Urinary System and Excretion. Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16

Transcription

1 Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16 1

2 Outline Urinary System I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of the urinary system IV. Metabolism 2

3 Urinary System The digestive system eliminated waste from the digestive tract. But we also need a way to eliminate waste from the rest of the body. Function of urinary system is: Excretion of metabolic wastes and to maintain homeostasis of blood. 3

4 Which of the following system does not function to excrete waste? 1. Digestive 2. Urinary 3. Integumentary 4. Circulatory

5 Urine Urine contains: Water HCO - 3 Inorganic salts H + Urea Uric acid Creatinine

6 Excretion Excretion - the majority of the metabolic wastes removed from the body is mainly due to the action of the kidneys. 6

7 Organs of the Urinary System 1. Kidneys main organ in the urinary system, produces urine. 2. Ureters - conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder by peristaltic contractions produced from contractions of smooth muscles in ureter wall. 7

8 Organs of the Urinary System 3. Urinary bladder - stores urine until it is expelled from the body. 4. Urethra - small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening. In males the urethra also functions as a reproductive tract organ. 8

9 Functions of the Kidneys 1. Filter waste from blood 2. Maintenance of water-salt balance of the blood. 3. Regulates blood pressure 4. Maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood. 5. Secretion of hormones = renin and erythropoietin. 9

10 Urinary System Kidney Produces urine Conserves water Regulates ph Stimulates production of red blood cells Transforms vitamin D into active form Ureter Transports urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary bladder Stores urine Urethra Transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body Figure 16.2 (1 of 2)

11 The kidneys are located in this cavity: 1. Cranial 2. Thoracic 3. Abdominopelvic 4. Pleural

12 Urinary System Heart Adrenal gland Inferior vena cava Aorta Diaphragm Renal artery Renal vein Figure 16.2 (2 of 2)

13 Vascularization Aorta Renal artery Arterioles Capillaries Venules Renal Vein Vena Cava

14 The Kidneys Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Outermost connective tissue layer Innermost connective tissue layer Adipose capsule (a) Blood vessels and protective layers around kidneys Figure 16.3a

15 The Regions of the Kidneys Each kidney has three regions: 1. Renal cortex 2. Renal medulla 3. Renal pelvis

16 Figure 16.3b Structure of the kidney Renal cortex (b) Internal kidney structure Renal pyramid (of renal medulla) Renal column (extension of renal cortex) Renal pelvis

17 Regions of the Kidney 1. Renal cortex - an outer granulated layer. 2. Renal medulla - consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. 3. Renal pelvis - a central cavity that is continuous with the ureter. 17

18 Nephrons The functional units of the kidneys. Over 1 million nephrons per kidney Nephrons extend from the Renal cortex, into the renal medulla 18

19 The Nephron Figure 16.3b c

20 The Nephron Glomerular capsule Glomerular Capillaries at start of nephron Afferent (incoming) arteriole Efferent (outgoing) arteriole Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Surrounding capillaries Loop of the nephron Collecting duct (b) A nephron and its blood supply Figure 16.4b

21 Parts of the Nephron 1. The renal corpuscle A. The glomerulus B. The glomerular capsule 2. The renal tubule A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Loop of the nephron C. Distal convoluted tubule 3. The collecting Duct

22 The Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerular capsule (glomerulus within) Proximal convoluted tubule Renal tubule Loop of the nephron Distal convoluted tubule (c) Simplified view of a nephron, showing the basic structural components but not the associated capillaries Figure 16.4c

23 The renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle is where fluid is filtered from blood Consists of The glomerulus - The network of capillaries The glomerular capsule (Bowman s capsule) - Surrounds the glomerulus

24 The Nephron The nephron performs three functions 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

25 The Nephron - Glomerular filtration Glomerular filtration occurs as blood pressure forces water, ions, and other small molecules in the blood through the pores in the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule The filtrate passes into the renal tubule

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27 The Nephron Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Space within the glomerular capsule Path of filtrate Path of blood Movement of water and small solutes Afferent (incoming) arteriole Efferent (outgoing) arteriole Proximal convoluted tubule Filtrate Capillary wall (a) The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerular capsule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus. Figure 16.5a

28 The Nephron Figure 16.5b

29 The renal tubule 1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - where reabsorption of filtrate components occurs, tubular secretion can also occur here. 2. Loop of the Nephron (Loop of Henle) - consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb that regulates osmotic balance. 3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Further absorption of water and salts; leads to the renal pelvis 29

30 Collecting Ducts Collecting ducts - carry urine to the renal pelvis. 30

31 The Nephron Afferent (incoming) arteriole Efferent (outgoing) arteriole Drugs Step 3: Tubular secretion Wastes, excess ions, and drugs are actively secreted into the distal (and proximal) convoluted tubules from the surrounding capillaries. Some secretion also occurs along the collecting duct. Step 1: Glomerular filtration Water, ions, amino acids, glucose, nitrogen-containing wastes, and other small molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule to form glomerular filtrate. Nitrogencontaining waste H + NH 4 + K + Glomerular capsule Glomerulus H 2 O Glucose Amino acids Ions Glucose Ions H 2 O Artery Vein Renal cortex Step 2: Tubular reabsorption Water, essential ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule into the surrounding capillaries. Some reabsorption of water and ions occurs along other sections of the renal tubule and collecting duct. Renal medulla Collecting duct Surrounding capillaries Path of filtrate Path of blood Movement of substances from blood to filtrate Movement of substances from filtrate to blood Loop of the nephron Urine Renal pelvis within kidney Figure 16.7

32 Urine Formation Tubular reabsorption - many molecules are reabsorbed transported from the lumen into the tissues then into capillaries. Occurs mainly in the PCT(H 2 O, nutrients, salts) Tubular secretion - substances are removed from the blood and added to the tubular fluid, mainly in the DCT. (H +, creatinine, and drugs like penicillin) 32

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36 This structure conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder 1. Urethra 2. Ureters 36

37 What is the functional unit of the kidney? 1. Renal medulla 2. Nephron 3. Renal cortex 37

38 A. Renal Cortex A C C. Glomerular capsule, contains glomerulus B. Renal Medulla B F. Distal Convoluted Tubule F D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule D E. Loop of Henle E G. Collecting Duct G

39 Regulation of Urine Diuretics increase urinary output, making more dilute urine Examples: Caffeine Lasix Alcohol 39

40 Hormonal Regulation of Urine 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Makes more concentrated urine Increases blood volume and pressure 2. Aldosterone Makes more concentrated urine Increases blood volume and pressure 3. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Makes more dilute urine Decrease blood volume and pressure 40

41 Table 16.3 Review of Hormones

42 Hormonal Regulation of Urine - ADH Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Makes the collecting duct more permeable to water therefore, increases the water reabsorption in the collecting duct, making more concentrated urine. Produced by the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Site of action: collecting ducts. 42

43 Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus is caused by producing too little ADH Symptoms: excrete large amounts of dilute urine 43

44 Kidney Function and ADH Decrease in concentration of water in blood is detected by the hypothalamus. An increase in the concentration of water in the blood causes: Increase in blood volume Increase in blood pressure Decrease in urine volume Hypothalamus Nerve cells produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) More water moves from the filtrate back into the blood. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ADH prompts an increase in the permeability to water of distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of nephrons. Figure 16.9

45 Hormonal Regulation of Urine - Aldosterone Aldosterone Hormone produced and released by the adrenal cortex Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, water follows Making more concentrated urine. 45

46 Juxtaglomerular apparatus and Aldosterone Aldosterone is released in response to blood pressure monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus The cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus release the hormone renin. Renin is converted to an active form that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

47 Kidney Function and Hormones Figure 16.10

48 Hormonal Regulation of Urine Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Hormone produced by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, water stays in the filtrate Also inhibits production of aldosterone and renin Making more dilute urine. Lowers blood pressure and blood volume 48

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50 Hormones secreted by the kidneys 1. Renin Increases blood pressure by triggering the release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex 2. Erythropoietin speeds up the maturation process of RBCs, target = stem cells in bone marrow 50

51 The Kidney s role in Vit D Vitamin D is produced in the skin in response to sunlight, and provided by certain foods in diet The kidneys and liver transform Vitamin D into the active form, calcitrol. Calcitrol promotes the absorption of calcium into the small intestine and re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys. 51

52 Kidney s role in Acid-Base Balance H + is secreted into the tubules and bicarbonate is reabsorbed out of the tubules 52

53 When H + is secreted into the tubules, this lowers the ph of the blood. 1. True 2. False

54 Kidney s role in Salt-Water Balance The kidneys reabsorb salt and water, maintaining osmotic balance in the blood, this also affects blood pressure 54

55 Bladder The urine goes from the kidneys into the bladder where it is stored until it can be released through the urethra. 55

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58 Urination Urination is a reflex action controlled by the brain When the bladder fills to about 250ml of urine then the motor nerve impulses cause the bladder to contract and the sphincters to relax so that urination is possible. 58

59 Urinary Function Disorders Urethritis infection confined to the urethra. Cystitis infection of the urethra and bladder. Pyelonephritis infection reaches the kidneys. 59

60 What hormone is secreted by the kidneys to increase blood pressure: 1. ADH 2. Renin 3. Aldersterone 4. Erythropoietin 60

61 Important Points Read Chapter 17 for next lecture Know the functions of the urinary system Know the organs of the urinary system and their functions, including all the functions of the kidney Know the structure of the kidney (see kidney structure slide and preceding illustrations) Know what a nephron is, what are the five parts of the nephron and the function 61 of

62 Important Points Understand the re-absorption and secretion of compounds in the nephron, what is re-absorbed and secreted and where in the nephron are the compounds re-absorbed or secreted. How is urinary output regulated, what are examples of diuretics. What hormones decrease or increase urinary output. What effect on blood pressure do these hormones have. Where are these hormones produced, stored and released from. What specific parts of the nephron do these hormones effect. 62

63 Important Points What is diabetes insipidus Know what renin is, what its function is, where it is produced. Know what erythropoietin is, what its function is, where it is produced. Know what the role the kidney has in calcium absorption Definitions: diuretic, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, filtration, filtrate 63