkfr gs ftlesa xgjh mnklh,d cm+k y{k.k jgrk gsa

77 DETOX MhV Dl DEVIATION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM Mhfo,'ku v Q n usly lsive Short for detoxification, it is usually from an addictive drug such as alcohol or heroin. A detox centre is designed to promote the recovery of a person from an addiction. MhV Dl ;k MhV DlhfQd 'ku fdlh yr ;k O;lu] tsls 'kjkc ;k Mªx ¼tSls gsjksbu½ ls NwVus d fy, gksrh gsa MhV Dl d aæ esa O;fä dks ml vknr ls mhkjus d fy, çksrlkfgr fd;k tkrk gs vksj mldh cgkyh d fy, dke fd;k tkrk gsa Failure of the nasal septum to be in the centre where it is supposed to be. (The nasal septum is the wall inside the nose that runs down the middle dividing it into two sides). Deviation of the nasal septum may be congenital (present at birth) or occur later from trauma. The major problem that it tends to cause is airway obstruction. Correction is by surgery. ;fn ukd dks nqhkkx djus okyh mldh Hkhrjh nhokj Bhd chp a&chp u gks rks ;g Mhfo,'ku v Q n usly lsive dgykrh gsa ;g oa'kkuqxr gks ldrh gs ;k fdlh nq?kzvuk d ckn HkhA vxj usly lsive viuh lgh txg ij ugha gksrh rks 'olu esa vm+pu isnk gks ldrh gsa bldk bykt flqz ltzjh gsa

78 DIABETES MkbfcVht+ DIABETES INSIPIDUS MkbfcVht+ bfulfiml Usually refers to diabetes mellitus or, less often, to diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus share the name diabetes because they are both conditions characterized by excessive urination (polyuria). MkbfcVht+ ¼e/kqesg½ dks vkerksj ij MkbfcVht+ esykbfvl ;k fqj dhkh&dhkh MkbfcVht+ bfulfiml Hkh dgk tkrk gsa nksuksa gh ifjflfkfr;ksa & MkbfcVht+ esykbfvl vksj MkbfcVht+ bfulfiml & esa ejht+ dks cgqr vf/kd ;qfjus'ku ;kfu ew=r;kx djuk im+rk gs ftls i yh;wfj;k Hkh dgk tkrk gsa Excessive urination and extreme thirst as a result of inadequate output of the pituitary hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, also called vasopressin) or the lack of the normal response by the kidney to ADH. MkbfcVht+ bfulfiml esa cgqr vf/kd ew=.k vksj mruh gh vf/kd I;kl yxrh gsa,slk rc gksrk gs tc,-mh-,p- ;k,avh&mk;qjsfvd g ekszu & oslksçsflu & 'kjhj esa vi;kzir ek=k esa curk gs ;k tc xqnksaz dh,-mh-,p- d çfr vuqfø;k lgh ugha gksrha

79 DIABETES MELLITUS MkbfcVht+ esykbfvl DIABETIC RETINOPATHY MkbcsfVd jsfvuksisfkh More commonly referred to as diabetes, this is a chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood due to inadequate production of insulin or inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin. bls vdlj flqz MkbfcVht+ Hkh dgk tkrk gsa ;g,d Øksfud chekjh gs ftld pyrs bulqfyu dk çksmd'ku ;k dks'kk.kqvksa dh bulqfyu d çfr laosnu'khyrk de gks tkrh gs vksj jä esa Xywdksl dh ek=k vf/kd g tkrh gsa bulqfyu og g ekszu gs ftldk blrseky djd dks'kk.kq Xywdksl dks ÅtkZ esa ifjofrzr djrs gsaa Disease of the retina caused by diabetes that involves damage to the tiny blood vessels in the back of the eye. Early disease may not cause symptoms. As the disease progresses, it enters its advanced, or proliferative, stage. Without timely treatment, the blood vessels can bleed, cloud vision, and destroy the retina. Everyone with type 1 or type 2 diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy. MkbfcVht+ d dkj.k gqbz jsfvuk dh chekjh ftles vk [k d finys Hkkx esa NksVh&NksVh] eghu jädksf'kdk,a fcxm+us yxrh gsaa vdlj chekjh d 'kq#vkrh nksj esa dksbz y{k.k ugha g rk gs ysfdu /khjs&/khjs chekjh xahkhj gksus yxrh gsa vxj le; ls bykt u gks rks bu dksf'kdkvksa ls [kwu cgus yxrk gs] ut+j /kqa/kyh im+us yxrh gs vksj vk [k [kjkc gks tkrh gsa gj ml O;fä dks] tks Vkbi 1 ;k 2 MkbfcVht+ dk f'kdkj gs] MkbcsfVd jsfvuksisfkh gksus dk [krjk gsa

80 DIAGNOSIS Mk;Xuksfll DIALYSIS Mk;fyfll The nature of a disease; the identification of an illness. chekjh dk çdkj ;k mld LoHkko dk irk yxkuk ml chekjh dk Mk;Xuksfll gsa The process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the body. Dialysis is necessary when the kidneys are not able to adequately filter the blood. Dialysis allows patients with kidney failure a chance to live productive lives. Mk;fyfll }kjk 'kjhj ls vuko';d vksj vfrfjä Bksl ;k rjy inkfkz lkq fd;s tkrs gsaa Mk;fyfll dk blrseky rc gksrk gs tc xqnsz Lo;a jä dks i;kzir :i ls lkq ugha dj ikrsa ;g çfø;k xqnsz d jksfx;ksa dks,d ckj fqj mi;ksxh vksj lkeku; thou thus dk eksdk nsrh gsa

81 DISCHARGE fmlpktz DISLOCATION fmlyksd 'ku The release of a patient from a course of care. The doctor may then dictate a discharge summary. vlirky ;k MkDVjh bykt d lekir gksus ij ejht+ dks fmlpktz fd;k tkrk gsa,slk gksus ij MkDVj fmlpktz lejh fy[kokrk gs ftlls vkxs d fy, irk py ld ejht+ dks dksu lh chekjh Fkh vksj mld nksjku mldk bykt dsls gqvka Displacement from their normal position of bones meeting at a joint such that there is complete loss of contact of the joint surfaces. It usually results from trauma (dislocation of the shoulder is common in sports injuries) but may be congenital, in which case it usually affects the hip. fdlh pht+ dk viuh lgh txg ls gv tkuk fmlyksd 'ku gsa tc gfì;k fmlyksd V gksrh gsa rks os viuh lgh txg ls gv dj,d nwljs ls dksbz laidz ugha j[krhaa,slk vf/kdrj pksv yxus ij gksrk gs ¼[ksy dh pksv esa da/ks dk fmlyksd V gksuk vke gs½a ysfdu ;g tuexr Hkh gks ldrk gs % rc vf/kdrj dwygs ¼fgi½ dh fmlyksd 'ku dk ekeyk lkeus vkrk gsa

82 DIURETIC Mk;qjsfVd DIZZINESS fmft+usl Something that promotes the formation of urine by the kidney. All diuretics cause a person to lose water. Mk;qjsfVd og rùo gs tks xqnksaz esa vf/kd ew= d cuus esa lgk;d gksrk gsa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk Mk;qjsfVd ysus ls O;fä ew= d t+fj;s 'kjhj ls ikuh xaokrk gsa Painless head discomfort with many possible causes, including disturbances of vision, the brain, balance (vestibular) system of the inner ear, and the gastrointestinal system. Dizziness is a medically indistinct term which laypersons use to describe a variety of conditions ranging from lightheadedness and unsteadiness to vertigo. fmft+usl ;k flj esa pddj vkus dh flfkfr esa nnz rks ugha gksrk ysfdu,d cspsuh lh gksrh gsa vk [k] eflr"d] dku vksj isv dh xm+cm+h bld dkj.k g ldrs gsaa fmft+usl 'kcn dk ç;ksx pddj] vlarqyu ;k ofvzxks & bu lhkh volfkkvksa d fy, fd;k tkrk gsa

83 DONOR Mksuj DOPPLER ULTRASOUND MkWIyj vyvªklkmam The giver of a tissue or an organ, such as a blood donor or kidney donor. fv';w ;k 'kjhj d fdlh vax & tsls jä ;k xqnkz & dk nku djus okyk dks Mksuj dgrs gsaa A diagnostic technique that utilizes the fact that the frequency of ultrasound waves changes when they are reflected from a moving surface. It is used to study the flow in blood vessels and the movement of blood in the heart. ;g,d,slh Mk;XuksfLVd rduhd gs ftld }kjk [kwu dh ufy;ksa vksj ân; esa [kwu d çokg dks tkapk tkrk gsa ;g rduhd vyvªklkmam dh rjaxksa dk blrseky djrh gsa tc ;s rjaxs fdlh xfreku ry ij çfrfcafcr gksrh gsa rks budh ÝhDosalh ;k vko`fùk d cny tkus dh xfr ls jä d çokg dh xfr dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gsa

84 DOTS M V~l DRAIN Mªsu Stands for Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. DOTS is a strategy used to reduce the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases. In DOTS, healthcare workers observe patients as they take their medicine. Left alone, many people with TB fail to take all their medication and contribute to the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Mk;jsDV~yh vksclomz VªhVesaV] 'kksvz dkslz ;k M V~l og mik; gs ftlls Vh-ch- ;k risfnd dh jksdfkke dh tkrh gsa bld varxzr] LokLF;lsoh mu ejht+ksa dk voyksdu djrs gsa tks Vh-ch- dh nokbz ij gsaa ik;k x;k gs fd ;fn risfnd d ejht+ksa dks fuxjkuh esa u j[kk tk, rks os nokbz ysuk NksM+ nsrs gsa] ftldh otg ls Mªx&çfrjks/kh risfnd QSyrk gsa A device, usually a tube or wick, used to draw fluid from an internal body cavity to the surface. A drain is sometimes inserted during an operation to ensure that any fluid formed immediately passes to the surface, thus preventing an accumulation that may become infected or cause pressure in the operation site. Mªsu Vîwc,d ;a= gs tks 'kjhj d vunj d [kksy esa ls rjy inkfkz dks [khap dj ckgj ykus d fy, blrseky gksrk gsa dhkh&dhkh bldk mi;ksx v ijs'ku d nksjku fd;k tkrk gs ftlls [kwu] ikuh] il vkfn cuus vksj bdîk gksus d lkfk gh Åijh lrg ij vk tk;s vksj laøe.k vfkok v ijs'ku d LFkku ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk ncko u jgsa

85 DRIP (INTRAVENOUS DRIP/IV Drip) fmªi vkbz-oh- fmªi½ DRUG RESISTANCE Mªx jsft+lvsul Apparatus for the continuous injection (transfusion) of blood, plasma, saline, glucose solution or other fluid into a vein. ulksa esa [kwu] IykT+ek] lsykbu] Xywdksl ;k fdlh Hkh vu; rjy inkfkz dk yxkrkj batsd'ku ¼Vªkal ;w'ku½ nsus d fy, vkbz-ohfmªi dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to withstand a drug that once stalled them or killed them. og flfkfr tc csdvhfj;k vksj vu; lw{ethoh nokbz d çfr jsft+lvsav gks tkrs gsa & ;kfu og nokbz tks igys bu ij vlj djrh Fkh ;k mugsa lekir dj nsrh Fkh] csvlj gks tkrh gsa

86 DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS Mªx jsft+lvsuv VîwcjD;qyksfll DUE DATE Mîw MsV The estimated calendar date when a baby is due to be born. Also called the estimated date of confinement (EDC). Tuberculosis (TB) that does not respond to standard drug treatment. tc risfnd ij lkeku; nokbz csvlj gks tkrh gs rks og Mªx jsft+lvsuv VîwcjD;qyksfll gsa dsysamj d vuqlkj og vuqekfur rkjh[k tc f'k'kq dk tue gks ldrk gs] Mîw MsV dgykrh gsa bls,lvhesfvm MsV v Q duqkbuesav ¼bZ-Mh-lh-½ Hkh dgrs gsaa

87 DYSENTERY fmlsavªh ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ÃdksdkfMZ;ksxzkQh An infection of the intestinal tract, causing severe diarrhoea with blood and mucous. fmlsavªh vk rksa dk laøe.k gs ftlesa [kwu vksj vkao d lkfk nlr gksrs gsaa The use of ultrasound waves to investigate and display the action of the heart as it beats. Used in the diagnosis and assessment of congenital (born with) and acquired (after birth, any time during life) heart diseases. It is safe, painless and reliable. fny /km+drs gq, fdl çdkj ls dke djrk gs & ;g tkapus vksj ns[kus d fy, ÃdksdkfMZ;ksxzkQh vyvªklkmam rjaxksa dk blrseky djrh gsa tkap dh ;g çfø;k lqjf{kr] ihm+kghu vksj fo'oluh; gs ftlls tuexr ;k tue d ckn thou esa dhkh Hkh gq, ân;jksx dks tkapk tk ldrk gsa

88 ECLAMPSIA,DyfEIl;k EDEMA,fMek Convulsions or seizures (body shaking rapidly or uncontrollably) occurring with pregnancy-associated high blood pressure and having no other cause.,dyfeil;k esa d oy xhkz ls lecaf/kr mpp jäpki dh otg ls xhkzorh efgyk dks,sabu vfkok ejksm+ gksrs gsa ;k nksjs im+rs gsaa The swelling of soft tissues as a result of excess fluid accumulation, edema can be seen in any part of the body. But it is, often, most prominent in hands and arms; the lower legs and feet may be particularly affected because fluid pools towards the end of the day while people maintain an upright position. l V fv';w esa vf/kd ikuh d tek gksus ls,fmek & ;kfu Qqyko & gks tkrk gsa gkykafd ;g vf/kdrj gkfkksa] ckgksa] Vkaxksa d uhps okys fglls vksj isjksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gs],fmek 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls esa gks ldrk gsa Vkaxsa vksj isj,fmek ls vf/kd çhkkfor blfy, Hkh gksrs gsa D;wafd fnu Hkj [km+s jgus ij blh LFkku ij ikuh bdîk gksrk gsa

89 EEG (Electroencephalogram) bz-bz-th- ¼bysDVªks,uflQsyksxzke½ The technique for recording the electrical activity from different parts of the brain, and converting it into a tracing called an electroencephalogram (EEG). The machine that records this activity is known as an encephalograph. The pattern of the EEG reflects the state of the patient s brain and his level of consciousness in a characteristic manner. Electroencephalography is mostly used in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy and sleep disorders. ;g rduhd fnekx d vyx&vyx fgllksa esa gksus okys fo qr fø;k&dyki dks fjd MZ djrh gs vksj ml fjd fmazx dks vuqjs[ku esa cnyrh gs & ftls ge dkxt ij js[kkvksa d :i esa ns[k ikrs gsaa bl vuqjs[ku dks bz-bz-th- ;k bysdvªks,uflqsyksxzke dgrs gsaa tks e'khu bl fø;k dks fjd MZ djrh gs,uflqsyksxzkq dgykrh gsa bz-bz-th- d vkdkj ls jksxh d eflr"d dh flfkfr vksj mldh psruk ;k gks'k dk cgqr gh [kkl rjhd ls irk pyrk gsa,uflqsyksxzkqh dk blrseky vf/kdrj fejxh vksj uhan&lecu/kh rdyhqksa d funku vksj O;oLFkk d fy, fd;k tkrk gsa

90 ELECTIVE SURGERY bysfdvo ltzjh ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) bysdvªksdkfmz;ksxzke ¼bZ-lh-th-½ Surgery that is subject to election (choice). The choice may be made by the patient or doctor. For example, the time when a surgical procedure is performed may be elective. The procedure is beneficial to the patient but does not need be done at a particular time. tks v ijs'ku ;k 'ky;fø;k vfuok;z u gks] bysfdvo gsa ;kfu ejht+ ;k M DVj esa ls dksbz Hkh bldk p;u dj ldrk gsa mnkgj.k d fy,] ltzjh dk le; pquk tk ldrk gsa,slh ltzjh ejht+ dh csgrjh d fy, vo'; gksrh gs ysfdu mldk dksbz le; fuf'pr ugha gksrka A tracing of the electrical activity of the heart recorded by electrocardiography. It aids in the diagnosis of heart disease, which may produce characteristic changes in the ECG. tks dke,uflqsyksxzkq eflr"d d fy, djrk gs] ogh dke bysdvªksdkfmz;ksxzkq ân; dh chekjh dk irk yxkus d fy, djrk gsa ân; dh chekjh esa bld vuqjs[ku esa dqn fo'ks"k çdkj d cnyko ut+j vk ldrs gsaa

91 EMBOLISM,EcksfyLe END STAGE,aM&LVst The obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream, lodging in a blood vessel, plugging the vessel.,ecksfyle jä dksf'kdk esa fdlh Dy V ;k ckgjh rùo d dkj.k gqbz #dkov dks dgrs gsa] tks [kwu dh /kkjk esa vkdj vvd tkrh gs vksj mls can dj nsrh gsa The last phase in the course of a progressive disease, as in end-stage liver disease, end-stage lung disease, end-stage renal disease, end-stage cancer etc. The term end stage has come to replace terminal. fdlh Hkh yech] pyrh gqbz chekjh dk vkf[kjh im+ko & tsls] ; r dh chekjh dk vkf[kjh LVst] ;k xqnksaz dk vfkok dsalj dk,am&lvsta ;g uke vc *VfeZuy* d LFkku ij blrseky fd;k tkrk gsa

92 ENDOSCOPY,aMksLdksih ENEMA,uhek Examination of the inside of the body by using a lighted, flexible instrument called an endoscope. In general, an endoscope is introduced into the body through a natural opening such as the mouth or anus. Although endoscopy can include examination of other organs, the most common endoscopic procedures evaluate the esophagus, stomach, and portions of the intestine.,d jks'kuhnkj] yphys ;a= }kjk 'kjhj d vunj dk gky irk yxkus dh çfø;k,amksldksih dgykrh gsa vkerksj ij eqag ;k xqnk}kj d jklrs ls,amksldksi dks vunj Mkyk tkrk gsa osls rks,amksldksih dk ç;ksx 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls dh tkap d fy, gks ldrk gs] vf/kdrj bl çfø;k dk blrseky QwM ikbi] isv vksj vk rksa d dqn fgllksa d ns[kus d fy, gh gksrk gsa A quantity of fluid infused into the rectum through a tube passed into the anus. An evacuant enema (soap or olive oil) is used to remove faeces. rjy inkfkz dh og ek=k,uhek dgykrh gs ftls ey}kj ;k xqnk esa Mkyh gqbz Vîwc d jklrs ls eyk'k; ;k jsdve esa igq pk;k tkrk gsa bosd;q,uv,uhek ¼lkcqu ;k tsrwu dk rsy½ dk ç;ksx ey lkq djus d fy, fd;k tkrk gsa

93 EPILEPSY,fiysIlh ESR (ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE) b-,l-vkj- ¼,fjFkzkslkbV lsmhesavs'ku jsv½ A disorder of brain function, characterized by recurrent seizures that have a sudden onset. eflr"d dk jksx ftlesa vpkud gh nksjs vkus yxrs gsaa The rate at which red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle out of suspension in blood plasma, measured under standardized conditions. The ESR increases if the level of certain proteins in the plasma rises, as in rheumatic diseases, chronic infections, and malignant disease, and thus provides a simple but valuable screening test for these conditions. ftl j rkj ls jsm CyM lsy &,fjfkzkslkbv & dh,d?kavs esa lsmhesavs'ku ¼uhps csbus dh xfr½ gksrh gs] ml çfø;k dks b-,l-vkj- dgrs gsaa ;fn dqn rjg d çksvhu CyM IykT+ek esa c<+ tkrs gsa] rks b-,l-vkj- jsv Hkh c<+ tkrk gsa,slk xfb;k d jksxksa] iqjkus laøe.k vksj dsalj tsls vlk/; jksxksa dh flfkfr esa gks tkrk gsa,sls jksxksa dh tkap d fy, b-,l-vkjjsv,d vklku ysfdu cgqr gh mi; xh rduhd gsa

94 EXCISION,fDl'ku EXCISIONAL BIOPSY,fDl'kuy ckbvksilh Surgical removal by cutting, as of a tumour, or a portion of a structure or organ. Also called exsection. Vîwej ;k 'kjhj d fdlh vax d fglls dks ltzjh }kjk dkv dj vyx djuk,fdl'ku ;k,dlsd'ku dgykrk gsa A biopsy in which an entire lesion is removed. A excisional biopsy is in contrast to an incisional biopsy in which only a sample of tissue is cut from a mass (incised) and removed. tc ckbvksilh }kjk iwjs dk iwjk yh'ku ¼fV';w ;k vax esa chekjh ;k pksv dh otg ls vk;k fodkj½ fudky fn;k tkrk gsa bld Bhd foijhr gs bulh'kuy ckbvksilh ftlesa flqz fv';w d,d fiam dk,d lsaiy dkv dj vyx dj fn;k tkrk gsa

95 EXFOLIATE,DlQksfy,V EXTRACTION,DlVªSD'ku To peel off scaly skin spontaneously; to deliberately wear away the top layer of skin, as may be done gently by a facial technologist who applies a topical skin treatment for cosmetic purposes, or more aggressively by a dermatologist treating acne. The surgical removal of a part of the body, e.g. tooth. 'ky; i)fr ls 'kjhj d fdlh Hkh fglls dks vyx djus dh fof/k,dlvªsd'ku dgykrh gs] tsls nkar fudkyuka ijr ;k fnyd nkj pem+h dk Lor% mrjuk,dlqksfy,'ku dgykrk gs] ;k fqj Ropk dh Åijh ijr dk tku&cw>dj Nhyuk tslk fd Qsf'kvy VsDuksy ftlv LFkkuh; fldu VªhVesaV nsdj çlk/ku dh f"v ls djrk gs ;k,d MekZVksyksftLV,Dus dk bykt djus d fy, djrk gsa

96 EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS,DLVªkiYeujh VîwcjD;qyksfll EYE BANK vkbz csad TB that occurs outside the lungs. For example, TB can be active in the lymph nodes or kidneys.,dlvªkiyeujh VîwcjD;qyksfll QsQM+ksa d ckgj gksus okyk Vh-ch- gsa mnkgj.k d fy, Vh-ch- fyeq uksm]?kqvus] ;k xqnksaz esa Hkh lfø; gks ldrk gsa A place to store corneas (the clear front window of the eye) for use in future keratoplasty (surgery to replace the cornea). vkbz csad og LFkku gs tgk vk [k dh j{kk djus okyk lq n fgllk d fuz;k Hkfo"; esa fdjsvksiyklvh ¼d fuz;k dks cnyus½ d fy, lgst dj j[kk tkrk gsa

97 FAMILY HISTORY QWfeyh fglvªh FATIGUE QVhx The family structure and relationships within the family, including information about diseases in family members. Family history provides a ready view of problems or illnesses within the family and facilitates analysis of inheritance or familial patterns. Mental or physical tiredness, following prolonged or intense activity. Muscle fatigue may be due to the waste products of metabolism accumulating in the muscles faster than they can be removed by the venous blood. Incorrect or inadequate food intake or disease may predispose a person to fatigue. ifjokj dk :i vksj fj'rs] lnl;ksa dks fdl çdkj d jksx jgsa gsa br;kfn] tsls rf; QWfeyh fglvªh dk fgllk ekus tkrs gsaa fpfdrlk'kkl= dh f"v ls QWfeyh fglvªh dks ns[kus ls bl ckr dk Kku gksrk gs fd veqd ifjokj d yksxksa dks fdl rjg d 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld jksx jgsa gsa] muesa oa'kkuqxr dksu ls gsa vkfn] vksj vxyh ihf<+;ksa d ckjs esa vksj ml ifjokj d O;kid lkaps dk irk pyrk gsa cgqr nsj rd ;k cgqr T+;knk dke djus d ckn ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd Fkdku dks QVhx dgrs gsaa ekalisf'k;ksa esa Fkdku rc gksrh gs tc [kwu esvkcksfyt+e ;k 'kkjhfjd&çfø;k d vo'ks"k ml xfr ls lkq ugha dj ikrk ftl xfr ls os ekalisf'k;ksa esa tkdj bdîk gks tkrs gsaa xyr ;k vi;kzir [kkuk O;fä dks QVhx dh vksj ço`ùk dj ldrk gsa

98 FEBRILE Qsczkby FEBRILE CONVULSION (FEBRILE SEIZURE) Qsczkby duoy'ku ¼Qsczkby lht+j½ Relating to, or affected with, fever. cq[kkj ls lecaf/kr ;k çhkkfora An epileptic-type seizure, associated with fever. Such seizures affect up to 4 per cent of children, usually aged between six months and six years, and generally last less than 10 minutes. Qsczkby lht+j fexhz tslk nksjk gksrk gs tks cq[kkj d lkfk vkrk gsa bl rjg d lht+j Ng eghus ls Ng lky d pkj çfr'kr cpps çhkkfor gksrs gsa vkerksj ij ;g nksjk ƒå feuv ls dqn de le; rd pyrk gsa

99 FEMUR (THIGH BONE) Qseqj FŒTAL DISTRESS QhVy fmlvªsl A long bone between the hip and the knee. Qseqj dwygs vksj?kqvus d chp,d yech gìh dk uke gsa Compromise of a foetus during the antepartum period (before labour) or intrapartum period (during the birth process). The term foetal distress is commonly used to describe foetal hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the foetus), which can result in foetal damage or death if it is not reversed, or if the foetus is not promptly delivered. çlo ihm+k ls igys ;k çlo d le; zw.k ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk ladv QhVy fmlvªsl dgykrk gsa lk/kkj.kr% QhVy fmlvªsl og volfkk gs tc zw.k dks çkir gksus okyh v Dlhtu dh ek=k cgqr de gks tkrh gs] ftld dkj.k xhkzlfk f'k'kq dks fdlh Hkh rjg dh {kfr gks ldrh gsa {kfr&fu;a=.k u fd;s tkus vfkok 'kh?kz fmyhojh u gksus ij og ej Hkh ldrk gsa

100 FŒTUS QhVl FEVER Qhoj Refers to an unborn child from its eighth week of development inside the womb. xhkz esa iyus okys vkb g rs d vtues cpps dks QhVl dgrs gsaa A rise in body temperature above the normal, i.e. above an oral temperature of 98.4 F (36.9 C) or a rectal temperature of 99 F (37.2 C). Qhoj dh flfkfr esa 'kjhj dk lk/kkj.k eksf[kd rkieku & Š- fmxzh Q jugkbv ¼ ˆ- fmxzh lsfyl;l½ & ls vf/kd ;k xqnk ls fy;k rkieku fmxzh Q jugkbv ¼ - fmxzh lsfyl;l½ ls vf/kd gks tkrk gsa

101 FIBROID QkbczksbM FIBULA fqc;qyk A benign (not harmful in effect; noncancerous) tumour of fibrous and muscular tissue, one or more of which may develop in the muscular wall of the uterus. Fibroids often cause pain and excessive menstrual bleeding, and they may become extremely large. QkbczksbM ekalisf'k;ksa d fv';w dk js'ksnkj fcukbu Vîwej gs tks,d ;k vf/kd la[;k esa xhkkz'k; dh ekalis'kh; nhokj ij cu tkrk gsa QkbczksbM nnz vksj ekgokjh esa vr;kf/kd jälzko dk dkj.k gksrs gsa] vksj iuirs gq, cgqr cm+s vkdkj d Hkh gks tkrs gsaa The long, thin outer bone of the lower leg. Vkax d fupys fglls dh yech] iryh gìh fqc;qyk dgykrh gsa

102 FLATFOOT ysv QqV FLU yw A foot in which the arch of the instep is flattened and the entire sole touches the ground. ysv QqV dh flfkfr esa isj dk iwjk ryk t+ehu ij pivk gksrk gs vksj vunj d fglls esa isj dk vkpz ;k dvko de ;k fcydqy ugha gksrka Flu is an informal term for influenza. The flu is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A or B. Most people who get the flu recover completely in one week to two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially lifethreatening medical complications, such as pneumonia. yw ;k bu yq,ut+k esa bu yq,ut+k ok;jl, ;k ch d dkj.k jksxh dks,d;wv jsflijsvjh byusl ;kfu lkal ysus esa cgqr rdyhq gks tkrh gsa vf/kdrj yksx,d ls nks g rs d vunj yw ls iwjh rjg Bhd gks tkrs gsaa ysfdu dqn yksxksa dks U;qeksfu;k tslh xahkhj vksj?kkrd rdyhq Hkh gks ldrh gsa

103 FOOD POISONING QwM i bt+fuax FROZEN SHOULDER (ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS) Ýkst+u 'kksymj ¼v/khflo dkilqykbfvl½ The illness resulting from eating food or drinking water containing poisonous substances, including bacteria, viruses, pesticides or toxins. Symptoms generally begin within two to six hours and include abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. QwM i bt+fuax esa O;fä csdvhfj;k] ok;jl] isflvlkbm ;k VksfDlu tsls fo"ksys inkfkz okyk [kkuk [kkus ;k ikuh ihus ls chekj gks tkrk gsa [kkus ;k ihus d dksbz nks ls N%?kaVs d ckn chekjh d vklkj fn[kkbz nsus yxrs gsa] tsls isv esa ejksm+] nlr] cq[kkj] fljnnz] mcdkbz vksj det+ksjha A well-defined disorder that has no clear, single cause, characterized by progressive pain, and, then, stiffness of the shoulder. da/ks dh rdyhq ftlesa fcuk fdlh,d Li"V dkj.k ds nnz /khjs&/khjs c<+us yxrk gs vksj da/ks esa vdm+u vk tkrh gsa

104 GAIT xsv GALL BLADDER x y CySMj A manner of walking. Observation of gait can provide early diagnostic clues for a number of disorders. pky ;k pyus d rjhd dks xsv dgrs gsaa O;fä dh xsv ls dbz chekfj;ksa d çkjafhkd y{k.k irk py ldrs gsaa A pear-shaped sac (7-10 cm long), lying underneath the right lobe of the liver, in which bile is stored. The gall bladder is a common site of stone formation. x y CySMj ;k fiùkk'k; &ƒå lsavhehvj yech uk'kikrh d vkdkj dh iksvyh gs tks ; r d nk;sa Hkkx d uhps ikbz tkrh gs vksj ftlesa fiùk ;k ckby bdîk gksrk gsa fiùkk'k; esa irfkjh gksuk vke ckr gsa

105 GALLSTONE x y LVksu GASTROENTERITIS xslvªks,uvjkbfvl A hard mass, composed of bile pigments, cholesterol and calcium salts in varying proportions, that can form in the gall bladder. x y LVksu fiùk dh fixesav~l ;k æo;] dksyslvªkwy vksj dsfy'k;e lkyv ls cuk og l[r fiam gs tks fiùkk'k; dh irfkjh d :i esa ik;k tk ldrk gsa Inflammation of the stomach and the intestines. Gastroenteritis can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Gastroenteritis has numerous causes, including infections (viruses, bacteria and parasites), food poisoning and stress. xslvªks,uvjkbfvl dh volfkk esa isv vksj vk rksa esa lwtu vk tkrh gs ftlls eryh] oeu vksj nlr gks ldrs gsaa ok;jl] csdvhfj;k vksj isjklkbv d laøe.k lesr xslvªks,uvjkbfvl QwM i bt+fuax vksj ruko tsls dkj.kksa ls Hkh gks ldrk gsa

106 GBS : GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME xq;u&cjs flamªkse GESTATION PERIOD tslvs'ku ihfj;m Healthy myelin Axon Damaged myelin A disease of the peripheral nerves, in which there is numbness and weakness in the limbs. It usually develops days after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection that provokes an allergic response in the peripheral nerves. Involvement of the respiratory muscles may require mechanical ventilation. xq;u&cjs flamªkse isfjqjy Luk;qra= & ;kfu eflr"d vksj jh<+ d ckgj ikbz tkus okyh raf=dk,a & dk jksx gs ftlesa 'kjhj d vax lquu vksj det+ksj gksus yxrs gsaa lk/kkj.kr% ;g jksx 'olu ;k isv ls lecaf/kr laøe.k gksus d ƒå ls å fnu d ckn gks ldrk gsa,sls laøe.k esa isfjqjy raf=dkvksa esa,ythz gks tkrh gsa ;fn 'olura= dh ekalisf'k;ka Hkh bldh fxj r esa vk tk, rks jksxh dks osafvys'ku Hkh nsuh im+ ldrh gsa Foetal development period from the time of conception until birth. For humans, the full gestation period is normally 9 months. xhkkz/kku ls tue rd Òzw.k d fodkl dk le; tslvs'ku ihfj;m dgykrk gs] tks ekuo tkfr esa lk/kkj.kr% uks eghus gksrk gsa

107 GINGIVITIS ftfutokbfvl GLAUCOMA Xywdksek Gum disease with inflammation of the gums. On inspection, the gums will appear red and puffy, and will usually bleed during tooth-brushing or dental examination. ftfutokbfvl elwm+ksa dh lwtu dks dgrs gsaa tkap djus ij elwm+s yky vksj Qwys gq, fn[kkbz nsrs gsa vksj nkarksa esa cz'k djrs le; buesa ls [kwu Hkh fudyrk gsa A common eye condition in which the fluid pressure inside the eye rises to a level higher than healthy for that eye. If untreated, it may damage the optic nerve, causing the loss of vision or even blindness. Xywdksek vk [k dk og jksx gs ftlesa vf/kd vun:uh ncko ;k dlko d dkj.k vk [kksa dh j 'kuh tk ldrh gsa

108 HAEMANGIOMA gsekfutvksek HAEMATOMA ghekvksek A benign tumour formed by a collection of excess blood vessels. A haemangioma may be visible through the skin as a birthmark, known colloquially as a strawberry mark. CyM oslyl dh vf/kdrk d dkj.k cuk fcukbu Vîwej gsekfutvksek dgykrk gsa gsekfutvksek Ropk d vunj ls cfkz&ekdz d :i esa Hkh fn[kkbz nsrk gs ftls LVª csjh ekdz Hkh dgrs gsaa An accumulation of blood within the tissues that clots to form a solid swelling. Injury, disease of the blood vessels, or a clotting disorder of the blood are the usual causative factors. ghekvksek fv';w d vunj [kwu d bdîk gksus ij cuus okyh,d Bksl lwtu tslk fn[krk gsa ghekvksek vf/kdrj pksv] jädksf'kdkvksa d jksx ;k [kwu u teus d jksx d otg ls gksrk gsa

109 HAEMODIALYSIS gheksmk;fyfll HAEMOGLOBIN gheksxyksfcu A technique of removing waste materials from the blood, using the principle of dialysis. Haemodialysis is performed on patients whose kidneys have ceased to function; the process takes place in an artificial kidney or dialyser. xqnksaz dh [kjkch gksus ij gheksmk;fyfll dh vko';drk im+rh gsa blesa Mk;fyfll dh ç.kkyh dk blrseky djd [kwu dh lqkbz dh tkrh gsa bl çfø;k esa Mk;ykbtj ;k f=e xqnsz dk blrseky gksrk gsa A substance contained within the red blood cells, and responsible for their colour; composed of iron-containing pigment, haem, linked to protein globins. Haemoglobin has the unique property of combining reversibly with oxygen, and is the medium by which oxygen is transported within the body. Blood normally contains g/dl of haemoglobin. jsm CyM lsy esa ik;k tkus okys çksvhu gheksxyksfcu gs tks mugsa yky cukrk gsa ;g yksg&rùo ls cuh fixesav gse ls curk gs tks fd çksvhu Xyksfcal ls tqm+ tkrh gsa gheksxyksfcu og Mkfd;k gs tks v Dlhtu d 'kjhj dh lhkh dksf'kdkvksa rd igqapkrk gs vksj dkczu Mkbv DlkbM dks QsQM+ksa rd ysdj tkrk gsa [kwu esa ƒ &ƒš xzke@mh-,y- gheksxyksfcu ik;k tkrk gsa

110 HAEMOPHILIA gheksfqfy;k A hereditary disorder in which the blood clots very slowly owing to a deficiency of either of two blood-clotting factors, leading to haemophilia-a or haemophilia-b. Haemophilia is controlled by a sex-linked gene, which means that it is almost exclusively restricted to males. Women can carry the disease, and pass it on to their sons without being affected themselves. gheksfqfy;k,d oa'kkuqxr j x gs ftld dkj.k [kwu ¼cgus dh ifjflfkfr esa½ dh teus ;k can gksus dh çfø;k] CyM&DykWfVax] /kheh gks tkrh gsa CyM&DykWfVax d fy, ft+eesnkj nks dkj.k gksrs gas] ftlls gheksfqfy;k&, vksj gheksfqfy;k&ch d j x vyx tkus tkrs gsaa fyax ls tqm+h,d thu ;k oa'kk.kq gheksfqfy;k dks fu;af=r djrh gsa ;g rdyhq d oy iq#"kksa rd lhfer jgrh gsa ;g j x iq= dks ek ls fey rks ldrh gs ysfdu ek Lo;a gheksfqfy;k dk f'kdkj ugha gks ldrha

111 HALITOSIS gsfyvksfll HALLUCINATION gy;qflus'ku An unpleasant odour from the mouth, commonly referred to as bad breath. eqga dh nqxzu/k dks gsfyvksfll dgrs gsaa A profound distortion in a person s perception of reality, typically accompanied by a powerful sense of reality. Hallucinations may be a sensory experience in which a person can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel something that is not there. tc O;fä dk oklrfod vuqhko xahkhj :i ls fcxm+ tkrk gs ysfdu lkfk gh mls fujarj viuk vuqhko fcydqy lr; çrhr gksrk gs] rks dgrs gsa fd og gy;qflusv dj jgk gsa gy;qflus'ku esa,sfuæd vuqhko Hkh gks ldrk gs & ;kfu O;fä dks tks olrq gs ugha] og fn[kkbz ;k lqukbz ns ldrh gs] ;k og mls lwa?k ldrk gs] mldk Lokn ys ldrk gs ;k mls eglwl dj ldrk gsa

112 HEART BLOCK gkvz Cykd HEARTBURN gkvz cuz A condition in which conduction of the electrical impulses generated by the natural pacemaker of the heart is impaired, leading to a slowed-down pumping action of the heart. Heart block may be congenital or it may be due to heart disease. It is most frequently seen in the elderly. gkvz Cykd gksus ij ân; d çk frd isl esdj }kjk mriuu os qr Lianu fcxm+us yxrs gsa ftld dkj.k mld iei djus dh 'kfä /kheh im+ tkrh gsa ;g tuexr gks ldrk gs ;k fqj ân; jksx gksus ls Hkh] ysfdu gkvz Cykd vf/kdrj cqtqxksaz esa ik;k tkrk gsa An uncomfortable feeling of burning and warmth occurring in waves rising up behind the breastbone (sternum) toward the neck. Heartburn has nothing whatsoever to do with the heart. It is a popular non-medical term. It is medically called pyrosis. Nkrh esa czslvcksu ;k LVuZe d ihns ls xnzu dh vksj mbrh,d d"vçn tyu ;k xekzgv dh ygjsa gkvz cuz dgykrh gsa osls gkvz cuz dk gkvz & ân; & d lkfk dksbz ysuk nsuk ugha gsa bls fpfdrlkfokku esa ikbjksfll vksj cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa gkvz cuz dgrs gsaa

113 HEART FAILURE gkvz Qsfy;j HEART RATE (HR) gkvz jsv A condition in which the pumping action of the heart is inadequate, owing to its damaged valves (valves normally allow blood to flow only in one direction through the heart), muscle or both. This results in back pressure of blood, with congestion of organs. gkvz Qsfy;j rc gksrk gs tc ân; dks 'kjhj d fy, [kwu iai djus esa eqf'dy vkus yxrh gsa bld nks dkj.k gks ldrs gsa % ftlesa ân; dks mldh {kerk ls vf/kd dke djuk im+rk gs] ;k gkvz okwyo d [kjkch ls ân; dk [kwu myvk cgus yxrk gsa blls,d çdkj dk ^VªSfQd tse* yxdj jä dksf'kdkvksa ls [kwu fjlus yxrk gs vksj QsQM+ksa] isv o Vkax a esa dats'ku gks tkrk gsa Number of heartbeats per minute. The normal resting adult heart beats regularly at an average rate of 60 times per minute. (The hearts of young children beat faster). fny çfr feuv fdruh ckj /km+drk gs] og gkvz jsv gsa vkjke dh volfkk esa,d lkeku; o;ld dk ân; çfr feuv ˆå ckj /km+drk gsa NksVs cppksa esa bldhs xfr vf/kd gsa

114 HEAT STROKE ghv LVªksd HEPATITIS gsisvkbfvl A core body temperature that rises above 104 F (40 C) accompanied by hot, dry skin and central nervous system abnormalities such as delirium, convulsions, or coma. Heat stroke that results from exposure to a high environmental temperature is called nonexertional heat stroke. Heat stroke that results from strenuous exercise is called exertional heat stroke. Irrespective of type, heat stroke can be life-threatening. Inflammation of the liver, caused by viruses, toxic substances, or immunological abnormalities. gsisvkbfvl esa ; r lwt tkrk gs ftldk dkj.k ok;jl] t+gjhys inkfkz ;k çfrj{kkred [kjkch vfkok vfu;ferrk gksrs gsaa ghv LVªksd esa 'kjhj dk ewyhkwr rkieku ƒå fmxzh QsjugkbV ¼ å fmxzh lsavhxzsm½ ls Åij pyk tkrk gs vksj lkfk gh 'kjhj xez] Ropk lw[kh vksj d Uæh; uozl fllve dh vfu;ferrk tsls fmfyfjve] duoy'ku ;k dksek dh flfkfr;ka isnk gks tkrh gsaa ;fn ghv LVªksd ckgjh rst+ xehz d dkj.k gqvk gs rks u u&,dl'kzuy ghv LVªksd gs vksj ;fn mldk dkj.k cgqr vf/kd O;k;ke gs rks og,dl'kzuy ghv LVªksd gsa [kkl ckr ;g gs fd ghv LVªksd dk dkj.k dqn Hkh gks] ;g ifjflfkfr tkuysok gks ldrh gsa

115 HEREDITARY gsjsfmvjh HERNIA gfuz;k Transmitted from parents to their offspring; inherited. oa'kkuqxr( ekrk&firk ls larku dks çkira The protrusion or protuberance of an organ or tissue out of the body cavity in which it normally lies. Hernias may be complicated by becoming impossible to return to their normal site (irreducible); swollen and fixed within their sac (incarcerated); or cut off from their blood supply, becoming painful and eventually gangrenous (strangulated). The best treatment for hernias, especially if they are painful, is surgical repair. gfuz;k og volfkk gs ftlesa 'kjhj dk dksbz vax ;k fv';w vius [kksy ls mhkj dj ckgj vk tkrk gsa gfuz;k dh dqn volfkk,a isphnk gksrh gsa ftuesa vax dks okfil vius [kksy ;k dsfovh esa nksckjk ck/; djuk vlahko gks tkrk gs ¼bjsZMîwflcy½( ;k vius [kksy esa gksrs gsa ysfdu lwt tkrs gsa vksj muesa dlko vk tkrk gs ¼bUdklZjsfVM½( ;k mugsa [kwu dh liykbz ugha feyrh] muesa rst+ nnz gksus yxrk gs vksj] vkf[kjdkj] muesa xsaxzhu gks tkrk gs ;kfu os lm+ tkrs gsa ¼LVªsUX;qysfVM½A gfuz;k dk lcls dkjxj bykt] [kklrksj ij ;fn nnz d lkfk çlrqr gks] ltzjh gsa

116 HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS),p-vkbZ-oh- ¼áqeu be;quksmsfqf'k;salh ok;jl½ HORMONE g ekszu A retro-virus responsible for Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome. There are two varieties, HIV-1 and HIV-2. v Vks be;quksmsfqf'k;salh flamªkse dk dkj.k,p-vkbz-oh- &,d jsvªksok;jl & gs] tks nks çdkj dk gksrk gs %,p-vkbz-oh-&ƒ vksj,p-vkbz-oh-& A A substance that is produced in one part of the body (by an endocrine gland, such as the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary), passes into the bloodstream, and is carried to other (distant) organs or tissues, where it acts to modify their structure or function.,amksøkbu XySaM] ;k g ekszu xzafkh ¼tSls FkkbjksbM],Mªsuy ;k fivîwvjh½ ftlls fudyus okyk lzko g ekszu dgykrk gsa g ekszu jäçokg d lkfk feydj 'kjhj d vu; vaxksa ;k fv';w rd igq prk gs vksj ogka igqapdj mud Lo:i ;k dk;z dks cnyus vfkok lq/kkjus dk dke djrk gsa

117 HOSPICE gkslfil HYPERTENSION gkbijvsa'ku An institution that provides palliative care for people with terminal illnesses. They specialize in symptom management, and in maintaining the psychological wellbeing of patients. gkslfil og lalfkk gs tks thou dh vafre?kfm+;k fxurs jksfx;ksa dks isyh,fvo d ;j] ;kfu jksx d y{k.k ;k nnz de djus okyk mipkj] çnku djrh gsa gkslfil esa dke djus okys esfmdy LVkQ dh fo'ks"krk jksxh dh ns[khkky] jksx d y{k.kksa dh lahkky vksj ekufld volfkk dks Bhd j[kus esa gksrh gsa High blood pressure, i.e. elevation of the arterial blood pressure above the normal range expected in a particular age group. gkbijvsa'ku] ;k mpp jäpki] dh n'kk esa /kefu;ksa dk jäpki lkeku; ls Åij pyk tkrk gs] gkyk fd ^lkeku;* dh ifjhkk"kk mez d lkfk cny tkrh gsa

118 HYPOTHERMIA gkbiksfkfez;k HYSTERECTOMY fglvjsdvkseh Reduction of body temperature below the normal range, in the absence of protective reflex actions, such as shivering. lkeku; rkieku ls 'kjhj d rkieku dk vpkud fxj tkuk vksj çfrj{kkred fj ysdl] tsls deiu] dk u gksuka Surgical removal of the uterus, either through an incision in the abdominal wall or through the vagina. ltzjh ls isv esa phjk nsdj ;k ;ksfuekxz ls xhkkz'k; dk fudkyuka

119 IBS (IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME) bjhvscy ckoy flamªkse IMMUNITY be;qfuvh A common gastrointestinal disorder involving an abnormal condition of gut contractions (motility) and gut sensation (hypersensitivity) characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, mucous in stools, and irregular bowel habits with constipation or diarrhoea or alternating diarrhoea and constipation, symptoms that tend to be chronic and to wax and wane over the years. bjhvscy ckoy flamªkse & vkbz-ch-,l- & isv vksj vkarksa dk,d lk/kkj.k fodkj gs ftlesa vkar dh laosnu'khyrk vksj dk;z ij vlkeku; vksj rdyhqnk;d vlj im+rk gsa dct+ ;k nlr] ;k fqj nksuksa flfkfr;ka ckjh&ckjh ls vkrh gsa( isv Qwydj nq[kus yxrk gs] vksj ey d lkfk E;wdl vkrk gsa ;s y{k.k Øksfud gksrs gsa vksj le; d lkfk?kvrs&c<+rs jgrs gsaa The body s ability to resist infection, afforded by the presence of circulating antibodies (antibody is a blood protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses) and white blood cells. jksx ;k laøe.k ls 'kjhj dks lqjf{kr j[kus okys OgkbV CyM lsy vksj,avhckmh ;k çfrj{kh ftl rkdr ls viuk dk;z djrs gsa] mls be;qfuvh ;k be;wu QaD'ku dgrs gsaa 'kjhj ij vkøe.k djus okys 'k=q ls cpko djus okys lsfud gsa OgkbV CyM lsy] tks gekjs be;wu fllve dk fgllk gsaa

120 IMMUNIZATION be;qukbls'ku IMPLANT beiykav The production of immunity by artificial means. be;qfuvh ;k çfrjksxkred 'kfä dks ckgjh rjhd ls isnk djus dh rduhd dks be;qukbls'ku dgrs gsaa A drug (such as a subcutaneous hormone implant), a prosthesis (such as an artificial hip, an intraocular lens implant, a dental implant, a breast implant, a cochlear implant, or a artificial heart implant), or a radioactive source (such as radium) that is put into the body. 'kjhj d Hkhrj nkf[ky dh tkus okyh ckgjh olrq dks beiykav dgrs gsa & nokbz] ¼tSls lcd;qvsfuvl g ekszu beiykav½ f=e vax ;k tksm+] ¼tSls dwygk] nkar] vk [k esa yxk;k tkus okyk ysal] czslv] dku] f=e ân;½ ;k jsfm;ks,fdvo lzksr ¼tSls jsfm;e uhmy½ tks dqn rjg d dsalj d bykt esa dke vkrh gsaa

121 INFLAMMATION bu yes'ku INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE bu yesvjh ckoy fmt+ht+ The body's response to injury, which may be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the immediate defensive reaction of tissue to any injury, which may be caused by infection, chemicals, or physical agents. It involves pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function of the affected part. 'kjhj esa bu yes'ku & lwtu vksj tyu & rc gksrk gs tc mls fdlh çdkj dh pksv]?kko] ;k {kfr igq prh gsa ;g u;k Hkh gks ldrk gs] vksj iqjkuk HkhA buqsd'ku] lwtu ;k fdlh Hkh vu; dkj.k ls pksv yxus ij 'kjhj rrdky gh viuh j{kk d fy, lfø; gks tkrk gs tks gesa pksv dh txg ij,d;wv bu yes'ku d :i esa fn[kkbz nsrk gsa blesa nnz] tyu] ykyh] lwtu vksj pksv [kk, fglls dk dke ugha dj ikuk] y{k.k fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa A group of chronic intestinal diseases characterized by inflammation of the bowel the large or small intestine. The most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. vkarksa dh Øksfud chekfj;ksa dk,d oxz bu yesvjh ckoy fmt+ht+ dgykrk gs ftlesa cm+h ;k NksVh vkar esa lwtu vk tkrh gsa vyljsfvo dksykbfvl vksj ØksUl fmt+ht+ bl jksx d lcls lkeku; çdkj gsaa

122 INHALATION bugys'ku INSOMNIA bulksfeu;k 1. (Inspiration) The act of breathing air into the lungs through the mouth and nose. 2. A gas, vapour, or aerosol breathed in for the treatment of conditions of the respiratory tract. ƒ- baflijs'ku % eqag vksj ukd ls lkal ysdj QsQM+ksa rd v Dlhtu igq pkus dh çfø;ka Inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep for an adequate length of time, so that tiredness is virtually permanent. bulksfeu;k rc gksrk gs tc O;fä ;k rks fcydqy lks ugha ikrk ;k fqj i;kzir le; d fy, uhan ugha ys ikrka bldh otg ls mldh Fkdku LFkkbZ rksj ij cuh jgrh gsa - xsl] Hkki ;k,;jkslksy ¼xSl esa Bksl ;k æo; inkfkz d d.k ls cuk ckny½ dks 'olu ra= dh rdyhqksa d bykt d fy, 'okl }kjk vunj HkjukA

123 INSULIN bulqfyu INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) bavsaflo d ;j ;wfuv ¼vkbZ-lh-;w-½ A hormone that is important for regulating the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Lack of this hormone gives rise to diabetes mellitus, in which large amounts of sugar are present in the blood and urine. This condition may be treated successfully by insulin injections. ;g,d g ekszu gs tks [kwu esa Xywdksl ;k 'kqxj dh ek=k dks fu;af=r djrk gsa 'kjhj esa bld de gksus ls [kwu vksj is'kkc esa 'kqxj dh ek=k cgqr c<+ tkrh gs ftls Mk;fcVht+ dgrs gsaa bulqfyu d batsd'ku ysus ls bl rdyhq dk lqy bykt gks ldrk gsa A hospital unit designed to give intensive care, provided by specialist multidisciplinary staff, to a selected group of seriously ill patients, or to those in need of special care. bavsaflo d ;j ;wfuv vlirky dh og bdkbz gs tgk cgqr vf/kd chekj ;k [kkl rjg d bykt dh t+:jr okys jksfx;ksa dks fpfdrlk d vyx&vyx fmikvzesav d fo'ks"kkksa dh xgu ns[khkky çkir gksrh gsa

124 INTUBATION buvîqcs'ku IUCD (INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE) vkbz-;q-lh-mh- ¼baVªk;wVjkbu d avªklsifvo fmokbl½ The introduction of a tube into a part of the body for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment. tkap ;k bykt d fy, 'kjhj d fdlh fglls esa Vîwc Mkyus dh çfø;k buvîqcs'ku gsa A plastic or metal coil, spiral or other shape, about 25 mm long, that is inserted into the cavity of the uterus to prevent conception. vkbz-;q-lh-mh- IykfLVd ;k /kkrq dk Likbjy ;k vu; vkdkj dk djhc fe-e- yeck d by gksrk gs ftls xhkkz/kku dh jksdfkke d fy, xhkkz'k; esa Mkyk tkrk gsa

125 I.V. vkbz-oh- JAUNDICE t fuml Intravenous; through the vein. vkbz-oh- ;kfu bavªkohul % ukm+h d jklrs lsa Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, indicating excess bilirubin (a bile pigment) in the blood. t fuml dh flfkfr esa Ropk dk jax ;k vk [kksa d lqssn fglls ihys im+us yxrs gsaa [kwu esa fcfy#fcu & tks ckby ;k fiùk dk,d fixesav gs & dh ek=k c<us+ ls ;g flfkfr g rh gsa

126 KIDNEY TRANSPLANT fdmuh VªkalIykaV LAPAROSCOPY ysçksldksih A surgical procedure using a donor kidney to treat kidney failure. Transplantation is a preferred treatment over dialysis because of its improved outcomes. fdmuh VªkalIykaV esa xqnsz d [kjkc gks tkus ij 'ky;fpfdrlk }kjk nku djus okys ls xqnkz ysdj jksxh d 'kjhj esa yxk;k tkrk gsa ;g xqnsz dh chekjh esa Mk;fyfll d eqdkcys,d csgrj mik; gs D; afd jksxh d fy, bl çfø;k d ifj.kke csgrj ik, x, gsaa Examination of the abdominal structures (which are contained within the peritoneum, a two-layered membrane: one layer lines the abdominal cavity, the other lines the organs in the cavity such as stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, intestines and adrenal glands) by means of an illuminated tubular instrument (laparoscope). This is passed through a small incision in the wall of the abdomen for diagnostic / surgical purpose. ysçksldksih dh çfø;k esa,d çdkf'kr Vîwc d vkdkj d ;a=] ysçksldksi] }kjk isfjvksfu;e d vunj isv d vyx&vyx fgllksa dks tkapk tk ldrk gsa,cmksfeuy okwy esa,d N Vk phjk yxk;k tkrk gs ftlesa ls tkap ;k v ijs'ku d fy, ysçksldksi dks 'kjhj d vunj Mkyk tkrk gsa

127 LASER SURGERY yst+j ltzjh LASIK ykfld A type of surgery that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or remove a surface lesion such as a skin tumour. yst+j ltzjh og 'ky; i)fr gs ftlls yst+j che d dkvus dh {kerk dk ç;ksx djd fcuk [kwu cgk, fv';w dks dkvk tk ldrk gs ;k pem+h d Vîwej tsls lrgh yh'ku ;k t+[e dks fudkyk tk ldrk gsa Abbreviation standing for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; a kind of laser eye surgery designed to change the shape of the cornea to eliminate or reduce the need for glasses and contact lenses in cases of severe myopia (near-sightedness). yst+j&vfllvsm bu lhvw d jkvksfey;wfll dk y?kq&:i ykfld gsa ;g yst+j dh lgk;rk ls dh tkus okyh vk [kksa dh og ltzjh gs ftld }kjk d fuz;k dk vkdkj cnyk tk ldrk gsa d fuz;k dk vkdkj cnyus ls xahkhj ek;ksfi;k & ;kfu nwj dh pht+ksa dk u ns[k ikuk & d ejhtksa dks ;k rks p'ek vfkok ysal yxkus dh vko';drk gh ugha jgrh ;k fqj mudk uacj cgqr de gks tkrk gsa

128 LIPID PROFILE fyfim çksqkby LITHOTRIPSY fyfkksfvªilh A pattern of lipids in the blood. A lipid profile usually includes the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and the calculated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. jä esa fyfim~l ;k olk dh flfkfr dh tkap fyfim çksqkby dgykrh gsa bl çksqkby esa VksVy dksyslvªksy] gkbz&msaflvh fyiks&çksvhu ¼,p-Mh-,y-½ dksyslvªksy vksj d yd;wysvsm yks&msaflvh fyiks&çksvhu ¼,y-Mh-,y-½ dksyslvªksy ntz fd;s tkrs gsaa A procedure to break a stone into small particles that can be passed in the urine. fyfkksfvªilh dh çfø;k vyvªklkmam osol }kjk xqnsz] ew=k'k; vksj ew=okfguh ¼;qjsVj½ esa cus irfkj dks NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa rksm+rh gs ftlls ew= d jklrs ls ;s VqdM+s 'kjhj d ckgj fudy tk, A

129 LIVER TRANSPLANT fyoj VªkalIykaV LOW BLOOD PRESSURE yks CyM çs'kj Surgery to remove a diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver (or part of one) from a donor. ltzjh }kjk fyoj d csdkj fglls dks fdlh Mksuj d fyoj ¼;k mld fglls½ ls cnyus dh çfø;k fyoj VªkalIykaV dgykrh gsa Any blood pressure that is below the normal expected range for an individual in a given environment. Low blood pressure is also referred to as hypotension. yks CyM çs'kj esa jäpki,d çdkj dh ifjflfkfr esa lkeku; Lrj ls uhps pyk tkrk gs ftls gkbiksvsa'ku Hkh dgrs gsaa

130 LUMBAR PUNCTURE (LP) yecj iadpj MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) esxusfvd jst+ksusal besftax ¼,e-vkj-vkbZ-½ A procedure in which the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF is a clear, colourless fluid found in the brain and spine) is removed from the spinal canal for diagnostic testing or treatment. yecj iadpj dh çfø;k esa Likbuy dsuky ls lsjsczks&likbuy ywbm & eflr"d vksj jh<+ esa ik;k tkus okyk,d jaxghu] rjy inkfkz & tkap ;k bykt d fy, fudkyk tkrk gsa A diagnostic imaging technique based on the emission of electromagnetic waves from the body, when the patient is placed in a strong magnetic field, and exposed to radiofrequency radiation.,e-vkj-vkbz- tkap djus dh,d,slh besftax rduhd gs tks ekuo 'kjhj ls fudyus okyh bysdvªks&esxusfvd fdj.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gsa blesa jksxh dks,d cgqr gh 'kfä'kkyh pqecdh; {ks= ;k esxusfvd QhYM esa j[kk tkrk gs vksj mls jsfm;ks&ýhdosalh jsfm,'ku nh tkrh gsa

131 MALIGNANT efyxusav MALNUTRITION e yu;wfvª'ku A tumour that invades, and destroys, the tissue in which it originates, and can spread to other sites in the body via the blood-stream and lymphatic system. vlk/; ;k?kkrd dks efyxusav dgrs gsaa Vîwej d lunhkz esa tks mlh fv';w ij vkøe.k dj mls [kre dj ns ftlls og fudyk gs] vksj ftldh 'kjhj d vu; fgllksa esa jä o fyeq d ek/;e ls QSy tkus dh vk'kadk gksrh gs] efyxusav gsa The condition caused by an improper balance between what an individual eats, and what he requires, to maintain health. This can result from eating too little (subnutrition or starvation) but may also imply dietary excess or an incorrect balance of basic foodstuffs such as protein, fat and carbohydrate. e yu;wfvª'ku dh flfkfr rc curh gs tc O;fä d mruk i "k.k ugha feyrk ftruk LokLF; d fy, vko';d gsa de [kkus lss,slk gks ldrk gs] ;k fqj dqn pht+sa t+:jr ls T;knk [kkus ls vfkok çksvhu] QSV vksj dkckszgkbmªsv d vlarqyu ls Hkh ;g flfkfr isnk gks ldrh gsa

132 MAMMOGRAPHY/ MAMMOGRAM eseksxzkqh ¼eseksxzke½ MENINGITIS esfuutkbfvl The study of the breast by imaging techniques, most commonly X-rays. A mammogram can help a health professional decide whether a lump in the breast is a gland, a harmless cyst or a tumour. besftax rduhd] vf/kdrj,dl&js] }kjk o{klfky dh tkap eseksxzkqh dgykrh gsa eseksxzke ls LokLF;dehZ d o{klfky esa cuh xkab d ckjs esa irk pyrk gsa An inflammation of the meninges (brain covering) due to infection by viruses, bacteria or fungi. esfuutkbfvl esa ok;jy] csdvhfj;y ;k Qaxy laøe.k gksus ls esfuuthl ¼efLr"d dh j{kk djus okyh Åijh ijrsa½ esa lwtu gks tkrh gsa

133 MENOPAUSE esuksi t METASTASIS esvklvsfll The time in a woman's life when the ovaries cease to produce an egg cell every four weeks: menstruation ceases, and the woman is no longer able to bear children. Menopause can occur at any age between the middle thirties and the middle fifties, most commonly between 45 and 55 (the median age is 51). The distant spread of a malignant tumour from its site of origin. efyxusav Vîwej dk vius lzksr LFkku ls 'kjhj d fdlh nwljs fglls ;k fgllksa esa QSy tkuk esvklvsfll dgykrk gsa esuksi t gksus ij L=h d vamk'k; esa gj pkj g rs esa,d ckj cuus okyk fmec ;k vamk.kq ugha curk ¼;kuh ekgokjh can gks tkrh gs½ vksj vc og ek ugha cu ldrha vksj o"kz dh vk;q esa dhkh Hkh esuksi t gks ldrk gs gkyk fd lk/kkj.kr% vksj o"kz d chp esa ;g volfkk vkrh gsa

134 MIGRAINE ekbxzsu MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY fefueyh buosflo ltzjh A neurovascular disorder in a genetically predisposed individual, migraine results in a recurrent and throbbing headache that characteristically affects one side of the head. The patient sometimes has a forewarning of an attack (an aura), consisting of visual disturbance or tingling and/or weakness of the limbs, which clear up as the headache develops. It is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and photophobia. ekbxzsu,d U;wjksoSLdqyj fodkj gs tks mu O;fä;ksa esa ik;k tkrk tks vuqokaf'kd :i ls bld çfr laosnu'khy gsaa ckj&ckj gksus okyk rhoz fljnnz tks veweu flj d vk/ks fglls dks gh vlj djrk gs] bldh fo'ks"krk gsa blfy, bls v/klhlh Hkh dgrs gsaa dhkh&dhkh ejht+ dks bld vvsd dk igys gh irk py tkrk gs % ns[kus esa eqf'dy] flgju vksj 'kjhj esa det+ksjh gksuk] tks fljnnz d vkrs&vkrs Bhd gksus yxrs gsaa vdlj bl vvsd esa jksxh dks th fepykuk] oeu vksj QksVksQksfc;k ;kfu çdk'k esa vk [kksa d nq[kus dk vuqhko Hkh gksrk gsa Surgical intervention, involving the least possible physical trauma to the patient; particularly, surgery performed using an operating laparoscope or other endoscope passed through a tiny incision, known popularly as keyhole surgery. ltzjh dk,slk rjhdk ftlesa ejht+ d 'kjhj dks de ls de pksv ;k?kkr igqaps] fefueyh buosflo ltzjh dgykrk gsa dh&gksy ltzjh d uke ls çpfyr] blesa cgqr gh NksV&ls phjs }kjk ysijksldksi ;k vu;,amksldksi Mky dj v ijs'ku fd;k tkrk gsa

135 MISCARRIAGE feldsfjt MORNING SICKNESS eksfuzax fldusl Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks, formerly known as spontaneous abortion. igys LiksaVsfu;l,c 'kzu d uke ls çpfyr] feldsfjt ml volfkk dks dgrs gsa tc xhkzk/kku d g rs d Hkhrj gh ek dk 'kjhj Lor% Òzw.k dks ukeat+wj dj ckgj fudky nsrk gsa Nausea and vomiting occurring during early pregnancy. In some women the symptoms disappear if a small amount of food is eaten before rising in the morning. eksfuazx fldusl xhkkzolfkk d 'kq: d g rksa esa xfhkz.kh dks gksus okyh feryh vksj mcdkbz dks dgrs gsaa dqn efgykvksa esa ;s y{k.k lqcg mbus ls igys gh dqn [kk ysus ij lekir gks tkrs gsaa

136 MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE (MOF) eyvh&v xzu Qsfy;j ¼,e-vks-,Q-½ MYOPIA ek;ksfi;k The terminal stage of serious illness. fdlh Hkh xahkhj chekjh dk vafre im+ko eyvh&v xzu Qsfy;j d uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa Short sightedness. Distant objects are blurred, and cannot be made sharp by accommodation. Myopia is corrected by wearing spectacles with concave lenses, and can now be treated by surgery. ek;ksfi;k gksus ij nwj dh olrq,a /kqa/kyh fn[krh gsa vksj vdkseksms'ku & vk [k d ysal dk Bhd ls Qksdl djus d fy, [kqn dks O;ofLFkr djuk & d ckotwn Hkh os Bhd&Bhd fn[kkbz ugha im+rhaa osls rks ek;ksfi;k dkud o ysal okys p'es yxkdj Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gs] ysfdu vc ltzjh ls Hkh ;g lahko gsa

137 NAUSEA uksfl;k NEUROPATHY U;wjksiSFkh The feeling that one is about to vomit, as experienced in seasickness and in morning sickness of early pregnancy. mcdkbz dk gksuk uksfl;k dgykrk gs & tsls ¼leqæh½ tgkt+ esa ;k=k djus ls ;k xhkkzolfkk d çkjafhkd g rksa esa eksfuazx fldusl d :i esa gksrk gsa Any disease of the peripheral nerves, usually causing weakness and numbness. isfjqsjy uolz dh chekjh ¼vkerkSj ij det+ksjh vksj lquu gksuk½ dks U;wjksiSFkh dgrs gsaa

138 NIGHT BLINDNESS ukbv CykbaMusl OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA v ClVªfDVo Lyhi,ifu;k Impaired vision in dim light and in the dark, due to dysfunction of specific vision cells (namely, the rods) in the retina. jsfvuk dh dqn [kkl dksf'kdkvksa & ftugsa jksm~l dgrs gsa & dh [kjkch ls de j 'kuh ;k v /ksjs esa Bhd ls fn[kkbz u nsuk ukbv CykbaMusl dgykrk gsa A serious condition in which airflow from the nose and mouth to the lungs is restricted during sleep, also called sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS). ;g,d xahkhj flfkfr gs ftlesa lksrs le; O;fä d ukd vksj eqag ls QsQM+ksa rd igq pus okyh lkal ;k gok d vkus&tkus esa vojks/k gks tkrk gs] ftls Lyhi,ifu;k flamªkse ¼,l-,-,l-½ Hkh dgrs gsaa

139 OPEN HEART SURGERY vksiu gkvz ltzjh OSTEOPOROSIS v flv;ksiksjksfll Surgery in which the chest is opened and surgery is performed on the heart. The term open refers to the chest, not to the heart itself. The heart may or may not be opened depending on the particular type of surgery. vius uke d vuqdwy vksiu gkvz ltzjh esa Nkrh dks [kksy dj ân; dk v ijs'ku fd;k tkrk gsa ;gk vksiu 'kcn Nkrh ls lecaf/kr gs u fd ân; lsa ltzjh d çdkj ij fuhkzj djrk gs fd ân; [kksyk tk;sxk ;k ughaa Loss of bony tissue, resulting in bones that are brittle and liable to fracture. Generalized osteoporosis is common in the elderly and in women (after menopause). gìh d fv';w dk de gksuk v flv;ksiksjksfll gs] ftlls gfì;k HkqjHkqjh gks tkrh gsa vksj mud ÝSDpj gksus dk [krjk jgrk gsa lkeku;r% v flv;ksiksjksfll cqtq+xz vksjrksa esa vksj ekgokjh can gksus d ckn fl=;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gsa

140 PACEMAKER islesdj PARALYSIS isjkfyfll A device used to produce and maintain a normal heart rate in patients who have a heart block. gkvz Cykd d ejht+ksa d fy, islesdj,d,slk ;a= gs tks lkeku; ân;&xfr mriuu dj] dk;e j[krk gsa The loss of ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in a part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison or injury. isjkfyfll dh volfkk esa chekjh] 'kjhj esa t+gj gksus ;k pksv yxus d ckn O;fä d fgyus&mqyus ;k dqn Hkh eglwl dj ikus dh {kerk pyh tkrh gsa

141 PARAPLEGIA isjkiysft;k PLATELET IysVysV Paralysis of both legs, usually due to disease or injury of the spinal cord. jh<+ dh chekjh ;k pksv yxus d ckn nksuksa Vkaxksa esa Qkfyt ;k isjkfyfll gks tkuk isjkiysft;k dgykrk gsa A disc-shaped cell structure, present in the blood. They participate in stopping bleeding, at any site in the body. IysVysV [kwu esa ekstwn pivs] xksy vkdkj okys lsy LVªDpj gsa tks 'kjhj esa dgha Hkh gks jgh jälzko dks jksdus esa enn djrs gsaa

142 PLEURISY Iywjlh PNEUMONIA U;qeksfu;k Inflammation of the covering of lungs (pleura) and of the inner surface of the chest wall, often due to pneumonia in the underlying lung. vdlj U;qeksfu;k dh otg ls QsQM+ksa dks <dus okyh ijr ¼Iywjk½ dh] vksj Nkrh dh van:uh fglls dh lwtua Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the air sacs become filled with inflammatory cells, and the lung becomes solid. U;qeksfu;k esa QsQM+s esa lwtu vksj tyu gksus dh otg ls lkal ysus esa rdyhq gksus yxrh gsa lwtu dk dkj.k vf/kdrj csdvhfj;y] ok;jy] Qaxy ;k isjkflfvd laøe.k gksrk gsa ok;qdks"k lwts gq, lsyl ls Hkj tkrs gsa vksj QsQM+s?kus ;k Bksl gksus yxrs gsaa U;qeksfu;k,d ;k nksuksa QsQM+ksa esa gks ldrk gsa

143 PROGNOSIS çksxuksfll PROSTATE çkslvsv The forecast of the probable outcome or course of a disease; the patient's chance of recovery. chekjh ij M DVj dh Hkfo";ok.kh & ;kfu çr;kf'kr chekjh dk urhtk D;k gksxk] chekjh dsls pysxh vksj jksxh d Bhd gksus d vklkj D;k gsa & bu lc lokyksa d tokc çksxuksfll dk fgllk gksrs gsaa A gland within the male reproductive system that is located just below the bladder. çkslvsv iq#"kksa dh çtuu ç.kkyh esa,d xazffk ;k XySaM gs tks ew=k'k; d Bhd uhps ik;k tkrk gsa

144 PULMONARY iyeujh PULMONARY EDEMA iyeujh,fmek Relating to, associated with, or affecting the lungs. QsQM+ksa ls lecaf/kr ;k mugsa çhkkfor djus okyha Fluid in the lungs. QsQM+ksa esa ikuh dk gksuk iyeujh,fmek gsa

145 PULSE iyl PUS il The number of times the heart beats per minute. It can be felt easily near the wrist. fny dh çfr feuv dh /km+du dks iyl dgrs gsaa bls dykbz d ikl eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gsa A thick yellowish or greenish liquid formed at the site of an established infection. eokn ;k il ihys&gjs jax dk xk<+k] fytfytk inkfkz gs tks laøe.k d LFkku ij fjlrk ;k fudyrk gsa

146 RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA) jscht+ ¼gkbMªksQksfc;k½ An acute virus disease of the central nervous system that affects all warmblooded animals and is usually transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected dog. Symptoms appear after an incubation period ranging from 10 days to over a year and include malaise, fever, difficulty in breathing, salivation, periods of intense excitement, and painful muscle spasms of the throat induced by swallowing. In the later stages of the disease the mere sight of water induces convulsions and paralysis; death occurs within 4-5 days. laøfer dqùks d dkvus ls euq"; dks gksus okyh jscht+ lhkh xez&[kwuh çkf.k;ksa dks çhkkfor djrh gsa ;g lsavªy uozl fllve ij vlj djus okyh,d?kkrd ok;jy chekjh gs ftld y{k.k dkvus d ƒå fnu ckn ls,d lky ls vf/kd d vurjky esa vk ldrs gsaa cspsuh] cq[kkj] lkal ysus esa ijs'kkuh] eqag ls ykj fxjuk] vf/kd mùkstuk vksj fuxyus ij xys dh ekalisf'k;ksa dk nnz d lkfk tdm+uk] jscht+ d vklkj ekus tkrs gsaa ckn esa pydj jksxh dks egt ikuh ns[kus ls nksjs im+us yxrs gsa] Qkfyt ekj tkrk gs vksj fqj & fnuksa d vunj e`r;q gks tkrh gsa

147 RADIATION jsfm,'ku RADIOTHERAPY jsfm;ksfksjsih 1. Rays of energy. Gamma rays and X-rays are two of the types of energy waves often used in medicine. 2. The use of energy waves to diagnose or treat disease. 1- ÅtkZ dh fdj.ksaa ÅtkZ fdj.kksa d varxzr xkek&js vksj,dl&js vdlj fpfdrlk d fy, ç;ksx gksrh gsaa 2- ÅtkZ fdj.kksa dk tkap ;k bykt d fy, ç;ksxa Therapeutic radiology: the treatment of disease with penetrating radiation, such as X-rays, beta rays, or gamma rays, which may be produced by machines or given off by radioactive isotopes. FksjkI;qfVd ;k mipkjkred jsfm;ksyksth dk ç;ksx isusvªsfvax jsfm,'ku & tsls,dl&js] chvk&js ;k xkek&js & }kjk bykt djus d fy, fd;k tkrk gsa ;g jsfm,'ku e'khu ls ;k jsfm;kslfø; vkblksvksi d ek/;e ls nh tkrh gsa

148 RASH js'k REHABILITATION fjgsfcfyvs'ku A temporary eruption on the skin, usually typified by reddening either discrete red spots or generalized reddening which may be accompanied by itching. js'k Ropk ij gksus okyk vlfkk;h Qqalh gs tks vkerksj ij yky gksrk gsa ;g vyx&vyx fn[kus okys yky pdùkksa d :i esa gks ldrk gs ;k fqj iwjs 'kjhj esa [kkfj'k vksj ykyh d lkfk Hkh fudy ldrk gsa The treatment of an ill, injured, or disabled patient with the aim of restoring normal health and function or to prevent the disability from getting worse. chekj] t+[eh ;k fodykax O;fä dh {kerk vksj LokLF; dk lkeku;dj.ka

149 RESPIRATORY RATE jsflijsvjh jsv RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS :ev bm vkfkzjkbfvl Breathing rate: the number of breaths per minute. lkal ysus dh xfr & ;kfu O;fä çfr feuv ftruh ckj lkal ysrk gs] og mldk jsflijsvjh jsv gsa The second most common form of joint inflammation. It typically involves the joints of the fingers, wrists, feet and ankles. The joints are initially painful, swollen, and stiff, and are usually affected symmetrically. :ev bm vkfkzjkbfvl tksm+ksa dh lwtu dk nwljk cm+k çdkj gsa veweu] blesa gkfkksa] dykb;ksa] isjksa vksj V[kuksa d tksm+ 'kkfey gksrs gsaa 'kq#vkrh nksj esa nnz] lwtu vksj vdm+u gksrh gs vksj lhkh t M+ lkeku; :i ls çhkkfor gksrs gsaa

150 RIGOR jkbxj ROOT CANAL TREATMENT :V dsuky VªhVesaV An abrupt attack of shivering and a sensation of coldness, accompanied by a rapid rise in body temperature. This often marks the onset of a fever, and may be followed by a feeling of heat, with copious sweating. jkbxj dh volfkk esa O;fä dks,dk,d daidaih yxrh gs vksj B.M yxus d lkfk 'kkjhfjd rkieku c<+us yxrk gsa xehz yxus d lkfk&lkfk cgqr ilhuk h vkus yxrk gsa The procedure of removing the remnants of the pulp of a tooth, cleaning and shaping the canal inside the tooth, and filling the root canal. bl çfø;k esa nkar d vun:uhs vo'ks"k lkq fd;s tkrs gsa] nkar d Hkhrj d dsuky dks vkdkj fn;k tkrk gs] vksj :V dsuky dks Hkjk tkrk gsa

151 RYLE S TUBE jkbyl Vîwc SCRUB TYPHUS LØc VkbQl A thin flexible tube of rubber or plastic, inserted through the mouth or nose of a patient and used for withdrawing fluid from the stomach or giving a test meal. jcj ;k IykfLVd ls cuh iryh] yphyh Vîwc ftls jksxh d eqag ;k ukd d jklrs ls Mkyk tkrk gs o isv esa im+s gq, ikuh ;k vu; inkfkz dks ckgj [khapk tk ld ;k fqj mls i "k.k fn;k tk ld A A disease caused by a parasitic microorganism and transmitted to humans through the bite of mites. ;g chekjh,d isjkflfvd lw{etho dh otg ls gksrh gs vksj euq"; dks?kqu d dkvus ls laøfer gks tkrh gsa

152 SHOCK 'k d SHUNT 'kav The condition associated with circulatory collapse, when the arterial blood pressure is too low to maintain an adequate supply of blood to the tissues. Shock may be due to a decrease in the volume of blood, as occurs after internal or external bleeding, burns, dehydration, severe vomiting or diarrhoea. ldqzysvjh dksykil ¼dkfMZ;d ;k isfjqsjy jälapkj dk Qsy gks tkuk½ ls tqm+h og volfkk 'k d gs ftlesa vkvhzjhvy ;k /keuh; CyM çs'kj bruk fxj tkrk gs fd fv';w dks [kwu dh i;kzir liykbz ugha fey ikrha vun:uh ;k ckgjh CyhfMax eas [kwu dk o Y;we de gksus ls] tyus] MhgkbMªs'ku] cgqr vf/kd oeu ;k nlr gksus ls,slk gks ldrk gsa A passage connecting two anatomical channels and diverting blood or other fluid (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid) from one to the other. It may occur as a congenital abnormality (as in septal defect of the heart) or be surgically created. 'kjhj d nks P uy ;k jklrksa dks tksm+us okyh uyh dks 'kav dgrs gsa] tks [kwu ;k lsfjczkslikbuy ywbm tsls vu; æo; dks,d ls nwljs jklrs ij ys tkrh gsa ;g tuexr fodkj d :i esa & tslk fd fny dk lsivy fmqsdv & ekstwn gks ldrk gs ;k fqj ltzjh d nksjku Hkh cu ldrk gsa

153 SLIPPED DISC flyim fmld A slipped disc is a protrusion of the pulpy inner material of an intervertebral disc through the fibrous outer coat, causing pressure on adjoining nerve roots, ligaments, etc. The condition often results from sudden twisting or bending of the backbone or lifting. Pressure on the sciatic nerve root causes sciatica, and, if severe, may damage the nerve s function, leading to abnormalities or loss of sensation, muscle weakness, or loss of tendon reflexes. flyim fmld dh volfkk esa buvjofvzczy fmld d vunj dk xwnk viuh js'ksnkj Åijh ijr ls ckgj fudy vkrk gs ftlls vklikl dh uoz :V~l vksj Luk;q ;k fyxkesav ij ncko im+us yxrk gsa es#nam dk,dk,d eqm+ tkuk ;k >qduk vfkok Hkkj mbkus ls,slk gks ldrk gsa lkb,sfvd uoz :V ij Hkkj im+us ls lkb,sfvdk gks tkrh gs tks fd vf/kd rdyhq gksus ij ukm+h d dk;z&dyki esa ck/kk cu ldrh gsa bldk urhtk gksrk gs &,glkl esa deh ;k mldk u gks ikuk] ekalisf'k;ksa dh det+ksjh ;k ulksa d fj ysdl lekir gks tkuka

154 SINUSITIS lkbulkbfvl SMALLPOX LekWy i Dl Inflammation of one or more air spaces in the facial bones that communicate with the nose. ukd ls lecaf/kr psgjs dh gfì;ksa esa fjdr LFkku a d lwtus dks lkbulkbfvl dgrs gsaa A highly contagious and frequently fatal viral disease that is characterized by a biphasic fever and a distinctive skin rash that leaves pock marks in its wake. LekWy i Dl,d cgqr gh laøked] vksj vdlj tkuysok] ok;jy chekjh gsa bld [kkl y{k.kksa esa gsa ckbqsfld Qhoj &,slk cq[kkj tks p<+rk gs] VwVrk gs vksj fqj ls p<+rk gs & vksj pem+h ij pdùks] tks pys rks tkrs gsa] ysfdu ihns Qqalh d dbz fu'kku NksM+ tkrs gsaa

155 SORE THROAT lksj FkzksV SPINA BIFIDA Likbuk ck;fqmk Pain at the back of the mouth, commonly due to bacterial or viral infection of the tonsils (tonsillitis) or the pharynx (pharyngitis). If infection persists, the lymph nodes in the neck may become tender and enlarged (cervical adenitis). VksfUlYl ;k QsfjaDl d csdvhfj;y ;k ok;jy laøe.k ¼VksfUlykbfVl ;k QsfjUtkbfVl½ dh volfkk esa xys dh ihns d Hkkx esa nnz gksrk gsa ;g lksj FkzksV dgykrk gsa laøe.k d nsj rd jgus ls xys d fyeq uksm laosnu'khy gks dj c<+ tkrs gsaa A developmental defect in which the newborn baby has part of the spinal cord and its coverings exposed through a gap in the backbone. The symptoms may include paralysis of the legs, incontinence, and mental retardation from the commonly associated brain defect, hydrocephalus. fodkl&lecaf/kr bl n "k esa uotkr f'k'kq dh Likbuy dkmz vksj mldh lqj{kkred ijrksa dk,d fgllk es#nam ls ckgj fudy vkrk gsa Vkaxksa dk Qkfyt] ey&ew= u jksd ikuk vksj fnekx ls tqm+s fodkj] gkbmªksflq yl] dh otg ls ekufld fodkl dk vojks/k bld fpà gsaa

156 SPINAL CORD Likbuy dkmz SPLEEN LIyhu The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the vertebral column, consisting of nerve cells and bundles of nerves connecting all parts of the body with the brain. It contains a core of grey matter surrounded by white matter. ofvzczy d ye ;k es#nam esa lqjf{kr lsavªy uozl fllve dk og fgllk Likbuy dkmz gs ftlesa 'kjhj d lhkh vaxksa dks eflr"d ls tksm+us okys uoz lsyl vksj uolz d xqpns ik, tkrs gsaa A large dark-red ovoid organ situated on the left side of the body below and behind the stomach. The spleen produces lymphocytes in the newborn and contains phagocytes, which remove worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream. It also acts as a reservoir for blood and, in the foetus, as a source of red blood cells. LIyhu ¼Iyhgk½ 'kjhj d ck,a Hkkx esa isv ls uhps vksj mld ihns ik;k tkus okyk xgjs yky ;k tkequh jax dk eqëh d vkdkj dk v xzu gsa uotkr f'k'kq esa LIyhu fyeqkslkbv rs;kj djrk gs vksj mlesa QsxkslkbV ekstwn gksrs gsa tks [kwu esa ls iqjkus] th.kz jsm CyM lsyl vksj 'kjhj d vuko';d rùoksa dks lkq djrs gsaa LIyhu jä&dks"k dk Hkh dke djrk gs vksj xhkzlfk f'k'kq d fy, jsm CyM lsyl dk lzksr gksrk gsa

157 SPLENECTOMY LIyhusDVkseh SPLENOMEGALY LIyhuksesxyh Surgical removal of the spleen. This is sometimes necessary in the emergency treatment of bleeding from a ruptured spleen and in the treatment of some blood diseases. Enlargement of the spleen. LIyhu d c<+us dks fpfdrld LIyhuksesxyh dgrs gsaa ltzjh }kjk LIyhu dks fudky nsus dh çfø;k LIyhusDVkseh gsa LIyhu d QV tkus ij bejtsalh fpfdrlk d rksj ij ;k jä d fodkj d bykt esa dhkh&dhkh LIyhusDVkseh djus dh vko';drk im+rh gsa

158 SPLINT fliyav SPONDYLITIS LiksafMykbfVl A rigid support to hold broken bones in position until healing has occurred. mud tqm+us rd VwVh gfì;ksa dks lgkjk nsus d fy,,d midj.k tks mud fgyus dks ckf/kr djs] rkfd?kko tynh Hkj ld A Inflammation of the synovial joints of the backbone. jh<+ dh gìh d fluksfovy t bav esa gksus okyh lwtua

159 SPORTS INJURY LiksVZ~l batjh SPORTS MEDICINE LiksVZ~l esfmflu Any injury related to the practice of a sport, often resulting from the overuse and stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. [ksy dh lk/kuk ;k vh;kl esa f[kykm+h dks yxus okyh pksv] tks vdlj ekalisf'k;ksa] VsaMu vksj fyxkesav ;k Luk;q d vf/kd blrseky d dkj.k gks] LiksVZ~l batjh dgykrh gsa A specialty concerned with the treatment of sports injury and measures designed to prevent or minimize them (e.g. in the design of sports equipment). [ksy esa yxus okyh pksv & LiksVZ~l batjh & d bykt dh fof'k"v fpfdrlk i)fr dks LiksVZ~l esfmflu dgk tkrk gsa mnkgj.k d fy,] [ksy esa blrseky fd;s tkus okys midj.k dk fmt+kbu dslk gks ftlls fd LiksVZ~l batjh de gks ld & fpfdrlk dh bl 'kk[kk dk,d mís'; gsa

160 SPRAIN Lçsu SPUTUM LI;qVe Injury to a ligament, caused by sudden overstretching. As the ligament is not severed it gradually heals, but this may take several months. Sprains should be treated by cold compresses (ice-packs) at the time of injury, and later by restriction of activity. Lçsu fyxkesav ;k Luk;q d,dk,d f[kap tkus ls gksus okyh p V gsa pw fd fyxkesav QVrh ugha] blfy, og Bhd rks gks tkrh gs ysfdu,slk gksus esa dbz eghus Hkh yx ldrs gsaa pksv yxus ij Lçsu ij BaMh iêh ¼cQZ dk isd½ yxkus ls vksj ckn esa vkjke ls mipkj gksrk gsa Material coughed up from the respiratory tract. Its characteristics, including colour, consistency, volume, smell, and the appearance of any solid material within it, often provide important information affecting the diagnosis and management of respiratory disease. Pathological examination of sputum for microorganisms and for abnormal cells may add further information. LI;qVe lkal d jklrs ls ckgj vkusokyh dq ;k cyxe vkfn dks dgrs gsaa mldk jax] xk<+kiu] ek=k] xa/k vksj mlesa fn[kkbz nsus okys Bksl d.k ls feyus okyh [kkl tkudkjh ls vdlj lkal dh rdyhq dk çdkj vksj mld bykt ;k esustesav dk irk fd;k tkrk gsa lw{e thok.kqvksa vksj vlkeku; lsyl d fy, dh x;h jksxkred tkap d t+fj;s jksx d ckjs esa vksj vf/kd tkudkjh Hkh ikbz tk ldrh gsa

161 STAGE LVst STAMMERING (STUTTERING) LVSefjax ¼LVVfjax½ To classify a primary tumour by its size and the presence or absence of metastases (in oncology). In addition to clinical examination, a variety of imaging and surgical techniques may be employed to provide a more accurate assessment. Staging tumours is of importance in prognosis and defining appropriate treatment. dsalj d {ks= esa çkbejh Vîwej dh LVsftax ¼;kuh mls,d Js.kh ;k oxz esa Mkyus dh çfø;k½ dk vk/kkj mldk vkdkj vksj LoHkko gksrk gs ¼;kuh og fdruk cm+k gs½ vksj dgha og esvklvsfvd ¼'kjhj d vu; fglls ;k fgllksa esa QSyko½ rks ugha gqvka fdyfudy tkap d vykok besftax vksj 'ky;&fpfdrlk dh dbz rduhdksa ls csgrj vksj lvhd LVsftax dh tk ldrh gsa Vîwej LVsftax jksx d funku vksj lgh bykt d fy, cgqr vko';d gsa Halting articulation with interruptions to the normal flow of speech and repetition of the initial consonants of words or syllables. It is not a symptom of organic disease and it will usually respond to the re-education of speech by a trained therapist. LVSefjax ;k gdykuk og flfkfr gs ftlesa O;fä #d&#d d ckr djrk gs vksj 'kcnksa d igys v{kj ;k 'kcnka'k dks nksgjkrk gsa ;g fdlh vkxszfud chekjh dk fpà ugha gs vksj vkerksj ij,d vpns Lihp FksjkfiLV d fl[kkus ls csgrj gks ldrh gsa

162 STATUS EPILEPTICUS LVsVl,fiysfIVdl STENOSIS LVsuksfll The occurrence of repeated epileptic seizures without any recovery of consciousness between them. jksxh dh csgks'kh esa gh fexhz d nksjksa dk ckj&ckj vkuk vksj nks nksjksa d chp mldk gks'k esa u vk ikuk] LVsVl,fiysfIVdl gsa The abnormal narrowing of a passage or opening, such as a blood vessel or heart valve. LVsuksfll dh çfø;k esa 'kjhj d ekxz ;k Nsn vlkeku; :i ls fldqm+ tkrs gsa] tsls ân; dh ufydk ;k okyoa

163 STENT LVsaV STERILE LVsjkby A tube placed inside a duct or canal to reopen it or keep it open. LVsaV,d Vîwcuqek midj.k gs ftls MDV ;k ukyh esa mls [kksyus ;k [kqyk j[kus d fy, Mkyk tkrk gsa 1. Barren; unable to reproduce its kind (of a living organism). 2. Completely free from bacteria, fungi, viruses, or other micro-organisms that could cause infection (of inanimate objects). 1 ck >( ¼psru rùo esa½ viuh rjg dk vu; isnk ugha dj ikuka 2 csdvhfj;k] Qaxl] ok;jl ;k vu; laøe.kdkjh lw{e&thok.kqvksa ls lozfkk jfgr ¼tM+ rùo esa½a

164 STERILITY LVsfjfyVh STERILIZATION LVsfjykbt+s'ku Inability to have children, either due to infertility or (in someone who has been fertile) deliberately induced by surgical procedures as a means of contraception. ck >i.k ;k xhkzfujks/k d fy, dh x;h ltzjh d dkj.k ;k uslfxzd :i ls larku dk uk gks ikuk LVsfjfyVh dgk tkrk gsa 1. A surgical operation or any other process that induces sterility in men or women. In women, hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy (surgical removal of both ovaries) are 100% effective and permanent. Alternatively, the Fallopian tubes may be removed or divided and/ or ligated. Men are usually sterilized by vasectomy. 2. The process by which all types of micro-organisms (including spores) are destroyed. 1 L=h ;k iq#"k dh çtuu 'kfä dks lekir djus okyk v ijs'ku LVsfjykbts+'ku gsa ltzjh ls fl=;ksa esa xhkkz'k; vksj nksuksa vamdks"k fudkyus ls ;g çfø;k LFkk;h vksj 'kr&çfr'kr lqy gsa Qyksfi;u Vîwc fudky nsuk] vyx dj nsuk ;k cka/k nsuk Hkh,d fodyi gsa iq#"kksa dks vkerksj ls ulcanh }kjk LVsfjykbt+ fd;k tkrk gsa

165 STETHOSCOPE LVsFkksLdksi STILLBIRTH flvycfkz An instrument used for listening to sounds within the body, such as those in the heart and lungs. LVsFkksLdksi ls 'kjhj d vunj mriuu gksus okyh /ofu dks lquk tk ldrk gs] tsls ân; vksj QsQM+ a dh vkokt+a Birth of a foetus that shows no evidence of life (heartbeat, respiration, or independent movement) at any time later than 24 weeks after conception. xhkz Bgjus d g rs ckn dhkh Hkh tue ysus okys ftl f'k'kq esa çk.k dk dksbz Hkh fpà ¼/kM+du] lkal ysuk] fgyuk&mqyuk½ u fn[kkbz ns] mls flvycfkz dgrs gsaa

166 STOOL LVwy STRESS LVªsl Faeces discharged from the anus. xqnk}kj ls fudys ey dks LVwy dgrs gsaa Any factor that threatens the health of the body or has an adverse effect on its functioning, such as injury, disease, or worry. The existence of one form of stress tends to diminish resistance to other forms. Constant stress brings about changes in the balance of hormones in the body. dksbz Hkh dkj.k ¼pksV] chekjh ;k fpark½ ftlls 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij vlj im+rk gks ;k mld dk;z&dyki esa ck/kk im+us yxs] LVªsl gks ldrk gsa ;fn O;fä,d rjg d LVªsl ls ihfm+r gs] rks vu; rjg d LVªsl Hkh mls ncksp ldrs gsaa yxkrkj LVªsl esa jgus ls 'kjhj dk g ekszuy csysal Hkh fcxm+ ldrk gsa

167 SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE lcvjkduksbm gseksjzst SUBCUTANEOUS lcd;qvsfu;l Sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, which causes severe headache with stiffness of the neck. lcvjkduksbm gseksjzst gksus ij eflr"d d vklikl dh ^lcvjkduksbm* Lisl esa vpkud [kwu cgus yxrk gs ftldh otg ls xnzu vdm+us d lkfk&lkfk flj esa cgqr rst+ nnz gksrk gsa Referring to the layer below the skin. Ropk d uhps dh ijr lcd;qvsfu;l dgykrh gsa

168 SUCTION ld'ku SUPINE L;qikbu The use of reduced pressure to remove unwanted fluids or other material through a tube for disposal. Suction is often used to clear secretions from the airways of newly born infants to aid breathing. During surgery, suction tubes are used to remove blood from the area of operation and to decompress the stomach (nasogastric suction) and the pleural space of air and blood (chest suction). Lying on the back or with the face upwards. psgjk Åij dh vksj fd;s] ihb ij ysvuk L;qikbu ikst+h'ku dgykrk gsa de ncko d }kjk Vîwc ls vokafnr rjy ;k vu; inkfkz ckgj fudyuk ld'ku dh çfø;k gsa uotkr f'k'kqvksa d ok;qekxz esa ey dks gvkus d fy, ld'ku dk blrseky gksrk gsa ltzjh d nksjku v ijs'ku d LFkku ij fudys [kwu dks bl çfø;k }kjk lkq fd;k tkrk gsa uslksxsflvªd ld'ku ls isv dks Mhd Eçsl fd;k tkrk gs vksj pslv ld'ku }kjk Nkrh rfkk QsQM+ksa d vklikl d LFkku esa gok vksj [kwu dks fudkyk tkrk gsa

169 SUPPOSITORY liksflvjh SUTURE L;qpj A medicinal preparation in solid form suitable for insertion into the rectum or vagina. liksflvjh Bksl :i esa rs;kj nokbz gs tks xqnk}kj ;k ;ksfuekxz esa Mkyh tk ldrh gsa The closure of a wound or incision with material such as silk or catgut, to facilitate the healing process. pksv ;k phjs dks js'ke d /kkxs ;k dsvxv dh rkj ls flyus dks L;qpfjax dgrs gsaa

170 SYMPTOM fleive SYNCOPE fladksi An indication of a disease or disorder noticed by the patient himself. A presenting symptom is one that leads a patient to consult a doctor. chekjh ;k vlolfkrk dh fu'kkuh tks Lo;a jksxh igpku ys] fleive gs( ftugsa ysdj og M DVj d ikl tkrk gs] ^çstsafvax fleive* dgykrs gsaa Loss of consciousness induced by a temporarily insufficient flow of blood to the brain. csgks'kh dh volfkk tks eflr"d dks vlfkk;h rksj d fy, vi;kzir [kwu dh liykbz feyus dh otg ls curh gsa

171 SYNDROME flamªkse TACHYCARDIA VsfddkfMZ;k A combination of signs and/or symptoms that forms a distinct clinical picture indicative of a particular disorder. flamªkse,d y{k.k&lewg dks dgrs gsa ftlesa dqn y{k.k olrqijd ¼v CtsfDVo] ;kfu ftugsa jksxh] M DVj] ulz vkfn ns[k vksj igpku ldrs gsa½ gksrs gsa] vksj dqn y{k.k O;fäijd gksrs gsa ¼lCtsfDVo] ;kfu fleive tks flqz ejht+ eglwl djrk gs vksj mld crkus ij gh M DVj ;k dksbz vksj tku ldrk gs½] tsls isvnnz ;k FkdkuA bu nksuksa d t M+ ls rdyhq ls lecaf/kr,d rlohj mhkjrh gs ftlls jksx dk Kku gksrk gsa An increase in the heart rate above normal. Sinus tachycardia may occur normally with exercise or excitement or it may be due to illness, such as fever. VsfddkfMZ;k dh flfkfr esa ân;&xfr lkeku; ls c<+ tkrh gsa vkerksj ij lkbul VsfddkfMZ;k oftz'k ;k mùkstuk ls ;k fqj cq[kkj vfkok fdlh vu; chekjh dh otg ls gks ldrk gsa

172 TACTILE VSDVkby TAPPING VSfiax Relating to or affecting the sense of touch. Li'kZ bfuæ; ij çhkko Mkyus okyk ;k mlls lecaf/kra The process of drawing off fluid from a part of the body through a hollow needle or cannula. In ophthalmology, it involves an incision into the anterior chamber of the eye. 'kjhj d Hkhrjh vax ls fdlh Hkh rjy inkfkz dks,d [kks[kyh uyh ;k du;qyk ls fudkyus dh çfø;k VSfiax dgykrh gsa vksifkkyeksyksth esa vk [k d vkxs d Hkkx esa phjk nsus dh fø;k dks Hkh VSfiax dgrs gsaa

173 TELEMEDICINE VsyhesfMflu TENDON VsaMu The use of the telephone or internet in the diagnosis and treatment of patients by seeking advice or a second opinion from experts at a distant hospital. VsyhesfMflu esa Qksu ;k buvjusv }kjk jksx dh igpku vksj mipkj gksrs gsaa j xh bud ek/;e ls M DVj ls lykg ;k nwj csbs fo'ks"kk ls lsdam vksfifu;u ys ldrs gsaa A tough whitish cord, that serves to attach a muscle to a bone. Tendons are capable of withstanding tension and assist in concentrating the pull of the muscle on a small area of bone. ekalis'kh dks gìh d lkfk tksm+us okyh l[r] lqsn&lh jllhuqek Mksj VsaMu gs] tks dlko ;k f[kapko dks lg ldrh gsa VsaMu bykflvd rks ugha] ij yphys gksrs gsaa gjdr d le; VsaMu ekalis'kh d fv';w d ijlij ncko dks fu;af=r djrh gs] ftlls 'kjhj larqyu esa jgrk gsa

174 TENNIS ELBOW Vsful,Ycks TERTIARY CARE V'kZjh d ;j A painful inflammation of the origin of the common extensor tendon on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, caused by overuse of the forearm muscles. Treatment is by rest, massage, and local corticosteroid injection. dksguh vksj dykbz d chp d fglls dh ekalisf'k;ksa ij cgqr T+;knk t+ksj Mkyus ls Vsful,Ycks uke dh volfkk isnk gks tkrh gsa blesa dksguh d tksm+ esa lwtu d lkfk rst+ nnz gksrk gsa ;g nnz dksguh d Bhd Åij d ckgjh fglls esa rc eglwl gksrk gs tc O;fä viuh cktw dks lh/kk djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gsa ckag dks vkjke] ekfy'k vksj çhkkfor txg ij dksfvzdks&lvsj ;M dk batsd'ku bl rdyhq d dqn bykt gsaa The services provided by specialized hospitals equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not available at general hospitals or by doctors who are uniquely qualified to treat unusual disorders that do not respond to therapy that is available at secondary care centres. tkap vksj fpfdrlk dh os fo'ks"k lsok,a V'kZjh d ;j d nk;js esa vkrh gsa tks tujy vlirkyksa esa miyc/k ugha gksrha ;k fqj] lsd.mjh d ;j d vlirkyksa esa feyus okyh fpfdrlk ls Bhd u gksus okys vlkeku; jksxksa dk mipkj bu txg a ij feyrk gsa

175 TESTOSTERONE VsLVksLVsjksu TETANUS (LOCKJAW) VsVul ¼y DtkW½ The principal male sex hormone. iq#"kksa esa ik;k tkus okyk çeq[k ysafxd gkekszu VsLVksLVsjksu gsa An acute infectious disease, affecting the nervous system, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection occurs by contamination of wounds by bacterial spores (not a principal method of reproduction but a method of surviving unfavourable conditions). VsVul ulksa dks çhkkfor djus okyk,d;wv laøe.k gs tks DykslVªhfM;e VsVukb uked csdvhfj;k dh otg ls gksrk gsa fdlh?kko dk csdvhfj;y chtk.kq ;k LikslZ }kjk lanw"k.k bl laøe.k dk dkj.k gsa

176 THALASSAEMIA Fkkylhfe;k THROMBOCYTOPENIA FkzksEckslkbV fifu;k A hereditary blood disease with an abnormality in the oxygen carrying haemoglobin. The affected red cells are destroyed early, leading to anaemia. Children inheriting the disease from both parents are severely affected (thalassaemia major) but those inheriting it from only one parent are usually symptom-free. Fkkylhfe;k jä dk oa'kkuqxr fodkj gs ftlesa v Dlhtu igq pkus okyh gheksxyksfcu esa vfu;ferrk vk tkrh gsa çhkkfor jsm CyM lsy tynh u"v gks tkrs gsa] ftldh otg ls,uhfe;k gks tkrk gsa ftu cppksa dks ;g fodkj ekrk vksj firk nksuksa ls feyrk gs] os xahkhj :i ls çhkkfor gksrs gsaa bugsa Fkkylhfe;k estj dgrs gsaa ysfdu vkerksj ij mu cppksa esa bl fodkj d dksbz y{k.k ugha ik, tkrs ftugsa d oy ek ;k firk ls ;g fodkj feyrk gsa A reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. This results in bleeding into the skin, spontaneous bruising, and prolonged bleeding after injury. jä esa IysVysV~l d de gks tkus ij pem+h d Hkhrj jälzko 'kq: gks tkrk gs] vdkj.k gh uhy im+us yxrs gsa vksj pksv yxus ij nsj rd [kwu cgrk jgrk gsa,slk blfy, gksrk gs D;ksafd IysVysV~l dk eq[; dk;z jälzko dh jksdfkke gsa bud de gksus ij FkzksEckslkbV fifu;k dh volfkk cu tkrh gs tslk fd Y;qdhfe;k] fyaqksek],iykflvd,uhfe;k] Msaxw ;k eysfj;k br;kfn esa gksrk gsa

177 THROMBOLYSIS FkzksEcksfyfll THROMBOLYTIC FkzksEcksfyfVd The dissolution of a blood clot by the infusion of a special medicine into the blood. ul esa,d çdkj dh [kkl nok batsdv dj [kwu dh xkab dks?kksyus ;k gvkus dh çfø;k FkzksEcksfyfll gsa Describing an agent that breaks up blood clots (thrombi). FkzksEcksfyfVd og nok ;k,tsav gs tks [kwu d xkabksa ¼FkzksEckb½ dks rksm+us dk dke djrh gsa

178 THROMBOPHLEBITIS FkzksEcks ysckbfvl THYROIDECTOMY FkkbjksbMsDVeh Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Inflammation of the wall of a vein with secondary clot formation inside the affected segment of vein. 'ky; fpfdrlk ls FkkbjksbM xzaffk d fudkyus dks FkkbjksbMsDVeh dgrs gsaa osu ;k ul dh van:uh lrg ij lwtu gksus d dkj.k ogk lsd amjh xkab dk cu tkuk FkzksEcks ysckbfvl dgykrk gsa

179 THYROTOXICOSIS FkkbjksV fdldksfll TINNITUS fvukbvl Protruding eyes Goitre (enlarged thyroid) The syndrome due to excessive amounts of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, causing a rapid heartbeat, sweating, tremor, anxiety, increased appetite, loss of weight, and intolerance of heat. [kwu esa FkkbjksbM xzaffk d g ekszu dh cgqrk;r gksus ls /km+du dk rst+ gksuk] ilhuk vksj >qj>qjh vkuk] cspsuh] Hkw[k vf/kd yxuk] ot+u de gks tkuk vksj xehz fcydqy cnkz'r u dj ikuk & ;s lhkh FkkbjksV fdldksfll d y{k.k gsaa The sensation of sounds in the ears, head, or around the head in the absence of an external sound source. It can occur with any form of hearing loss or with normal hearing. fvukbvl dh volfkk esa O;fä dksbz ckgjh vkokt+ u gksus ij Hkh dkuksa] lj vksj mld vklikl vkokt+ ;k 'kksj eglwl djrk gsa fdlh Hkh rjg d cgjsiu ls ;k fqj lkeku; :i ls lqukbz nsus okyksa dks Hkh fvukbvl gks ldrh gsa

180 TONSILLECTOMY VksaflysDVeh TOXICITY VksfDlflVh Surgical removal of the tonsils. 'ky; fpfdrlk }kjk V fulyl d fudky nsus dks VksaflysDVeh dgrs gsaa The degree to which a substance is poisonous. fdlh Hkh olrq d t+gjhysiu dh fmxzh mldh VksfDlflVh gksrh gsa

181 TRACHEOSTOMY VªsfdvksLVkseh TRANSFUSION Vªkal ;w'ku Esophagus Trachea Trach tube A surgical operation in which a hole is made into the trachea through the neck to relieve obstruction to breathing. Tracheostomy is also used in conjunction with artificial respiration. The administration of any fluid, such as plasma or saline solution, into a patient s vein by means of a drip. fmªi }kjk IykT+ek ;k fdlh vu; rjy inkfkz jksxh dh ul esa nkf[ky djus dh çfø;k Vªkal ;w'ku dgykrh gsa VªsfdvksLVkseh esa lkal ysus dh #dkov dks nwj djus d fy, xnzu d jklrs ltzjh }kjk 'okl uyh esa Nsn fd;k tkrk gsa vkfvzqhf'k;y 'olu d lkfk&lkfk Hkh bl çkslhtj dk ç;ksx gksrk gsa

182 TRAUMA Vª ek TRAUMATIC FEVER Vª esfvd Qhoj A physical wound or injury, such as a fracture or blow. Trauma scores are numerical systems for assessing the severity and prognosis of serious injuries. 'kkjhfjd?kko ;k pksv] tsls gìh VwVuk ;k >Vdk yxuk VªkWek dgykrk gsa VªkWek Ldksj la[;k&okpd ç.kkyh gs ftld vk/kkj ij pksv dh xahkhjrk vksj mld funku dk irk pyrk gsa A fever resulting from a serious injury. Vª esfvd Qhoj xgjh ;k xahkhj pksv yxus ij gksus okys cq[kkj dks dgrs gsaa

183 TREADMILL TEST VªsMfey VsLV TRIAGE Vªk;st A stress test can be used to test for heart disease. Stress tests are performed by a doctor and/or trained technician to determine the amount of stress that your heart can manage before developing either an abnormal rhythm or evidence of ischemia (not enough blood flow to the heart muscle). VªsMfey VsLV ;k LVªsl VsLV ân; jksx d gksus dk irk nsrk gsa M DVj ;k çf'kf{kr rduhf'k;u dh ns[kjs[k esa fd;s tkus okys bl VsLV ls ekywe pyrk gs fd ân;xfr vlkeku; gksus ls igys ;k bld fe;k ¼ân; dh ekalis'kh dks i;kzir jäçokg u feyuk½ fn[kkbz nsus ls igys O;fä dk ân; fdruk Hkkj ;k ncko lgu dj ldrk gsa A system whereby a group of casualties or other patients is sorted according to the seriousness of their injuries or illnesses so that treatment priorities can be allocated between them. Vªk;st dh ç.kkyh }kjk jksfx;ksa dh NVkbZ mudh flfkfr dh xahkhjrk d vuqlkj dh tkrh gs] ftlls vkikrdky esa?kk;y ;k vu; jksfx;ksa dk bykt igys gks ld A

184 TRIPLE MARKER TEST fvªiy ekdzj VsLV TRISMUS fvªlel A blood test used in the prenatal diagnosis of Down s Syndrome, which can be performed at about the 16th week of pregnancy. fvªiy ekdzj VsLV d varxzr [kwu dh tkap }kjk tue ls igys] xhkkzolfkk d lksyosa g rs esa MkmUl flamªkse dk irk yxk;k tkrk gsa Spasm of the jaw muscles, keeping the jaws tightly closed. This is the characteristic symptom of tetanus but it also occurs less dramatically as a sensitivity reaction to certain drugs and in disorders of the basal ganglia. fvªlel tcm+s dh ekalisf'k;ksa dh vdm+u dks dgrs gsaa ;g fvvsul dk fo'ks"k y{k.k gsa ysfdu dqn nokb;ksa dh fojks/kh çfrfø;k d pyrs Hkh fvªlel de çhkko'kkyh <ax ls fn[krk gsa csly xafxy;k ¼efLr"d esa xgjs csbs dqn,sls d aæ tks gekjs eksvj fø;k&dyki dks fu/kkzfjr djrs gsa½ dh xm+cm+h esa Hkh,slk gksrk gsa

185 TUBERCULOSIS VîwcjD;qyksfll TYPHOID FEVER VkbQkbM Qhoj An infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. VîwcjD;qyksfll ¼risfnd ;k {k;jksx½ csflyl ekbdkscsdvhfj;e }kjk çsf"kr,d O;kid laøked jksx gs tks vf/kdrj QsQM+ksa ij geyk djrk gs] ysfdu 'kjhj d nwljs vaxksa dks Hkh çhkkfor dj ldrk gsa lkeku;r% Vh-ch- gok d ek/;e ls QSyus okyk jksx gsa An infection of the digestive system, causing general weakness, high fever, a rash of red spots on the chest and abdomen, chills and sweating. It is transmitted through food or drinking water contaminated by the faeces or urine of patients or carriers. VkbQkbM ikpu&ra= dk laøe.k gsa det+ksjh] rst+ cq[kkj] Nkrh vksj isv ij yky pdÿks] fbbqju vksj ilhuk vkuk bld y{k.k gsaa ;g chekjh VkbQkbM d jksxh ;k dsjh;j d ey ;k ew= ls lanwf"kr [kkuk [kkus ;k ikuh ihus ls QSyrh gsa

186 ULCER vylj ULCERATIVE COLITIS vyljsfvo dksykbfvl A break in the skin, extending to all its layers, or a break in the mucous membrane lining the alimentary tract that fails to heal, and is often accompanied by inflammation. vylj,d,slk?kko gs tks Ropk dh lhkh ijrksa rd igq p tkrk gs ;k tks vkgkj uyh dh E;qdl okyh f>yyh esa?kko cu tkrk gs vksj Bhd ugha gks ikrka vylj d lkfk vdlj lwtu Hkh gksrh gsa Inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum. vyljsfvo dksykbfvl dh flfkfr esa cmh+ vkar vksj xqnk}kj esa lwtu vksj?kko gks tkrs gsaa

187 ULTRASONOGRAPHY (SONOGRAPHY) vyvªklksuksxzkqh ¼lksuksxzkQh½ URETHRA ;qjsfkjk The use of ultrasound to produce images of structures in the human body. vyvªklkmam d ç;ksx ls 'kjhj d Hkhrjh vaxksa dh rlohj ysuk vyvªklksuksxzkqh dgykrk gsa The tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior. ;qjsfkjk og Vîwc gs tks is'kkc dks ew=k'k; ls fudkl nsrh gsa

188 URGENCY vtszalh UTERUS ;wvjl A lower urinary tract symptom in which there is a desire to pass urine urgently. This may or may not be associated with incontinence (urge incontinence). fupys ;wfjujh VªSDV dh rdyhq dk,d y{k.k ftlesa is'kkc djus dh rhoz bpnk gksrh gs vksj dòh&dòh budkafvusul ls lecaf/kr gksrh gsa The part of the female reproductive tract that is specialized to allow the embryo to become implanted in its inner wall, and to nourish the growing foetus from the maternal blood. ;wvjl ;k xhkkz'k; L=h d çtuu ra= dk og fgllk gs ftld Hkhrj Òzw.k,d cht dh rjg jksfir gksrk gs vksj ek d jä }kjk xhkz dh fe;kn rd lhapk tkrk gsa

189 VALVE okyo VARICOSE VEIN osjhdksl osu A structure found in some tubular (tubelike) organs or parts that restricts the flow of fluid within them to one direction only. Valves are important structures in the heart, veins and lymphatic vessels. 'kjhj d Vîwc&uqek fgllksa esa okyo dk dke gs fd fdlh lzko d cgko dks,d gh fn'kk esa cuk dj j[ksa ân;] osal vksj fyeqsfvd oslyl esa okyo egùoiw.kz dk;z djrs gsaa Vein that is distended, lengthened and tortuous. The superficial veins of the legs are most commonly affected. osjhdksl osu dh flfkfr & tks fd vf/kdrj Vkaxksa dh lrgh ulksa esa gks tkrh gs & esa ulsa Qwy tkrh gsa] f[kap tkrh gsa vksj nq[kus yxrh gsaa

190 VASCULAR osldqyj VASECTOMY olsdveh Relating to or supplied with blood vessels. jädksf'kdkvksa ls lecaf/kr ;k mud }kjk miyc/ka Surgical operation of severing the duct connecting the testes to the seminal vesicle and urethra. Vasectomy of both ducts causes sterility, and is an increasingly popular means of birth control. Vasectomy does not affect sexual desire or potency. olsdveh ;k ulcanh esa iq#"k d oh;zdks"k ls oh;z&iqfvdk vksj ew=ekxz dks tksm+us okyh ul dks v ijs'ku }kjk dkv fn;k tkrk gsa,slh nks ufy;k gksrh gsa vksj nksuksa d dkv nsus ls çtuu 'kfä lekir gks tkrha ulcanh tul [;k dks fu;af=r djus dk yksdfç; lk/ku gs] ftlls iq#"kksa dh dkeksùkstuk o lkef;z ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk vlj ugha gksrka

191 VEIN osu VENTILATION osafvys'ku A blood vessel conveying blood towards the heart. osu og jäufydk gs tks [kwu dks 'kjhj d vu; fgllksa ls ân; rd ys tkrh gsa The passage of air in and out of the respiratory tract. The use of a ventilator to maintain or support the breathing movements of patients. Invasive ventilation involves the insertion of an endotracheal tube, through which air is blown into the lungs. 'okl&ra= esa gok dk vkuk&tkuka jksxh dh 'olu&fø;k dks osavhysvj }kjk dk;e j[kuk ;k lgk;rk nsuka buosflo osafvys'ku esa eqga ;k ukd ls,d ufydk &,UMksVªsfdvy Vîwc & dks foamikbi esa Mkyk tkrk gs ftlls QsQM+ksa esa gok Hkjh tk ld A

192 VENTILATOR osavhysvj VERTIGO ofvzxks Equipment that is manually or mechanically operated to maintain a flow of air into, and out, of the lungs of a patient who is unable to breathe normally. osavhysvj gkfk ;k e'khu ls pyus okyk og ;a= gs ftldk ç;ksx QsQM+ksa esa gok d vkus&tkus dh çfø;k dks cuk;s j[kus d fy, fd;k tkrk gs] tc jksxh Lo;a ;g dk;z ugha dj ikrka A disabling sensation in which the affected individual feels that either he himself or his surroundings are in a state of constant movement. It is most often a spinning sensation but there may be a feeling that the ground is tilting. ofvzxks,d,glkl gs ftlesa O;fä dks yxrk gs og] ;k fqj mld vklikl dh nqfu;k]?kwe jgh gs ;k fqj t+ehu,d rjq >qd jgh gsa

193 VESSEL osly VESTIGIAL osflvft;y A tube conveying a body fluid, especially a blood vessel or a lymphatic vessel. osly 'kjhj d jlksa dks ys tkus okyh Vîwc dks dgrs gsa] [kklrksj ls jä ;k fyeq dh ufydka Existing only in a rudimentary form. The term is applied to organs such as appendix whose structure and function have diminished during the course of evolution until only a rudimentary structure exists. osflvft;y og gs tks fodkl dh cgqr igys dh volfkk esa gks ;k vyifodflr gksa ml vax dks osflvft;y dgrs gsa ftldk Lo:i vksj dk;z euq"; fodkl dh ;k=k esa /khjs&/khjs de gksrs x, vksj vc og flqz ukeek= d fy, gh ik;k tkrk gs] tsls visafmdl] Vsycksu ;k vdynk<+a

194 VIRUS okbjl VITAL SIGNS okbvy lkbul A minute particle that is capable of replication but only within living cells. Viruses are too small to be visible with a light microscope and too small to be trapped by filters. okbjl ;k fo"kk.kq,d cgqr NksVk v.kq gs tks vu; çkf.k;ksa d thfor lsy esa vius tsls vksj v.kq rs;kj dj ldrk gsa ;s v.kq brus NksVs gsa fd u rks ykbv ekbøksldksi ls fn[kkbz nsrs gsa] u gh fqyvlz esa Q l ldrs gsaa Vital signs (often shortened to just vitals) are used to measure the body s basic functions. There are four primary vital signs: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate), and breathing rate (respiratory rate). These measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery. The normal ranges for a person s vital signs vary with age, weight, gender and overall health. okbvy lkbul] ;k okbvyl] ls 'kjhj d cqfu;knh dk;z&dyki dk vksj O;fä d 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dk irk pyrk gsa pkj eq[; okbvyl gsa & 'kjhj dk rkieku] jäpki] gkvz jsv vksj 'okl xfra bud ifj.kke gesa lahkkfor fcekfj;ksa vksj lsgr dh cgkyh dk irk nsrs gsaa budh lkeku; jsat O;fä dh mez] mld Hkkj] fyax vksj lkeku; LokLF; d vk/kkj ij cny tkrh gsa

195 VITAMIN fovkfeu VITAMIN A (RETINOL) fovkfeu, ¼jsVhuksy½ Any of a group of substances that is required, in very small amounts, for healthy growth and development: they cannot be synthesized by the body, and are, therefore, essential constituents of the diet. Vitamins are divided into two groups, according to whether they are soluble in water or fat. Lack of sufficient quantities of any of the vitamins in the diet results in specific vitamin deficiency diseases. fovkfeu cgqr NksVh ek=k esa ik, tkus okys inkfkz&lewg gsa tks leiw.kz fodkl d fy, vko';d gksrs gsaa gekjk 'kjhj bugsa uslfxzd :i ls cukus esa vlefkz gs] blfy, bugsa ge vius Hkkstu vksj [kk &inkfkksaz }kjk çkir djrs gsaa fovkfeu nks çdkj d gsa & tks ikuh esa?kqy ldrs gsa vksj tks olk esa?kqy ldrs gsaa Hkkstu esa buesa ls fdlh Hkh çdkj d fovkfeu dh deh vyx&vyx 'kkjhfjd vhkko isnk djrh gsa Vitamin that is found in foods of animal origin (especially milk products, egg yolk and liver), and is formed in the body from the pigment beta carotene, present in some vegetable foods (e.g. cabbage, lettuce and carrots). Retinol is essential for growth, vision in dim light, and the maintenance of soft mucous tissue. A deficiency causes stunted growth, night blindness, and eventual blindness. ;g fovkfeu i'kqvksa ls çkir [kk &inkfkz ¼[kklrkSj ij nw/k d inkfkz] vams dh t+nhz vksj fyoj½ esa ik;k tkrk gs vksj bldks 'kjhj esa cukus dk dke iùkk&xkshkh] lykn&iùkk vksj xktj esa ik;k tkus okyk chvk dsjksvhu uked fixesav djrk gsa jsvhuksy 'kkjhfjd fodkl] gyd çdk'k esa ns[k ikus dh {kerk vksj uez E;wdl fv';w d iks"k.k d fy, cgqr t+:jh gsa bldh deh vi;kzir fodkl] jrksa/kh vksj lahkkfor va/ksiu dk dkj.k cu ldrh gsa

196 VITAMIN B12 fovkfeu ch ƒ VITAMIN C fovkfeu lh A vitamin of the B complex. A deficiency of vitamin B12 affects nearly all the body tissues, particularly those containing rapidly dividing cells. The most serious effects of a deficiency are pernicious anaemia and degeneration of the nervous system. Vitamin B12 is manufactured only by certain micro-organisms, and is contained only in foods of animal origin. Good sources are liver, fish and eggs. fovkfeu ch d ifjokj ls ch ƒ esa,sls rùo gsa ftudh deh d dkj.k 'kjhj d lc fv';w çhkkfor gksrs gsa] [kklrksj ij os ftuesa rst+h ls fohkkftr gksus okys lsy ik, tkrs gsaa bl fovkfeu dh deh d lcls xahkhj urhts ifuzf'kvl,uhfe;k vksj uozl fllve d fodkjksa d :i lkeus vkrs gsaa d oy dqn çdkj d thok.kq gh fovkfeu ch ƒ cuk ldrs gsa vksj ;g nw/k] vams] 'kgn vksj ekal vkfn tsls i'kqvksa ls çkir gksusokys [kk &inkfkz esa gh ik;k tkrk gsa A vitamin with antioxidant properties that is essential in maintaining healthy connective tissues and the integrity of cell walls. A deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy (bleeding gums). Rich sources are citrus fruits (lemon, orange etc.) and vegetables. fovkfeu lh esa,avh&vksdlhmsav d xq.k gksrs gsa tks fv';w dusfdvfovh vksj lsyl dh lsgr d fy, t+:jh gsaa bl fovkfeu dh deh ls LdohZ & elwm+ksa esa [kwu vkuk & gks ldrh gsa uhecw] larjk vkfn tsls flvªl Qy vksj lfct;ka bld vpns lzksr gsaa

197 VITAMIN D fovkfeu Mh VITAMIN E fovkfeu bz Enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine, and promotes their deposition in the bone. A deficiency of vitamin D, either from a poor diet or lack of sunlight, leads to decalcified bones and the development of rickets and osteomalacia. Good sources of vitamin D are liver and fish oils. Has antioxidant properties. Good sources of this vitamin are vegetable oils, eggs, butter and whole meal cereals. fovkfeu bz esa,avh&vksdlhmsav xq.k gksrs gsa tks gekjs lsyl dh j{kk djrs gsaa fovkfeu bz oulirh rsy] vams] ed[ku vksj pksdj&;qä lhfj;y esa ik;k tkrk gsa fovkfeu Mh dh enn ls vkar d jklrs dsfy'k;e vksj QkLQksjl gfì;ksa esa tek gksrs gsaa vpnh [kqjkd ;k lwjt dh j 'kuh dh deh ls 'kjhj esa ;g fovkfeu Hkh de gks tkrk gs ftldh otg ls gfì;ksa esa dsfy'k;e dh ek=k de gksus yxrh gs vksj fjd V vksj vksflv;kseysf'k;k dh volfkk cu tkrh gsa fyoj vksj enyh dk rsy fovkfeu Mh d vpns lzksr ekus tkrs gsaa

198 WATER BED okvj csm WHEEZE Oght+ A bed with a flexible water-containing mattress. The surface of the bed adapts itself to the patient s posture, which leads to greater comfort and fewer bedsores. ikuh d xís okyk yphyk fcnksuk okvj csm dgykrk gsa bl fcnksus dh Åijh lrg ejht+ d 'kjhj d vuqdwy <y tkrh gs ftlls us flqz vf/kd vkjke jgrk gs] cfyd csm lksj Hkh ugha gksrsa An abnormal high-pitched or low-pitched sound heard either by the unaided human ear or through the stethoscope mainly during expiration (exhalation or breathing out). Wheezing occurs as a result of narrowing of the airways, such as results from bronchospasm or increased secretion and retention of sputum. They are commonly heard in patients with asthma or chronic bronchitis. lkal NksM+rs oä LVsFkksLdksi ;k d oy dku ls lqukbz nsus okyk vlkeku; :i ls rst+ ;k ean Loj Oght+ dgykrk gsa,slk,;jos ;k 'oklekxz d fldqm+us dh otg ls gksrk gs] tc czksadkslikle gksrk gs] ;k cyxe T;knk vkus yxrk gs vksj ckgj ugha fudy ikrka nes vksj Øksfud czksadkbfvl d ejht+ksa dks vdlj Oghft+ax dh rdyhq jgrh gsa

199 WISDOM TOOTH fot+me VwFk XEROSTOMIA (DRY MOUTH) t+sjkslv fe;k ¼Mªkb ekmfk½ The third molar tooth (grinding tooth at the back of the mouth) on each side of either jaw, which erupts normally around the age of 20. tcm+s d nksuksa rjq rhljk eksyj ;k nk<+ fot+me VwFk dgykrk gs] tks å o"kz dh mez d vklikl vpkud gh fudyrk gsa A condition that occurs as a result of reduced salivary flow from a variety of causes. vyx&vyx dkj.kksa ls eqga esa lykbok ;k ykj d de gks tkus dks t+sjkslv fe;k ¼eqga lw[kus dk jksx½ dgrs gsaa

200 X-RAY SCREENING,Dl&js LØhfuax The use of an image intensifier to produce real-time imaging during an X-ray examination on a TV monitor. It is widely used in angiography and interventional radiology to guide procedures.,dl&js LØhfuax esa best bavsaflqk;j dk blrseky fd;k tkrk gs ftlls,dl&js tkap d nksjku Vh-oh- e fuvj ij fj;y&vkbe rlohjsa fn[kkbz ns ld A bldk ç;ksx,fut;ksxzkqh vksj bavjosa'kuy ;k lftzdy jsfm;ksyksth d varxzr gksus okys çkslhtj d lan'kzu ;k xkbm djus d fy, fd;k tkrk gsa 396