Only since the end of the 1980s have infants with endstage
|
|
- Charlotte Gibbs
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the ISPD 2006 The 11th Congress of the ISPD /07 $ August 25 29, 2006, Hong Kong Copyright 2007 International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis International, Vol. 27 (2007), Supplement 2 Printed in Canada. All rights reserved. LONG-TERM PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN INFANTS Lesley Rees Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom Although the numbers of infants requiring dialysis are small, management of these patients presents many challenges. Mortality is high in infants with comorbidities, complications of dialysis are common, and most of these infants need enteral feeding. However, the long-term outcome for otherwise healthy infants is comparable to that for older children. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27(S2):S180 S184 Correspondence to: L. Rees, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH U.K. Reesl@gosh.nhs.uk S180 KEY WORDS: Infant; ethics; mortality; growth; nutrition; development. Only since the end of the 1980s have infants with endstage renal failure (ESRF) been accepted for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Before that, the technical difficulties of managing such small children and the ethical dilemmas associated with their uncertain outcome meant that many nephrologists believed treatment to be unjustified. Indeed, as recently as 1998, only 50% of pediatric nephrologists responding to an international survey stated that they would offer dialysis to patients under 1 year of age, and fewer again (40%) would offer this treatment to those less than 1 month old (1). However, as long-term data began to emerge showing satisfactory outcomes for growth, development, and subsequent transplantation (2,3), attitudes changed (4), and today, most countries with available resources offer treatment to most infants. Still, debate remains about whether RRT should be offered to all infants regardless of associated comorbidity, a factor that significantly affects the success of treatment (2,5,6). EPIDEMIOLOGY The numbers of infants needing dialysis are small although in centers with a high incidence of congenital nephrotic syndrome, they may represent one third of the pediatric ESRF population (7). In the United Kingdom, numbers varied between 15 and 27 in any year during , an annual incidence of 3 per 1 million population (8). These figures are comparable to those in the United States, where 6 new patients per 1 million population of the same age start dialysis each year (9). The real incidence of severe renal-tract abnormalities is not known because no details have been published of the numbers of related spontaneous abortions and pregnancy terminations or of the numbers of infants with severe comorbid conditions who are not referred for RRT. However, it does seem that parents are increasingly expecting all available treatments to be offered to their infants. In a study of 20 infants starting peritoneal dialysis (PD), more than half of the families had been offered termination of pregnancy and all had refused, including two families who subsequently went on to refuse RRT (3). DIAGNOSES Diagnoses are predominantly structural abnormalities of the urinary tract such as dysplasia with or without reflux or obstruction (60% 80%). Congenital nephrotic syndrome is the next most common diagnosis, and cortical necrosis is the third. Thereafter, small numbers of infants are diagnosed with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease and renal venous thromboses, and then come even smaller numbers of diagnoses of conditions more commonly seen in older children (2,8). Over the last few years, the percentage of infants whose renal abnormality is diagnosed antenatally has risen to more than 50%, but earlier discovery has had little impact on either the incidence or spread of diagnoses, which have both remained stable (8). ISSUES SPECIFIC TO THE MANAGEMENT OF INFANTS WITH ESRF In addition to all the problems that affect older children, other specific issues arise concerning infants who require RRT:
2 PDI JUNE 2007 VOL. 27, SUPPL 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH CONGRESS OF THE ISPD Is RRT justified? Which RRT modality should be chosen? How are nutrition and growth to be managed? Justification for RRT: Whether to initiate RRT is one of the most difficult questions facing pediatric nephrologists (10), and the ethics surrounding withdrawing or withholding treatment have been eloquently discussed (6,9). That decision is a particular issue for infants with other co-existing congenital abnormalities, who represent about one third of the infant renal failure population. In 20 infants on PD at our center, 14% had developmental delay; 7%, congenital heart disease; 3%, gut problems; 2%, hypothyroidism; 2%, respiratory problems; and 2%, blindness and deafness. There were also individual cases of CHARGE and VATER association, Wilms tumor, and other syndromes (Down, Jeune, Alagille) (2). Such abnormalities contribute to morbidity and mortality in their own right, and these infants are the ones who do particularly badly on RRT. Some families may decide that they do not wish to inflict further pain and suffering on their infant, and they choose conservative management rather than RRT. In the United Kingdom, about 3 families choose this option each year (8). Arriving at such a decision requires careful counseling (6). In addition to comorbidity, factors that are important in influencing decision-making include pulmonary hypoplasia and oliguria, which also limit survival (2,8,11 14). On the other hand, many infants, particularly those with congenital structural abnormalities, are polyuric, and so the ongoing electrolyte and water losses mean that such infants may survive many months even if untreated but at considerable cost to their growth and development. Furthermore, some improvement in renal function may occur over the first year of life, as in normal infants, and so outcome may be difficult to predict. Indeed, some are able to come off dialysis as many as 4% in a U.K. series (8). Parental bonding with an infant can lead to reversal of a decision for conservative management, by which time irreversible damage to growth and development may have occurred. Some families opt for intensive management of their infant, with dialysis and early transplantation. However, even in a child with no comorbidity, the input required from the family and multidisciplinary team (emotional, time-related, and financial) cannot be overestimated. Nonetheless, strict attention to nutrition, the dialysis program, and medications can result in a successful outcome for the infant with ESRF. It has to be remembered that, because of the very rapid growth in children of this age, only very frequent contact with the family can ensure adequate dialysis and nutrition. For example, the expected weekly weight gain during the first 6 months of life is 200 g that is, over a week, an infant weighing 3.8 kg should increase in weight to 4.0 kg. Based on a daily feed volume of 150 ml/kg, the daily feed should increase from 570 ml to 600 ml. Estimates suggest that 6 contacts per month by a dietitian are necessary per patient in children under 5 years of age, and so even more contacts are likely to be required in infants (15). Furthermore, if the dialysate fill volume is 40 ml/kg, then over the course of the week, that volume should increase from 152 ml to 160 ml. It can therefore be seen that, without frequent medical, nursing, and dietetic attention, the infant on PD will rapidly become underdialyzed and underfed. Most infants will go home dialyzed by cycling machines overnight and with feeds that are administered both during the day and overnight by feed pump. These factors, together with medication administration and the need to be able to assess the importance of small changes in weight and blood pressure, present a huge burden for the family. Although some infants managed with such intensity may start dialysis and run a course that is relatively straightforward until transplantation, escaping complications entirely is rare. Choice of RRT Modality: The purpose of RRT is to optimize growth to allow early transplantation, which has been shown to be successful even in patients under 2 years of age (16). However, ensuring that vaccinations are complete is important, and so transplantation before 15 months of age is unusual. In the United Kingdom, overnight cycling PD is selected in more than 80% of infants (8). This choice stems from the difficulty of obtaining vascular access for hemodialysis (HD) in small blood vessels and from the need to prime HD lines with blood, which confers a risk of HLA sensitization. Problems in maintaining vascular access are also very common. We found a revision ratio of 40% in 18 infants on long-term HD. Furthermore, although growth rates are maintained, the catch-up seen on PD is not evident (17). Access complications are less common in PD, although at our center, 35 catheters were placed in 20 infants over a mean of 17.3 months, and 24 episodes of peritonitis occurred in the 20 infants, 10 of whom required catheter replacement once, and 2 of whom required replacement twice (3). Ultrafiltration failure occurred in 4 infants who had to transfer to HD. Peritoneal dialysis is easier to establish, and the ability of automated PD to deliver short cycles, high dialysate flow rates, and high intraperitoneal volumes make it particularly good for the high fluid intake of the infant diet. Readers are referred S181
3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH CONGRESS OF THE ISPD JUNE 2007 VOL. 27, SUPPL 2 PDI to two excellent reviews of the practicalities of PD management in infants (7,18). Nutrition and Growth: Only during fetal life is growth as rapid as during infancy. Growth rates at birth can exceed 25 cm per year, falling to an average of 18 cm per year at 12 months of age, and 10 cm per year by the age of 2 years. Half of adult height is achieved by the age of 2 years, and so irrecoverable loss of growth potential can occur during this phase. Nutrition is particularly important during the infant phase, when growth is less dependent on growth hormone than during the childhood and pubertal phases. At birth, 170 kcal are stored in new tissue daily. That number falls to kcal at 6 months, kcal by 12 months, and kcal by the age of 2 years. These requirements can be difficult to achieve because of anorexia, vomiting, and episodes of poor intake attributable to infections and urologic procedures (19). Table 1 shows the U.K. daily dietary reference values for energy and protein for normal children and the recommendations for children on PD (19). There is no evidence to suggest that energy requirements for infants on PD should be any higher than those for normal children. Indeed up to 12 kcal/kg may be obtained daily from the glucose in dialysate, and that intake should be considered when calculating feed requirements (20). If the child is below the 2nd percentile for height, using the estimated average requirement for height age is advisable to ensure adequate energy intake. Protein requirements for infants on PD are higher than those for normal infants, and these young patients are at greater risk of protein malnutrition than are their peers treated with HD (21) because of an inverse correlation between peritoneal surface area and peritoneal protein losses. Infants have nearly twice the peritoneal protein losses per square meter of body surface area than do children weighing more than 50 kg. Such protein S182 TABLE 1 U.K. Dietary Reference Values for Normal Children (19) and Guidelines for Dietary Protein for Children on Peritoneal Dialysis (20) Age EAR energy RNI protein Protein intake for PD (months) (daily kcal/kg) (daily g/kg) (daily g/kg) Preterm EAR = estimated average requirement; RNI = recommended nutritional intake; PD = peritoneal dialysis. losses will impair normal growth if not replaced and may contribute to permanent loss of growth potential (22). Prescribing a protein supplement to reach the normal dietary requirement for all children on PD is therefore usual again using the recommended protein intake for height age if the child is below the 2nd percentile for height. Feeds can be based on a normal, complete, wheybased infant formula [SMA Gold (SMA Nutrition, Maidenhead, U.K.), Cow & Gate Premium (Nutricia, Trowbridge, U.K.)] or, rarely, a low-potassium feed [Kindergen PROD (SHS International, Liverpool, U.K.)], supplemented with energy either as a glucose polymer [Maxijul (SHS International) or Caloreen (Nestle, Vevey, Switzerland)] alone or in combination with a long-chain fat emulsion [Calogen (SHS International)] or a combined fat and carbohydrate product [Duocal (SHS International)]. Protein can be supplemented as a whey protein concentrate with amino acids [Maxipro (SHS International)]. The reader is referred to a review of nutrition for vitamin and mineral requirements (19). In many infants, achieving adequate intake is not possible without supplemental feeding, either by nasogastric tube or gastrostomy. Many infants with chronic renal failure have abnormal gastric motility, delayed gastric emptying, and gastroesophageal reflux, and as much as 30% of feeds may be lost with the associated vomiting (23). The use of ranitidine or prokinetic agents such as domperidone may help. However, if vomiting is so severe as to compromise nutrition, Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy are indicated. In our center, more than 50% of infants on PD are managed with gastrostomies, and nearly 50% of those, with Nissen fundoplication (2,3). Complications of gastrostomy are uncommon, but include gastrocolic fistula and paraesophageal hernia. It is preferable to undertake gastrostomy before PD starts, because the risks of postsurgical peritonitis, exit-site infection, and dialysis catheter removal are increased if this surgery is undertaken after PD has started. The risk may be reduced if open surgery rather than percutaneous placement is used (24,25). After removal, the track usually closes spontaneously. RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY Calcium requirements are relatively high in the rapidly growing infant. Also, care must be paid to the premature infant, who may have rickets of prematurity. Our center aims to maintain phosphate just below the 50th centile for age through dietary phosphate restriction [<400 mg (13 mmol) daily] and use of calcium carbon-
4 PDI JUNE 2007 VOL. 27, SUPPL 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH CONGRESS OF THE ISPD ate or acetate. Parathyroid hormone is titrated against the lowest possible dose of activated vitamin D (0.01 µg/kg daily), with the aim of maintaining levels within the normal range as far as is achievable. In our infants, 79% had a parathyroid hormone level within the normal range after 1 year of PD (3). WHAT IS THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME? Mortality: The mortality rate in infants starting dialysis is as much as 4 times that of children beyond infancy (27), with most deaths occurring in the first year of life. A 1-year survival of about 85% was reported by the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study and a U.K. series, as compared with 95% in children starting dialysis after infancy (2,28). That higher death rate persists, survival rates being 74% and 68% after 2 and 3 years respectively, as compared with 90% and 86% in children who start dialysis at older ages. No increase in mortality is observed in infants starting dialysis in the first month of life (8). Death may be attributable to treatment withheld, treatment withdrawn, or death on dialysis. Most infants in whom treatment is never started die within 1 year, and most of those deaths (more than 70%) occur in infants with associated comorbidity. A significant incidence of comorbidity (more than 50%) is also seen in patients in whom treatment is withdrawn; although, in some, the withdrawal occurs because of an unacceptably poor quality of life. Again, most of the deaths occur within 1 year. Causes of death in children actively treated with dialysis are similar to those reported in older children, predominantly sepsis or biochemical or fluidrelated disturbances, and no difference in outcome is evident in infants who are otherwise normal in comparison with older children (2,8). The life expectancy for these infants is unknown; it is possible that the complications that develop after years of RRT will simply occur at a proportionately earlier age. Growth: Severe growth retardation can occur even before an infant is referred to a pediatric nephrology service. Growth retardation can have a long-lasting effect on height potential. Approximately one third of the reduction in height occurs during fetal life. Another one third occurs during the first 3 months following birth and is accompanied by a similar decline in head circumference (29 31). However, infancy is when the potential for catch-up growth, with intensive nutritional input, is at its greatest. In 20 infants starting PD, we reported an improvement in height and weight standard deviation scores (SDSs) to, respectively, 1.1 and 0.3 at 1 year and 0.8 and 0.3 at 2 years from 1.8 and 1.6 at baseline (3). Over a similar time frame, 13 infants on PD showed a change in height SDS to 1.24 from 2.17 (2). Other centers have also reported catch-up growth in infants on PD, although an initial decline followed by stabilization of growth, no change, and a declining height SDS have also been reported (19). Poor nutritional status and growth are associated with starting PD at a younger age (32). Interestingly, infants who grew well continued with catch-up in early childhood (2,33). Development: Clearly, the developmental outcome is more likely to be adverse if renal failure is associated with a disorder such as neonatal hypoxia or certain syndromes and chromosomal abnormalities. Malnutrition can also compromise head growth; although, with intensive nutrition, an increase in head circumference to 1.3 at 6 months and 0.9 at 1 year from 1.9 at baseline was observed in our center s 20 infants (3). Overall, reports demonstrate relatively good outcomes. Of 28 survivors among 34 infants dialyzed before 3 months of age, only 1 was significantly delayed at 1 year of age. Of the 16 that reached 5 years of age, 15 were attending regular school (34). In our unit, 85% of infants had developmental scores within 2 standard deviations of the mean (mean IQ: 87), but 50% demonstrated borderline abnormal psychosocial adjustment (35). In a U.K. infant series of 105 children old enough to assess, 91 attended a regular school or were expected to, although 16 required individual support. The other 14 attended special schools, 11 for developmental and emotional needs and 3 for physical reasons (8). CONCLUSIONS It can be expected that, during childhood, approximately one third of infants with ESRF will die, nearly half will undergo transplantation, and the rest will have returned to dialysis. If survivors are to achieve the best possible outcomes, attention must be paid to nutrition, prevention of renal bone disease, preservation of dialysis access sites and the peritoneal membrane, and most importantly, provision of support to the families of these infants. REFERENCES 1. Geary DF. Attitudes of paediatric nephrologists to management of end-stage renal disease in infants. J Pediatr 1998; 133: Kari J, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L. Outcome and growth of infants with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2000; 57: S183
5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH CONGRESS OF THE ISPD JUNE 2007 VOL. 27, SUPPL 2 PDI 3. Ledermann SE, Scanes ME, Fernando ON, Duffy PG, Madden SJ, Trompeter RS. Long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis in infants. J Pediatr 2000; 136: Bunchman TE. Infant dialysis: the future is now. J Pediatr 2000; 136: Ellis EN, Pearson D, Champion B, Wood EG. Outcomes of infants on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1995; 11: Shooter M, Watson A. The ethics of withholding and withdrawing dialysis therapy in infants. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: Ronnholm KA, Holmberg C. Peritoneal dialysis in infants. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21: Coulthard MG, Crosier J. Outcome of reaching ESRF in children under 2 years of age. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: Bunchman TE. The ethics of infant dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16(Suppl 1):S Rees L. Management of the infant with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: Ismaili K, Schurmans T, Wissing KM, Hall M, Van Aelst C, Janssen F. Early prognostic factors of infants with CRF caused by renal dysplasia. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: Wood EG, Hand M, Briscoe DM, Donaldson LA, Yiu V, Harley FL, et al. Risk factors for mortality in infants and young children on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: Ellis EN, Pearson D, Champion B, Wood EG. Outcome of infants on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1995; 11: Verrina E, Zacchello G, Perfumo F, Edefonti A, Sorino P, Bassi S, et al. Clinical experience in the treatment of infants with chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1995; 11: Coleman JE, Norman LJ, Watson AR. Provision of dietetic care in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Ren Nutr 1999; 9: Becker T, Neipp M, Reichart B, Pape L, Ehrich J, Klempnauer J, et al. Paediatric kidney transplantation in small children a single centre experience. Transpl Int 2006; 19: Shroff R, Wright E, Ledermann S, Hutchinson C, Rees L. Chronic hemodialysis in infants and children under 2 years of age. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18: Flynn JT, Warady BA. Peritoneal dialysis in children: challenges for the new millennium. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2000; 7: Rees L, Shaw V. Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; [In press]. 20. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35(Suppl 2):S Brem AS, Lambert C, Hill C, Kitsen J, Shemin DG. Prevalence of protein malnutrition in children maintained on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: Quan A, Baum M. Protein losses in children on continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1996; 10: Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Trompeter RS. Long-term enteral nutrition in infants and young children with CRF. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: Ledermann SE, Spitz L, Moloney J, Rees L, Trompeter RS. Gastrostomy feeding in infants and children on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: Ramage IJ, Harvey E, Geary DF, Hebert D, Balfe JA, Balfe JW. Complications of gastrostomy feeding in children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: McDonald SP, Craig JC, for the Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology Association. Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: Shroff R, Rees L, Trompeter R, Hutchinson C, Ledermann S. Long-term outcome of chronic dialysis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21: Neu AM, Ho PL, McDonald RA, Warady BA. Chronic dialysis in children and adolescents. The 2001 annual report of the NAPRTCS. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: Karlberg J, Schaefer F, Hennicke M, Wingen AM, Rigden S, Mehls O. Early age-dependent growth impairment in chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of CRF in Childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 1996; 10: Van Dyck M, Proesmans W. Head circumference in CRF from birth. Clin Nephrol 2001; 56:S Rizzoni G, Basso T, Setari M. Growth in children with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment. Kidney Int 1984; 26: Edefonti A, Paglialonga F, Picca M, Perfumo F, Verrina E, Lavoratti G, et al. A prospective multicentre study of the nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: Kleinknecht C, Broyer M, Huot D, Marti Henneberg C, Dartois AM. Growth and development of nondialyzed children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1983; 24(Suppl 15):S Warady BA, Belden B, Kohaut E. Neurodevelopmental outcome of children initiating peritoneal dialysis in early infancy. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: Madden SJ, Ledermann SE, Guerrero Blanco M, Bruce M, Trompeter RS. Cognitive and psychosocial outcome of infants dialysed in infancy. Child Care Health Dev 2003; 29: S184
Evaluation and management of nutrition in children
Evaluation and management of nutrition in children Date written: May 2004 Final submission: January 2005 Author: Elisabeth Hodson GUIDELINES No recommendations possible based on Level I or II evidence
More informationInfants with ESRD. challenges and pitfalls
Infants with ESRD challenges and pitfalls ESRD in an infant poses a major challenge - to the infant - to parents and families - to the multi-professional paediatric renal team It is clear that the management
More informationGuideline for the use of. Renastart in infants
Guideline for the use of Renastart in infants DISCLAIMER: The guidelines contained in this document are for use of Renastart in children less than 1 year old. These guidelines are for use by Health Professionals
More informationAssessment and monitoring of CKD stages 1-3
Assessment and monitoring of CKD stages 1-3 Annual Paediatric Nephrouroradiology and Network Symposium 2014 Pearl Pugh Paediatric Renal Dietitian Nottingham Children s Hospital Goals of Dietetic Management
More information27/02/2018. Releasing growth potential in children with CKD. Growth failure. Percentiles and SDS
Releasing growth potential in children with CKD Pearl Pugh Paediatric Renal Dietitian Nottingham children s Hospital and Health Science PhD candidate This researcher was funded by the National Institute
More informationGuideline for the use of Renastart in children over one year old
Guideline for the use of Renastart in children over one year old DISCLAIMER: The guidelines contained in this document are for use of Renastart in children over 1 year old. These guidelines are for use
More informationE arly reports of treating very young children with end
511 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Outcome of reaching end stage renal failure in children under 2 years of age M G Coulthard, J Crosier, on behalf of the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology... See end of
More informationPediatric Nutrition and Kidney Disease
Pediatric Nutrition and Kidney Disease Loai Eid, MD, MSHS, FAAP Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist Pediatric Nephrology & Hypertension Division Chief Dubai Hospital - DHA 26 th October, 2017 Objectives
More informationChronic renal failure and growth
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 199, 6, 573-577 Chronic renal failure and growth L REES, S P A RIGDEN, AND G M WARD Evelina Children's Hospital, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital, London
More informationOutcome of Patients Initiating Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis During the First Year of Life
Outcome of Patients Initiating Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis During the First Year of Life William A. Carey, MD a, Karen L. Martz, MS b, Bradley A. Warady, MD c BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Among children with
More informationAetiology and outcome of acute and chronic renal failure in infants
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2008) 23: 1575 1580 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm863 Advanced Access publication 8 January 2008 Original Article Aetiology and outcome of acute and chronic renal failure in infants Mirja
More informationThe peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was developed THE SHORT PET IN PEDIATRICS. Bradley A. Warady and Janelle Jennings
Peritoneal Dialysis International, Vol. 27, pp. 441 445 Printed in Canada. All rights reserved. 0896-8608/07 $3.00 +.00 Copyright 2007 International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis THE SHORT PET IN PEDIATRICS
More informationCase Study. Synopsis. Introduction/overview. Hannah Roberts Specialist Paediatric Dietitian County Durham and Darlington Foundation Trust
Case Study The use of a 1.5 kcal/ml whey peptide based feed to help promote gastric emptying and feed tolerance in a paediatric patient with neurodisability age y im ar Libr Hannah Roberts Specialist Paediatric
More information2015 Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics. All Rights Reserved.
Growth van Stralen KJ, et al., Kidney Int, 2014 Blood Pressure Management van Stralen KJ, et al., Kidney Int, 2014 Sodium Losses on PD Infants might need higher UF rate per BSA as compared to adults to
More informationOutcomes of chronic dialysis in Korean children with respect to survival rates and causes of death
Original article Korean J Pediatr 2014;57(3):135-139 pissn 1738-1061 eissn 2092-7258 Korean J Pediatr Outcomes of chronic dialysis in Korean children with respect to survival rates and causes of death
More informationLLL Session - Nutritional support in renal disease
ESPEN Congress Leipzig 2013 LLL Session - Nutritional support in renal disease Peritoneal dialysis D. Teta (CH) Nutrition Support in Patients undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Congress ESPEN, Leipzig
More informationSERVICE SPECIFICATION 6 Conservative Management & End of Life Care
SERVICE SPECIFICATION 6 Conservative Management & End of Life Care Table of Contents Page 1 Key Messages 2 2 Introduction & Background 2 3 Relevant Guidelines & Standards 2 4 Scope of Service 3 5 Interdependencies
More informationChapter 2 Peritoneal Equilibration Testing and Application
Chapter 2 Peritoneal Equilibration Testing and Application Francisco J. Cano Case Presentation FW, a recently diagnosed patient with CKD Stage 5, is a 6-year-old boy who has been recommended to initiate
More informationThe use of a 1.5kcal/ml whey peptide based feed to help promote gastric emptying and feed tolerance in a paediatric patient with neurodisability.
The use of a 1.5kcal/ml whey peptide based feed to help promote gastric emptying and feed tolerance in a paediatric patient with neurodisability. Hannah Roberts Specialist Paediatric Dietitian County Durham
More informationA. Zurowska has documented that she has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve.
A. Zurowska has documented that she has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve. PERİTONEAL DİALYSİS İN İNFANTS BELOW 1 YEAR OF AGE Aleksandra Żurowska Department
More informationEnrico Verrina has documented that he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve.
Enrico Verrina has documented that he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve. Should we always dialyze and transplant mentally disabled patients? Medical
More informationEpidemiology of kidney diseases in children
Epidemiology of kidney diseases in children Dr Lesley Rees Gt Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, UK September 2015 Definition of Epidemiology The patterns, causes, and effects of health and diseases
More informationCOBIS Nutrition in Thermal Injuries PAEDIATRIC
COBIS Nutrition in Thermal Injuries PAEDIATRIC 1 NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC BURNS PATIENTS Aims of Nutritional Support in Burns To promote optimal wound healing To maintain lean body mass To
More informationPeritoneal dialysis in children under two years of age
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2008) 23: 1747 1753 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn035 Advanced Access publication 28 February 2008 Short Communication Peritoneal dialysis in children under two years of age Hanne Laakkonen
More informationPD In Acute Kidney Injury. February 7 th -9 th, 2013
PD In Acute Kidney Injury February 7 th -9 th, 2013 Objectives PD as a viable initial therapy PD in AKI PD versus dhd PD versus CVVHD Why not PD first PD for AKI Early days (1970 s) PD was the option of
More informationObjectives. Peritoneal Dialysis vs. Hemodialysis 02/27/2018. Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription and Adequacy Monitoring
Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription and Adequacy Monitoring Christine B. Sethna, MD, EdM Division Director, Pediatric Nephrology Cohen Children s Medical Center Associate Professor Hofstra Northwell School
More informationImprovement in Pittsburgh Symptom Score Index After Initiation of Peritoneal Dialysis
Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vol. 24, 2008 Matthew J. Novak, 1 Heena Sheth, 2 Filitsa H. Bender, 1 Linda Fried, 1,3 Beth Piraino 1 Improvement in Pittsburgh Symptom Score Index After Initiation of
More informationEnd stage renal disease and Protein Energy wasting
End stage renal disease and Protein Energy wasting Dr Goh Heong Keong MBBS,MRCP(UK) www.passpaces.com/kidney.htm Introduction Chronic kidney disease- increasing health burden in many countries. The estimated
More informationESRD Mortality. Causes of CKD in Children. Causes of Late Graft Failure. 5-Year Allograft Survival. All-cause mortality rates, 2005, by age
North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) Causes of CKD in Children Founded in 1992 78 participating centers in Canada & U.S. 16,339 CKD patients age 0 18 years 9,506 renal
More informationDIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Stage 5 www.kidney.org National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Did you know that the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes
More informationNutrition Management of Children on Dialysis
Nutrition Management of Children on Dialysis Loai Eid, MD, MSHS, FAAP Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist Pediatric Nephrology & Hypertension Division Chief Dubai Hospital - DHA 26 th October, 2017 Learning
More informationIntradialytic Parenteral Nutrition in Hemodialysis Patients. Hamdy Amin, Pharm.D., MBA, BCNSP Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition in Hemodialysis Patients Hamdy Amin, Pharm.D., MBA, BCNSP Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Disclosure Information Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition in Hemodialysis Patients Hamdy
More informationCase Study. The 4-year journey of feeding intolerance of an enterally-fed child from 9 months of age. Synopsis. Introduction/Overview
Case Study The 4-year journey of feeding intolerance of an enterally-fed child from 9 months of age Library image Emma Liesl Silbernagl, Clinical lead HEN Dietitian, Home Enteral Nutrition Team, Lewisham
More informationLong-Term Survival of Children with End-Stage Renal Disease
The new england journal of medicine original article Long-Term of Children with End-Stage Renal Disease Stephen P. McDonald, Ph.D., and Jonathan C. Craig, Ph.D., for the Australian and New Zealand Paediatric
More informationApplying clinical guidelines treating and managing CKD
Applying clinical guidelines treating and managing CKD Develop patient treatment plan according to level of severity. Source: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012
More informationNutrition in Children Undergoing Treatment for Malignancy: Information and Advice for Shared Care Centres
Reference: Written by: Karen Whitehouse Peer reviewer Dr Jeanette Payne Approved: May 2015 Approved by D&TC: 13 th March 2015 Review Due: May 2018 Intended Audience This document contains information and
More informationChapter six Outcomes: hospitalization & mortality. There is an element of death in life, and I am astonished
INTRODUCTION 1 OVERALL HOSPITALIZATION & MORTALITY 1 hospital admissions & days, by primary diagnosis & patient vintage five-year survival mortality rates, by patient vintage expected remaining lifetimes
More informationNUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
NUTRITION AIMS To achieve growth and nutrient accretion similar to intrauterine rates To achieve best possible neurodevelopmental outcome To prevent specific nutritional deficiencies Target population
More informationPediatric Nutrition Care as a strategy to prevent hospital malnutrition. Div Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Dept of Child Health
Pediatric Nutrition Care as a strategy to prevent hospital malnutrition Div Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Dept of Child Health Child is not a miniature adult Specific for child growth and
More informationThe Effect of Residual Renal Function at the Initiation of Dialysis on Patient Survival
ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.1.55 The Effect of Residual Renal Function at the Initiation of Dialysis on Patient Survival Seoung Gu Kim 1 and Nam Ho Kim 2 Department of Internal Medicine,
More informationChronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Guideline (2010) Chronic Kidney Disease CKD: Executive Summary of Recommendations (2010) Executive Summary of Recommendations Below are the major recommendations
More informationBy; Ashraf El Houfi MD MS (pulmonology) MRCP (UK) FRCP (London) EDIC Consultant ICU Dubai Hospital
By; Ashraf El Houfi MD MS (pulmonology) MRCP (UK) FRCP (London) EDIC Consultant ICU Dubai Hospital Introduction The significance of nutrition in hospital setting (especially the ICU) cannot be overstated.
More informationNutrition care plan. Components and development
Nutrition care plan Components and development Objectives To define the nutrition care plan To present the components of the nutrition care plan To discuss the different approaches in determining the contents
More informationDietetic Assessment of Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Dietetic Assessment of Children with Cystic Fibrosis Prepared by: Scottish CF Paediatric Dietitians Group Lead Author: Elsie Thomson, Royal Aberdeen Childrens Hospital SPCF MCN dietetic protocols co-ordinator/editor:
More informationNutritional Interventions for Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Nutritional Interventions for Children with Cystic Fibrosis Prepared by: Scottish CF Paediatric Dietitians Group Lead Author: Elsie Thomson, Royal Aberdeen Childrens Hospital SPCF MCN Dietetic Protocols
More informationCARE FOR CHRONIC RENAL PATIENTS ROLE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ÁGNES HARIS MD PHD, ST. MARGIT HOSPITAL, BUDAPEST BUDAPEST NEPHROLOGY SCHOOL, 2017
CARE FOR CHRONIC RENAL PATIENTS ROLE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ÁGNES HARIS MD PHD, ST. MARGIT HOSPITAL, BUDAPEST BUDAPEST NEPHROLOGY SCHOOL, 2017 RENEGOTIATING LIFE WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CONSTANTINI
More informationESPEN LLL Programme in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. List of Topics and Modules 2014
ESPEN LLL Programme in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism List of Topics and Modules 204 Code Title Credits for Live course Credits for on-line course Credits for Grading Quiz Topic 0 Introduction in Nutrition
More informationNATIONAL QUALITY FORUM Renal EM Submitted Measures
NATIONAL QUALITY FORUM Renal EM Submitted Measures Measure ID/ Title Measure Description Measure Steward Topic Area #1662 Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of CKD ACE/ARB
More informationChapter Five Clinical indicators & preventive health
Chapter Five Clinical indicators & preventive health The painter who draws merely by practice and by eye, without any reason, is like a mirror which copies every thing placed in front of it without being
More informationSuccesses and pitfalls of chronic peritoneal dialysis in infants a Polish nationwide outcome study
Clinical research Successes and pitfalls of chronic peritoneal dialysis in infants a Polish nationwide outcome study Anna Jander 1, Irena Makulska 2, Joanna Latoszyńska 3, Hanna Boguszewska-Bączkowska
More informationHome Dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis. Home Hemodialysis
Home Dialysis The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. A licensed healthcare professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and
More informationWho Needs Parenteral Nutrition? Is Parenteral Nutrition An Appropriate Intervention?
Who Needs Parenteral Nutrition? 1 Is Parenteral Nutrition An Appropriate Intervention? Key questions to ask with initial consultation Can the gastrointestinal (GI) tract be utilized? Can the GI tract be
More informationYou can sleep while I dialyze
You can sleep while I dialyze Nocturnal Peritoneal Dialysis Dr. Suneet Singh Medical Director, PD, VGH Division of Nephrology University of British Columbia Acknowledgements Melissa Etheridge You can sleep
More informationKidney Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Cheshire and Merseyside Kidney Care Services Renal Replacement Therapy Options for Kidney Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 Renal Replacement Therapy Options for Kidney Patients with Chronic
More informationPalliative and End of Life Care in End Stage Renal Disease
Palliative and End of Life Care in End Stage Renal Disease Palliative and End of Life Care Priority for Action Regional Consensus Workshop 30.06.2010 Neal Morgan Consultant Nephrologist SHSCT Outline Introduction
More informationNoninvasive Interventions to Decrease Hospitalization and Associated Costs for Pediatric Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2127 2131, 2003 Noninvasive Interventions to Decrease Hospitalization and Associated Costs for Pediatric Patients Receiving Hemodialysis STUART L. GOLDSTEIN,* CAROLYN M. SMITH, and
More informationHYDROCHLORIDE FOR THE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE ON MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS THERAPY
UK RENAL PHARMACY GROUP SUBMISSION TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE on CINACALCET HYDROCHLORIDE FOR THE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE
More informationNeonatal Parenteral Nutrition Guideline Dr M Hogan, Maire Cullen ANNP, Una Toland Ward Manager, Sandra Kilpatrick Neonatal Pharmacist
CLINICAL GUIDELINES ID TAG Title: Author: Designation: Speciality / Division: Directorate: Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Guideline Dr M Hogan, Maire Cullen ANNP, Una Toland Ward Manager, Sandra Kilpatrick
More informationNutrition in children with special needs. Dr. Meenakshi J.
Nutrition in children with special needs Dr. Meenakshi J. 1 Factors affecting growth and nutrition in children with special nutritional factors Inadequate intake primarily related to feeding dysfunction
More informationBAPN 2016 Audit of dialysis access and complications in UK children
BAPN 2016 Audit of dialysis access and complications in UK children Version 2, 8 th Dec 2015 Yincent Tse, BAPN audit committee member, yincenttse@nhs.net Introduction For children on dialysis, their access
More informationNephrology. 2. To facilitate a trainee to acquire the knowledge, clinical skills, procedural competence and professional attributes in Nephrology.
Nephrology I) OBJECTIVES 1. To provide a broad training and in-depth experience at a level sufficient for trainees to acquire competence and professionalism required of a specialist in Nephrology. 2. To
More informationSCRIPT: Module 3. Interpreting the WHO Growth Charts for Canada SLIDE NUMBER SLIDE SCRIPT
SCRIPT: Module 3 Interpreting the WHO Growth Charts for Canada 1 Welcome Welcome to Module 3 - Interpreting the WHO Growth Charts for Canada. Each of the modules in this training package has been designed
More informationThanks to our Speaker!
Thanks to our Speaker! Poyyapakkam R. Srivaths, MD, MS Medical Director of Pheresis Services Pediatric Renal Section at Texas Children s Hospital Texas Children s Hospital - Houston, Texas Chronic Kidney
More informationStrategies to Prevent Peritoneal Dialysis Failure
Strategies to Prevent Peritoneal Dialysis Failure Constantinos J. Stefanidis, MD, PhD P & A Kyriakou Children s Hospital, Athens, Greece Technique failure Drop-out Transfer to HD Technique failure rate
More informationGuideline scope Neonatal parenteral nutrition
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE Guideline scope Neonatal parenteral nutrition The Department of Health in England has asked NICE to develop a new guideline on parenteral nutrition in
More informationPARENTERAL NUTRITION
PARENTERAL NUTRITION DEFINITION Parenteral nutrition [(PN) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN)] is the intravenous infusion of some or all nutrients for tissue maintenance, metabolic requirements and growth
More informationChapter 15: Report of the Paediatric Renal Registry 1999
Chapter 15: Report of the Paediatric Renal Registry 1999 Prepared by Dr M Lewis Introduction In parallel with the creation of the National Renal Registry, the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology
More informationFortification of Maternal Expressed Breast Milk
Fortification of Maternal Expressed Breast Milk Title: Version: 2 Ratification Date: April 2016 Review Date: April 2019 Approval: Nottingham Neonatal Service Clinical Guideline Group 20 th April 2016 Author:
More informationMeeting the Guidelines for End-of-Life Care
Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vol. 22, 2006 Gillian Brunier, David M.J. Naimark, Michelle A. Hladunewich Meeting the Guidelines for End-of-Life Care The number of patients initiating dialysis in most
More informationCHAPTER 6 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS. Neil Boudville. Hannah Dent. Stephen McDonald. Kylie Hurst. Philip Clayton Annual Report - 36th Edition
CHAPTER 6 Neil Boudville Hannah Dent Stephen McDonald Kylie Hurst Philip Clayton 213 Annual Report - 36th Edition ANZDATA Registry 213 Report STOCK AND FLOW AUSTRALIA Peritoneal dialysis was used to treat
More informationMignon McCulloch. Associate Professor Paediatric Nephrology/Critical Care Red Cross Children s Hospital (RXH) University of Cape Town
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Mignon McCulloch Associate Professor Paediatric Nephrology/Critical Care Red Cross Children s Hospital (RXH) University of Cape Town Chronic Renal Failure(CRF) = Chronic Kidney
More information21th Budapest Nephrology School Ágnes Haris, Kálmán Polner
21th Budapest Nephrology School Ágnes Haris, Kálmán Polner 53 years old female, -worked as computer scientist, -lived with her husband and 2 children, -in excellent financial situation. Diagnosed with
More informationUSRDS UNITED STATES RENAL DATA SYSTEM
USRDS UNITED STATES RENAL DATA SYSTEM Chapter 8: Pediatric ESRD 1,462 children in the United States began end-stage renal disease (ESRD) care in 2013. 9,921 children were being treated for ESRD on December
More informationPreservation of Veins and Timing for Vascular Access
Preservation of Veins and Timing for Vascular Access Vassilis Liakopoulos, MD, PhD Department of Nephrology School of Medicine University of Thessaly Greece Hemodialysis VA A sound long-term dialysis access
More information3/5/18. Background. Registry Reports. Dialysis Registry Update and Future Directions
Dialysis Registry Update and Future Directions Annabelle N. Chua, MD March 4, 2018 Background Founded in 1987 as a transplant registry Expanded registry to include dialysis (1992) and CKD (1994) Patient
More informationTreatment choices for someone with Stage 5 kidney disease are:
Information for patients about advanced kidney disease Dialysis and non-dialysis treatments DOCUMENT PREPARED FOR This information is to help you understand some key issues about dialysis; it is designed
More informationPrevalence of malnutrition in dialysis
ESPEN Congress Cannes 2003 Organised by the Israel Society for Clinical Nutrition Education and Clinical Practice Programme Session: Nutrition and the Kidney Malnutrition and Haemodialysis Doctor Noël
More informationCHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE Overview Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood,
More informationBasic Fluid and Electrolytes
Basic Fluid and Electrolytes Chapter 22 Basic Fluid and Electrolytes Introduction Infants and young children have a greater need for water and are more vulnerable to alterations in fluid and electrolyte
More informationGA-1. Glutaric Aciduria Type 1. TEMPLE Tools Enabling Metabolic Parents LEarning. Information for families after a positive newborn screening
Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 GA-1 Information for families after a positive newborn screening Adapted by the Dietitians Group BIMDG British Inherited Metabolic Diseases Group BASED ON THE ORIGINAL TEMPLE WRITTEN
More informationACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN CHILDREN. Bashir Admani KPA Precongress 24/4/2018
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN CHILDREN Bashir Admani KPA Precongress 24/4/2018 Case presentation SP 11month old Presenting complaint: bloody diarrhea, lethargy On exam: dehydration,
More informationIt is important upfront to realize and believe that, like many adults,
Kids With Kidney Disease Can Realize Their Dreams and Live Long, Normal, Productive Lives By Gordon Lore It is important upfront to realize and believe that, like many adults, children with kidney failure
More information02/27/2018. About half million people in the US with ESRD. HD is currently more prevalent than PD
Anil S. Paramesh, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery, Urology and Pediatrics Tulane University School of Medicine Transplant Advisor, ESRD Network 13 First described in the 1920s Chronic PD initiated in 1960s
More informationManagement of Acute Kidney Injury in the Neonate. Carolyn Abitbol, M.D. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine / Holtz Children s Hospital
Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Neonate Carolyn Abitbol, M.D. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine / Holtz Children s Hospital Objectives Summarize the dilemmas in diagnosing & recognizing
More informationChapter 8: ESRD Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Chapter 8: ESRD Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults The number of children beginning end-stage renal disease (ESRD) care decreased by 6% in 2014, totaling 1,398 (Figure 8.1.a). 9,721 children
More informationAmino Acids and Sorbitol injection with/without Electrolytes NIRMIN *
For the use of a registered medical practitioner or a Hospital or a Laboratory only Amino Acids and Sorbitol injection with/without Electrolytes NIRMIN * DESCRIPTION: NIRMIN * is a clear, colourless injection
More informationSupplemental Quick Reference Guide
Supplemental Quick Reference Guide How to use this Supplemental Quick Reference Guide This guide provides a 5-step method for considering a variety of frequencies and treatment lengths, based on achieving
More informationPrimary Care Physicians and Clinicians. XXX on behalf of the Upper Midwest Fistula First Coalition. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Resources
August 10, 2007 To: From: RE: Primary Care Physicians and Clinicians XXX on behalf of the Upper Midwest Fistula First Coalition Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Resources Caring for patients with chronic kidney
More informationChapter 25: Interactions of Dialysis Teams With Geriatricians
Chapter 25: Interactions of Dialysis Teams With Geriatricians Nicole Stankus* and Kellie Campbell *Section of Nephrology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Section of Geriatrics, University
More informationThe use of high energy peptide feed to aid feed intolerance and promote growth in a paediatric oncology patient
The use of high energy peptide feed to aid feed intolerance and promote growth in a paediatric oncology patient Author: Samantha Armstrong, Registered Dietitian (BSc Hons) Specialist Paediatric Dietitian,
More informationCHAPTER 5. Haemodialysis. Kevan Polkinghorne Hannah Dent Aarti Gulyani Kylie Hurst Stephen McDonald
CHAPTER Haemodialysis Kevan Polkinghorne Hannah Dent Aarti Gulyani Kylie Hurst Stephen McDonald STOCK AND FLOW AUSTRALIA The annual stock and flow of HD patients during the period - is shown in Figures.,.
More informationADVANCE CARE PLANNING FOR KIDNEY PATIENTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF AN ONGOING DISCUSSION
ADVANCE CARE PLANNING FOR KIDNEY PATIENTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF AN ONGOING DISCUSSION Melissa Hale, MSW, LCSW Advance Care Planning Coordinator ProHealth Care Thank You. CMS: Conditions for Coverage Renal
More informationPeritoneal Dialysis. Choosing your logo. V2.0 logos. information. you can trust. Certified Member. The Information Standard
Use of The Information Standard s Member Logos Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Information Choosing your logo The Information Standard has four logo versions for its members. They are designed to fit neatly
More informationOutcome of Immediate Use of the Permanent Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter in Children with Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
Original Article Iran J Pediatr Apr 2013; Vol 23 (No 2), Pp: 171-176 Outcome of Immediate Use of the Permanent Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter in Children with Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Ahmad-Ali Nikibakhsh,
More informationEvaluation of Failure to Thrive in a Young Child: Case Example of Jeff. Andrew Hsi, MD, MPH Family Medicine Pediatric Grand Rounds, 8 August 2012
Evaluation of Failure to Thrive in a Young Child: Case Example of Jeff Andrew Hsi, MD, MPH Family Medicine Pediatric Grand Rounds, 8 August 2012 Objectives for Presentation At the end of this talk; the
More informationAdvances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vol. 23, 2007
Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vol. 23, 2007 Antonios H. Tzamaloukas, 1,2 Aideloje Onime, 1,2 Dominic S.C. Raj, 2 Glen H. Murata, 1 Dorothy J. VanderJagt, 3 Karen S. Servilla 1,2 Computation of the Dose
More informationGuidelines for the prescribing of specialist infant formula in primary care: Luton and Bedfordshire
Guidelines for the prescribing of specialist infant formula in primary care: Luton and Bedfordshire September 2017 This document is a revised edition written and agreed by paediatricians, paediatric dietitians,
More informationChapter 7: ESRD among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Chapter 7: ESRD among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults The one-year end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient mortality among the 0-4 year age group has declined approximately 41.6% over the past decade.
More information