Work Environment Physics

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Work Environment Physics Grading requirements PhD Katarzyna Jach Katarzyna.jach@pwr.edu.pl www.ergonomia.ioz.pwr.wroc.pl office hours: Mondays 9.00-11.00, B1 building r. 415c Tuesdays 11.00 13.

1 Work Environment Physics Grading requirements PhD Katarzyna Jach office hours: Mondays , B1 building r. 415c Tuesdays , B1 building r. 415c Passing the final test (last lecture 20.06) Alternative: grading by activity Three small tests for passing you need a half of points Small project Answers / questions 1 2 After the course you ll get to know: The effects of some environmental factors on the human body work and workload Chosen tools and methods for the assessment of accessibility Some legal and normative basis for occupational safety and ergonomics Work Environment Physics = Ergonomic design Work environment factors Microclimate Noise Lighting Accessibility of public space 3 4 Science about relation between human beings and their work environment. is the science of designing the workplace environment to fit the user /Kenneth Frank Hywel Murrell 1949/ 5 6 1

2 Ergon work Nomos law = laws of work Science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population Ergonomic study areas WORKERS - what they bring to the job TOOLS - what they bring to the worker TASKS - what the worker must do ENVIRONMENT- the conditions surrounding the worker and the tool 7 Ergonomic focus The Tool The Task The Work Station and Environment The User /Operator is the science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to the job tasks equipment, the environment. is a continuous improvement effort to design the workplace for what people do well, and design against what people don t do well. 10 Human Millieu system The division of ergonomics Human Physical features Anatomy Body measures Physiology Stamina Psychological features memory perception attention Millieu Material environment microclimate lighting noise Technical devices Work tools Transport Supporting equipment Physical ergonomics - human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity Cognitive ergonomics - mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system Organizational ergonomics - optimization of socio technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes

Physical ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics Biomechanical overload Layout design Steering and control design Workstation design Work environment mental workload decision-making human-computer

3 Physical ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics Biomechanical overload Layout design Steering and control design Workstation design Work environment mental workload decision-making human-computer interaction human reliability work stress Work training Organisational ergonomics Stages of ergonomic design Communication Crew resource management Work design Teamwork Community ergonomics Cooperative work Virtual organizations Quality management 1. Body measures 2. Biomechanical activity 3. User workstation relations Body measures Most important for design Human body is the main part of every workstation Variety of body measures In population Purpose: designing for everyone

Standard distribution Mode Median Mean 90% of population Simplex limitations Minimal - reach Maximal Average Adult Heights (headroom) Women Men Safety measures Restraining values 5 and 95 19 20

seats contact or trapping Arm length, Shoulder height Shoulder or hip width, Thigh length Smallest user: 5th Largest user: 95th Adjustment A good match between the user and product A comfortable and

4 Standard distribution Mode Median Mean 90% of population Simplex limitations Minimal - reach Maximal Average Adult Heights (headroom) Women Men Safety measures Restraining values 5 and Duplex limitations Main aim Design examples Examples of measurements Users should accommodate User population Easy reach Vehicle dashboards, Shelving Adequate Manholes, clearance to avoid Cinema seats contact or trapping Arm length, Shoulder height Shoulder or hip width, Thigh length Smallest user: 5th Largest user: 95th Adjustment A good match between the user and product A comfortable and safe posture Seats, Cycle helmets, Pushchairs Lawnmowers, Monitor positions, Worksurface heights Knee-floor height, Head circumference, Weight Elbow height, Sitting eye height, Elbow height (sitting or standing?) Maximum range: 5th to 95th Maximum range: 5th to 95th 21 Easy operation To ensure that an item can't be reached or operated Screw bottle tops, Door handles, Light switches Machine guarding mesh, Distance of railings from hazard Grip strength, Hand width, Height Finger width Arm length Smallest or weakest user: 5th Smallest user: 5th Largest user: 95th 22 Three approaches Universal Design 1. Design for adjustable ranges particularly when health and safety issues are involved (driving a car, computer workstation) 2. Design for extremes maximum or minimum values 3. Design for average users 50 figures Designing products, buildings and exterior spaced to be usable by all people to the greatest extend possible

Biomechanical and physiological features Physiological features Senses activity Fatigue Biomechanical agility Permissible spread of

Observation and manipulation with bend head 3. Rare observations 4.

Shoulder level Normal reach Maximal reach 27 A normal reach B maximal reach C two-handed work area 28 Principles of motion economy

Two hands should not be idle at the same time 3. Upright and forward facing posture 4.

5 Biomechanical and physiological features Physiological features Senses activity Fatigue Biomechanical agility Permissible spread of joint mobility Prompted forces and torques Visual field 1. Often vision without head and torso movements 2. Observation and manipulation with bend head 3. Rare observations 4. Rare observations with head and torso leaned back Arm and forearm surface area Approximated data for design Elbow level Shoulder level Normal reach Maximal reach 27 A normal reach B maximal reach C two-handed work area 28 Principles of motion economy Factors influencing working height 1. Two hands should begin and complete motions at the same time 2. Two hands should not be idle at the same time 3. Upright and forward facing posture 4. Several different natural and safe postures at work 5. Motions of arms opposite and symmetrical directions simultaneously 6. Momentum should be used whenever possible 7. Smooth curved motions are better than straightline and sharp changes Worker s measures Task features Precision Used force Object size

6 Working height for standing posture Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design 1. User Orientation: Design and application of tools, procedures, and systems must be user-oriented, rather than just task oriented 2. Diversity: Recognition of diversity in human capabilities and limitations, rather than stereotyping workers/users 3. Effect on Humans: Tools, procedures, and systems influence human behaviour and well-being Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design 4. Objective Data: Empirical information and evaluation is key in design process, rather than just use of common sense 5. Scientific Method: test and retest hypothesis with real data, rather than anecdotal evidence or good estimates 6. Systems: object, procedures, environments, and people are interconnected, affect one another, and do not exist in isolation 33 6

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