Biomechanical Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb and Fingers for Simulated Glovebox Tasks with Three Commonly used Hand Tools

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1 Interntionl Journl of Applied Science nd Engineering , 2: Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools Peng-Cheng Sung * Deprtment of Industril Engineering nd Mngement, Choyng University of Technology, No.168, Jifong Est Rod, Wufong District, Tichung City, 41349, Tiwn (R.O.C.) Abstrct: This study predicted the muscle forces of thumb nd fingers for simulted glovebox tsks with three hnd tools using three-dimensionl (3D) biomechnicl model. Then, this study evluted the effects of glove mterils, lyer of gloves donned, nd glove thickness on the muscle forces. The results found muscle forces on three thumb muscles for ll simulted tsks. The computed solutions lso found muscle forces on five muscles in index finger for ll tsks, in middle finger for roller nd wrench tsks, nd in ring finger for roller tsks. In ddition, forces in lumbricl (LU) muscle were found in index finger for roller nd wrench tsks nd in middle finger for wrench tsks. To minimize the mechnicl stress on muscles of the hnd, hyplon mteril could be selected since it could offer protection for thumb nd ring fingers with the lowest muscle forces recorded. Triple gloving could lso be selected to lower the muscle forces of the thumb nd the index nd ring fingers. In ddition, use of thinner glovebox gloves cn retin better grip nd pinch strength nd tctility of the working hnd. Keywords: muscle force; hnd tool; biomechnicl model; glovebox glove; musculoskeletl disorders. 1. Introduction Gloveboxes hve been frequently used in industry (biologicls, microelectronics, nucler, nd phrmceuticl), governmentl lbortories nd vrious reserch institutes to protect workers from hzrdous chemicls or microorgnisms, nd nucler mterils or to protect products from environmentl contmintion [1]. In glovebox opertions, workers re required to wer up to three lyers of gloves to offer protection to the hnd ginst hzrdous chemicls, biologicl, mechnicl nd rdiologicl hzrds. Gloves usge my result in ggrvted pressure (contct forces) in the hnd nd wrist regions when performing glovebox tsks. In ddition, working through glovebox glove ports my restrict rnges of motion of the shoulder nd elbow. This limits the utiliztion of the most powerful muscle groups during lifting nd force-exerting tsks nd putting more stress on the hnds nd wrists [1]. High compression on the hnd will cuse tissue irrittion, followed by inflmmtion nd formtion of cllus tissue [2]. Brbe nd Brr s [3] lso hypothesized tht tendon tissue inflmmtion resulted from tsk exposure is one of the three pthwys tht induce musculoskeletl disorders (MSDs) for hnd-intensive tsks. * Corresponding uthor; e-mil: sungpc@cyut.edu.tw Accepted for Publiction: April 16, Choyng University of Technology, ISSN Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 83

2 Peng-Cheng Sung Work-relted musculoskeletl disorders (MSDs), lso clled overuse injuries, hve ccounted for significnt proportion of work injuries nd workers compenstion clims in Western industrilized ntions since the lte 1980s [3]. For the hnd nd wrist MSDs, epidemiologicl reserch ssocites the onset nd severity of disorders with the performnce of repetitive nd forceful hnd-intensive tsks [4]. Repeted nd sustined forceful exertions with insufficient recovery time my increse the stress on muscles nd tendons which re ssocited with the development of musculoskeletl disorders [5]. Therefore, ssessment of muscle forces cn help explin how externl forces re trnsmitted to the internl muscles nd identify which muscles re highly exposed to these externl forces for hnd-intensive tsks [6]. In ddition, the muscle forces obtined cn better the understnding of hnd function nd be used to evlute mechnicl cuses for hnd pthologies ssocited with the using of hnd tools for glovebox tsks. Biomechnicl models of the hnd hve been used to study different spects of the norml nd bnorml behvior of the hnd in terms of motion nd force production for prehension [7]. Becuse of the complexity of the hnd, most models were developed for individul digits nd not for the whole hnds. A biomechnicl model tht encompsses ll spects of hnd function is not yet vilble due to the verstility of the hnd. For internl force nlysis, biomechnicl models hve been used to clculte two-dimensionl (2D) nd three-dimensionl (3D) muscle forces production with mesured externl forces of single nd/or multiple fingers. Since the humn hnd is three-dimensionl structure nd the glovebox tsks performed in this study require 3D force exertions, 3D models used to estimte muscles forces were considered in this study. For 3D force nlysis, most biomechnicl models were developed to predict tendon/muscle tensions for thumb [8-11] or individul digit [12-15]. For multiple fingers modeling, Cho et l. [16] determined 3D constrint forces of the finger tendons nd joints for index, middle, nd little fingers in four bsic isometric hnd functions (tip pinch, lterl pinch, ulnr pinch nd grsp). An et l. [17] estimted muscle forces for four fingers in four bsic isometric hnd functions (tip pinch, lterl pinch, ulnr pinch nd grsp). An et l. [7] refined the model developed by Cho et l. [16] by exmining dditionl objective functions for solutions using the optimiztion methods. Cho et l. [18] refined An et l. s model [17] by dding the coefficient of force nd moment potentil for the thumb to estimte the muscles forces for the thumb in ddition to the four fingers. Upon reviewing the rticles, Cho et l. s 3D biomechnicl model [18] ws dopted in the present study to estimte muscle forces for fingers nd thumb. This model ws chosen bsed on the following resons: 1) it is 3D biomechnicl model; 2) it involves ll the fingers nd the thumb; 3) it includes four bsic isometric hnd functions (tip pinch, lterl pinch, ulnr pinch nd grsp) which re relted to the tsks performed in this study. In ddition, Vigouroux et l. [19] shows tht Cho et l. s model [18] predicted relevnt muscle coordintion for five of the nine muscles modeled when compred nd correlted computed tendon tensions to electromyogrphic (EMG) mesurements provided in the literture. Only Opponent nd bductor longus muscle coordintions were bdly estimted. The im of this study is to predict muscle forces using contct forces obtined in previous study [20] for simulted glovebox tsks with three commonly used hnd tools. Then, this study will evlute the effects of glovebox gloves, lyer of gloves donned, nd thickness of glove on the muscle forces computed using the selected 3D biomechnicl model. 2. Methods 84 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

3 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools 2.1. Subjects Eleven volunteered femle free of MSDs in the upper extremities comprised the subject pool [20]. The subject s free of MSDs sttus in the upper extremities ws identified through interviewing during the recruiting process. All these subjects re right hnded. The men vlues of ge, height, hnd length nd mximum bredth of hnd re 32 ± 5 yers (23 to 40 yers), ± 5.0 cm (152.0 to cm), ± 5.1 mm (156.5 to mm), nd 87.2 ± 3.8 mm (79.4 to 93.4 mm), respectively. The detiled informtion regrding linkge length prmeters required for Cho et l. s model cn be found in Sung s study [20] Externl Contct Forces Mesurements The contct forces between hnd nd glove/tools interfce cross the plmr hnd surfce were determined through lbortory tsks simultions conducted inside glovebox under neutrl tmosphere [20]. Butyl, hyplon nd neoprene gloves in two different thicknesses (0.015 nd 0.03 ) tht re commercilly vilble for glovebox use were selected for evlution. Two hnd sizes, 8.5"nd 9.75" were provided nd the subject wore both of the gloves to pick the best fit glove. For the single gloving condition, the subject donned only pir of glovebox gloves. The double gloving condition includes pir of glovebox glove s outer glove nd pir of nturl rubber (Trionic size 8, 0.02 thickness, 43.5 gm) gloves s the inner glove which ws used in glovebox work to fcilitte donning the outer glove. The triple gloving condition dds nother pir of cotton gloves (medin size, thickness, 9.3 gm) s the innermost glove which is used in glovebox work for perspirtion bsorption purpose. Three hnd tools (Figure 1), nmely roller, crescent wrench (3/4 ), nd pir of tweezers were used for tsk simultions. These tools re used for glovebox work nd for common mintennce/production ctivities in the nucler industry. A mximum of four force sensing resistors (FSRs, Tekscn Inc.) were ttched using sports tpe onto identified contct res on the hnd directly depending on the tsks. For roller tsks, the four FSRs were ttched onto the tip of thumb, second phlnge of index finger, tip of middle nd ring fingers to mesure the contct forces. For tweezers tsks, the two FSRs were ttched onto the tip of thumb nd tip of index finger to mesure the contct forces. For wrench tsks, the four FSRs were ttched onto the tip of thumb, second phlnge of index finger, second phlnge of middle finger, nd H9 plm region [21]. Simulted tsks (Figure 2, wrench tsk simultion) were conducted inside typicl glovebox to determine the contct forces t the hnd nd glove/tool contct interfces. During ech 10 second smpling period, the subjects were sked to mke exertion to rech the trget tsk demnd displyed on the screen of computer monitor during the test, then, hold tht force or torque for pproximtely one second. The sme procedure ws repeted three times. For roller nd tweezers, the trget tsk demnds represented 25%, 50%, nd 75% of the mximum voluntry force, 40 Newton (N) nd 20 Newton (N), exertions of the roller nd tweezers mesured from three femle subjects in previous study [22]. For wrench tsks, the highest trget tsk demnd (9.04 Nm, Newton-meter) represented 75% of the mximum voluntry torque exertions of three femle subjects. The lowest nd medium trget tsk demnds represented 1/8 nd 1/2 of the highest trget tsk demnd (9.04 Nm) due to wider rnge of the mximum voluntry torque exertions mesured. The subjects were lso sked to control the exertion force/torque to ±10% of the trget tsk demnd to minimize the vrition of trget tsk demnd nd to ensure the fulfillment of the specific tsk. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 85

4 Peng-Cheng Sung Figure 1. Three hnd tools: roller (left), tweezers (middle), nd wrench (right) Figure 2. Wrench tsk simultion inside typicl glovebox (the subject did not wer glove to show the FSRs connection) Biomechnicl Model The muscles involved in the hnd functions re listed in Tble 1 [18]. Six Crtesin coordinte systems were estblished to define the loctions nd orienttion of muscles. There re two coordinte systems for both the middle nd proximl phlnges nd only one system for both the distl phlnx nd metcrpl. Two prmeters, force potentil nd moment potentil, were used to describe the orienttion nd loction of ech muscle. The force potentil is expressed in terms of the directionl cosine of muscle with respect to the distl system. It provides the contribution of prticulr muscle in generting joint constrint forces. The moment potentil specifies the moment rm of the muscle in regrd to the 86 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

5 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools joint center nd in the direction of ech coordinte xis of the distl system. It specifies the functionl moment of ech muscle in rotting the joint t three mutully perpendiculr directions. Equtions 1 nd 2 re equilibrium equtions for force nd moment t the distl interphlngel (DIP) joint, proximl interphlngel (PIP) joint, nd metcrpo-phlngel (MP) joint for the fingers nd the interphlngel (IP) joint, metcrpo-phlngel joint (MP), nd the crpometcrpl (CMC) joint for the thumb: Force equtions Σ α i F i + C x + R x = 0 Σ β i F i + C y + R y = 0 (1) Σ γ i F i + C z + R z = 0 Moment equtions Σ i F i + M x + T x = 0 Σ bifi + My + Ty = 0 (2) Σ c i F i + M z + T z = 0 where α i, β i, γ i = force potentil prmeters, i, b i, c i = moment potentil prmeters, C x, C y, C z = unknown joint constrint forces, M x, M y, M z = unknown joint constrint moments, F i = unknown muscle forces, R x, R y, R z = externlly pplied forces, nd T x, T y, T z = externlly pplied moments. The required input prmeters for using this model re externlly pplied force nd the X D cθcφ cθsφ = YD cψsφ + sψsθcφ cψcφ + sψsθsφ Z D sψsφ + cψsθsφ sψcφ + cψsθsφ flexion-extension (φ), rdioulnr devition (θ), nd prontion-supintion (ψ) ngles of the DIP, PIP, nd the MP joints of the fingers nd the IP nd MP joints of the thumb. The expected outcomes determined using Cho et l. s sttic force nlysis re the unknown muscle forces nd joint constrint forces nd moments. The externlly pplied forces were the contct forces mesured in previous study [20]. An ngle guge ws used to mesure the flexion-extension ngles t the DIP, PIP nd the MP joints of the fingers nd the IP nd MP joints of the thumb when holding the tools in sttic mode since no electricl ngle guge ws vilble in the mrket to mesure the ngles during tsks simultion. The rdioulnr devitions nd prontion-supintion ngles were not mesured nd ssumed to be 0 since the hnd were in neutrl positions [7] for those two plnes when performing the simulting tsks. When fingers nd thumb were in the functionl configurtion other thn the neutrl position, the following coordinte trnsformtion eqution (eqution 3) ws performed so tht the muscle nd the externlly pplied forces could be defined in the sme coordinte system for the force nlysis. in which, sθ X sψcθ YP cψcθ Z X = Y0 Z X D, Y D, Z D : coordinte of tendon point or components of vector mesured with respect to the distl system, X P, Y P, Z P : coordinte of tendon point or components of vector mesured with respect to the proximl system, X 0, Y 0, Z 0 : coordinte of the origin of the proximl system expressed in the distl system, s = sine, nd c = cosine. P P 0 0 (3) When free-body nlyses were performed on the thumb joints, there re totl of 21 unknowns including 8 unknown tendon forces, 9 unknown constrint forces, nd 4 unknown Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 87

6 Peng-Cheng Sung moments with 9 force equilibrium equtions nd 9 moment equilibrium equtions vilble. To solve the unknown, two ssumptions were mde to reduce the unknowns to mke the problems sttisticlly determinte [8]. The first ssumption is tht the extensor pollicis longus nd extensor pollicis brevis muscles were eliminted from considertion since they ct in the sme direction s the pplied force nd crry minimum lod. The second ssumption is tht the flexor brevis nd opponens pollicis muscles were ssumed to ct s one force vector, primrily t the crpometcrpl joint. Then, one possible dmissible solution cn be produced for the 18 remining unknowns (5 muscle forces, 9 constrints forces, nd 4 unknown moments) by using the 18 equilibrium equtions. When free-body nlyses were performed on ll three finger joints, there were totl of 19 independent equtions including 9 force equtions nd 9 moment equtions s mentioned bove nd one constrint eqution. The constrint eqution is tht the clculted force of terminl extensor equls the sum of the clculted forces of rdil nd ulnr bnds. The totl unknown joint-constrint forces nd moments (14) nd muscle forces (9) were 23. Bsed on systemtic combintion, ny four of the nine tendons were ssumed to be zero, thus mking the system sttisticlly determinte. A totl of 126 possible combintions of unknown were resolved uniquely. Among these combintions, the following constrint conditions [16] were used to find nd discrd the indmissible solutions. 1 ny of the muscles ber compressive forces, 2 ny of the joint xil compressive forces become tensile, nd 3 ny of the results rech unresonbly lrge mgnitudes in pinch or grsp. When pplying this model, the linkge length re ll normlized with respect to the distnces between the center of rottion of DIP joint nd the center of the concve surfce of the PIP joint of the corresponding finger to void nthropometric vritions Computer Progrm A computer progrm written nd compiled using Microsoft Visul Bsic, Version 6.0 ws used to solve the simultneous equtions for thumb nd fingers by Gussin elimintion method. When the progrm is initited, the user ws sked first to pick the thumb or one of the four fingers from combo box. Then, the user needs to click on the solve system commnd box to clculte dmissible solutions. There re three min sub functions inside this computer progrm. The Build Mtrix sub function is used to build the [A] nd {B} mtrices of the liner system [A]*{x} = {B}. The force nd moment potentil coefficients in mtrix A nd externl pplied forces nd moments in mtrix B were pre-entered in Microsoft Excel file. Inside the Excel file, the user lso needed to enter the contct force, flexion-extension ngles t the DIP, PIP, nd MP joints of the finger or the IP nd MP joints of the thumb, linkge length, nd finger-tool contct orienttion informtion. Then, this Excel file performed the necessry coordinte trnsformtion of externlly pplied contct forces using formul 3 provided previously. The Build Tringulr Mtrix sub function is going to build tringulr mtrix from the mtrix [A]. This sub function will first compose the ugmented mtrix in the following form. k k 2 1k 2k kk b1 b 2 bk Then, this sub function performs elementry row opertions to put the ugmented mtrix into the following upper tringulr form. 88 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

7 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools ' ' ' ' ' ' 1k 2k kk b' 1 b' 2 b' k The third min sub function Bck Substitution solves the eqution of the k th row for x k first, then substitutes bck into the eqution of the (k-1) st row to obtin solution for x k-1, etc., ccording to the eqution 4 to clculte the solution rry {x}using the bck substitution method. 1 k xi = b' i ' ijxj (4) ' ii j = i+ 1 For the fingers, nother sub function Vlidity Check ws lso used to pply the constrint conditions to discrd the indmissible solutions fter ll the solutions were clculted. Finlly, the dmissible solutions of the muscle forces were sent to nother Excel file for further dt nlysis. This softwre implements the methodology of Gussin elimintion step by step in computer code nd hs the bility to perform the biomechnicl nlysis of sttic forces in the thumb nd fingers during norml hnd functions. Tble 1. Tendons nd muscles involved in hnd function Hnd element Joint Tendons nd muscles Finger 1 DIP Terminl extensor (TE) Flexor profundus (FP) PIP Extensor slip (ES) Rdil bnd (RB) Ulnr bnd (UB) Flexor sublimes (FS) MP Long extensor (LE) Rdil interosseous (RI) Ulnr interosseous (UI) Lumbricl (LU) Thumb 2 IP Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) MCP Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) Adductor pollicis (ADD) Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) CMC Opponens pollicis (OPP) Abductor pollicis longus (APL) 1. Finger joint: DIP (distl interphlngel joint); PIP (proximl interphlngel joint); MP (metcrpo-phlngel joint). 2. Thumb joint: IP (interphlngel joint); MP (metcrpo-phlngel joint); CMC (crpometcrpl joint) Experimentl Design nd Sttisticl Anlysis The dependent vribles re the predicted Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 89

8 Peng-Cheng Sung muscle forces. This study evluted the effects of glove mteril, thickness, lyer, nd trget tsk demnd on the muscle forces. The trget tsk demnd hd three levels for ech tool. Glove mteril hd three levels: butyl, hyplon, nd neoprene. Thickness hd two levels, nd Lyer hd three levels: single, double, nd triple. The verge of three trils of ech test ws used in dt nlysis to improve the test-retest relibility [23]. Anlyses of vrince (ANOVAs) with repeted mesures were used to determine whether there were significnt differences mong independent vribles. Then, Bonferroni post hoc nlyses were performed to determine which pirs of mens were significntly different. All dt were nlyzed for sttisticl significnce t p 0.05 using the SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicgo, Illinois) sttisticl softwre. 3. Results 3.1. Estimted Muscle Forces Applying Cho et l. s [18] 3D biomechnicl model, computed solutions found muscle force t the flexor pollicis longus (FPL), bductor pollicis brevis (APB), nd dductor pollicis (ADD) of the thumb nd t the terminl extensor (TE), flexor profundus (FP), rdil bnd (RB), ulnr bnd (UB), rdil interosseous (RI) of the fingers for ll three tsks. The computed solution lso showed tht forces existed t the lumbricl muscle (LU) of the index finger during roller tsks simultion nd of the index nd middle fingers during wrenching tsks. Tble 2 shows the rnge of computed muscle forces for ll the functionl muscles (muscle force > 0) obtined in this study (detiled dt is not presented here). For the tweezers tsks, estimted muscle forces rnged from 5.5 N (FPL) to N (APB) nd 9.4 N (UB) to N (FP) for the thumb nd index finger, respectively. For the roller tsks, estimted muscle forces rnged from 6.8 N (FPL) to N (APB), 5.9 N (UB) to 45.4 N (TE), 9.4 N (UB) to 78.2 N (FP), nd 2.6 N (RI) to 81.6 N (FP) for the thumb, index finger, middle finger, nd ring finger, respectively. For the wrench tsks, estimted muscle forces rnged from 4.7 N (FPL) to N (APB), 3.3 N (UB) to 30.6 N (TE), nd 2.3 N (LU) to 50.3 N (TE) for the thumb, index finger, nd middle finger, respectively. From the computed results, the rtio of forces on FPL, APB, nd ADD to trget tsk demnd rnged from 1.08 to 1.80, 7.59 to 12.14, nd 5.13 to 8.18, respectively. Tble 3 shows the rnges of rtio for ll the functionl muscles (muscle force > 0) obtined in this study (detiled dt is not presented here). The rtios shown in tble 3 for wrench tsks were computed s muscle force to the trget tsks demnd in torque (not force) nd provided here for reference only Effects on Muscle Forces Tbles 4 nd 5 summrize the repeted-mesures ANOVA results for the effects of glove mteril nd lyer on the muscle forces. The results show tht the effect of glove mteril fctor is sttisticlly significnt for the forces in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb for wrench tsks (p<0.01). The lyer fctor is sttisticlly significnt for the forces in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb (p<0.01) nd in TE, FP, RB, RI, nd LU of index finger (p<0.05) for the roller tsks. The lyer fctor is lso sttisticlly significnt for the forces in FPL of the thumb for tweezers tsks (p<0.01) nd in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb for wrench tsks (p<0.01). The tsk demnd fctor is sttisticlly significnt t p<0.01 for the forces in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb for the wrench tsks nd t p< for the forces in the remining muscles treted with repeted-mesures ANOVAs. No sttisticlly significnt effects for thickness on muscle forces were found. 90 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

9 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools Tble 2. Rnge of estimted forces (N) in thumb nd finger muscles for three simulting glovebox tsks Digit 1 Tools Th FPL APB ADD Muscles Roller Tweezers Wrench IF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Tweezers Wrench MF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench RF TE FP RB UB RI Roller Th (thumb); IF (index finger); MF (middle finger); RF (ring finger). Tble 3. The rnge of rtios computed s muscle forces to trget tsk demnd for three simulting glovebox tsks Digit 1 Tools Th FPL APB ADD Muscles Roller Tweezers Wrench IF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Tweezers Wrench MF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench RF TE FP RB UB RI Roller Th (thumb); IF (index finger); MF (middle finger); RF (ring finger). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 91

10 Peng-Cheng Sung Tble 4. Summry of repeted-mesures ANOVA results (F vlue) for effects of glove mteril on muscle forces for three tools for eleven femle subjects Digit Tool Muscle Thumb FPL APB ADD Roller Tweezers Wrench 6.50 ** 6.39 ** 6.47 ** IF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench MF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench RF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller 3.35 * 3.35 * 3.33 * 3.35 * * : p < 0.05; ** : p < 0.01 Tble 5. Summry of repeted-mesures ANOVA results (F vlue) for effects of lyer on muscle forces for three tools for eleven femle subjects Digit Tool Muscle Thumb FPL APB ADD Roller 9.53 ** 7.47 ** 9.52 ** Tweezers ** Wrench 7.34 ** 7.45 ** 7.40 ** IF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller 4.60 * 4.48 * 4.42 * * 4.47 * Wrench MF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench RF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller * : p < 0.05; ** : p < Glove Mteril Effects Figure 3 shows the mens nd stndrd errors of the muscle forces in FPL, APB nd ADD of the thumb for wrenching tsks. Bonferroni post hoc nlyses results indicted tht Butyl mteril incresed the muscle forces significntly (p<0.01) compred to hyplon mteril in ll three muscles. Figure 4 shows the mens nd stndrd errors of the muscle force in TE, FP, RB, nd UB of the ring finger for roller tsks. The Bonferroni post hoc comprisons indicted tht neoprene mteril incresed the forces significntly (p<0.05) compred to hyplon mteril Lyer Effects 92 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

11 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools Tble 6 shows the Bonferroni post hoc tests of lyers for muscles showing significnt differences treted with repeted-mesures ANOVA. For roller tsks, double lyers incresed the forces significntly compred to triple lyers mteril in FPL, APB nd ADD of the thumb, in TE, FP, RB, UB, RI, nd LU of the index finger, nd in RI of the ring finger (p<0.05). For tweezers tsks, single lyer incresed the forces significntly compred to double nd triple lyers in FPL of the thumb (p<0.05). In ddition, single nd double lyers incresed the forces significntly compred to triple lyers in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb for wrench tsks (p<0.05) Tsk demnd Effects For the tsk demnd fctor, ll three levels differed significntly from one nother in ll muscles (p<0.001) treted with repeted-mesures ANOVAs except in the FPL, APB, nd of the thumb for wrench tsks where significnt men differences were only found to be between the trget tsk demnds of 9.04 N-m nd 1.13 N-m (p<0.05). 100 Muscle force (N) Butyl Hyplon Neoprene b b b FPL APB ADD Muscle of Thumb Figure 3. Mens nd stndrd errors of the muscle force of the thumb when performing wrench tsks with different glovebox gloves (N=11; nd b: significntly level t p<0.01) Butyl Hyplon Neoprene Muscle force (N) b b b b TE FP RB UB Muscle of ring finger Figure 4. Mens nd stndrd errors of the muscle force of the thumb when performing wrench tsks with different glovebox gloves (N=11; nd b: significntly level t p<0.05) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 93

12 Peng-Cheng Sung Tble 5. Summry of repeted-mesures ANOVA results (F vlue) for effects of lyer on muscle forces for three tools for eleven femle subjects Digit Tool Muscle Thumb FPL APB ADD Roller 9.53 ** 7.47 ** 9.52 ** Tweezers ** Wrench 7.34 ** 7.45 ** 7.40 ** IF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller 4.60 * 4.48 * 4.42 * * 4.47 * Wrench MF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller Wrench RF TE FP RB UB RI LU Roller * : p < 0.05; ** : p < 0.01 Tble 6. Bonferroni post hoc tests of lyer for muscles showing significnt differences treted with repeted-mesures ANOVA Tool Digit Muscle Lyer * Roller Thumb FPL, APB, ADD Double Single Triple IF TE, FP, RB, UB, RI, LU Double Single Triple RF RI Double Single Triple Tweezers Thumb FPL Single Double Triple Wrench Thumb FPL, APB, ADD Single Double Triple *: The muscle force in the left column of lyer is greter (p<0.05). 4. Discussion This study used Cho et l. s 3D biomechnicl model [18] for predicting forces in muscles of thumb nd fingers ssocited with simulted glovebox tsks with three hnd tools. From the computed solutions, three out of the eight thumb muscles (FPL, APB, nd ADD) re the functionl muscles (muscle force > 0) of the thumb for ll three simulted tsks. Five out of ten muscles (TE, FP, RB, UB, nd RI) re the functionl muscles in index finger for ll three tsks, in middle finger for roller nd wrench tsks, nd in ring finger for roller tsks. In ddition, LU is found s functionl muscle in index finger for roller nd wrench tsks nd in middle finger for wrench tsks. The only vilble direct mesurements of in vivo tendon(muscle) forces were reported by Bright nd Urbnik [24] where the FP force of index finger ws found to be in the rnges of kg ( N) nd kg ( N) in tip pinch nd grsp hnd functions, respectively. Compred to the forces (tble 2) obtined for roller nd 94 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

13 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools wrench tsks in grsp hnd functions, the vlues reported by Bright nd Urbnik [24] re reltively higher thn the theoreticl estimted results shown in the present study ( N). For tweezers tsks, the muscle force predicted in FP of this experiment ws computed to be in the rnges of Kg ( N). The force dt re little bit higher thn but not fr from the rnges of kg ( N) in tip pinch hnd function reported by Bright nd Urbnik [24]. To understnd how functionlly relevnt tsks ffect the biologicl tissues, it is necessry to determine the internl lods borne by the muscles, joints, nd soft tissues [25] since force is fundmentl mechnism ssocited with injury. If the forces in tissue exceed the tolernce of the tissue, then the tissue will fil nd be injured such s n excessive strin, ter, or frcture [26]. In this study, the rnges of the forces (descriptive dt not shown here) tht exist in the finger nd thumb during three simulted ctivities were provided (tble 2). In ddition, the rtios of muscle force to trget tsks demnd for ll functionl muscles were lso computed (tble 3). The forces in the muscles of the thumb (APB) nd index finger (FP) cn be s lrge s 12.0 nd 8.5 times the forces required to perform the tweezers tsks, respectively. For roller tsks, the forces in the muscles of the thumb (APB) nd middle nd ringers (FP) cn be s lrge s 6.5 nd times the forces required, respectively. The muscle forces dt provided in this study cn be used to better the tendon repir techniques, rehbilittion procedures, nd joint replcement designs [6]. The non-functionl muscles for these three tsks could lso be selected s substitution for the bnorml functionl muscles once muscle/tendon trnsfer is required to restore the function nd strength of the hnd. In ddition, the force nd rtio dt cn be used s selection criteri for the vilble nd under considertion muscles. The effects of glove, lyer, nd thickness on muscle forces were similr to tht of the effects on contct forces [20] with smll vritions in minor components. The similr results with smll vritions could be ttributed to smll vritions of joint positions (ngles) of the fingers nd the thumb when holding the tools, to the different length of digits mong subjects, nd to different moment nd force potentils mong muscles. For the effects of glove mteril on muscle forces, the present investigtion found tht hyplon mteril reduced the forces significntly compred to neoprene mteril in TE, FP, RB, nd UB of the ring finger for roller tsk (Figure 4). Hyplon mteril lso reduced the forces significntly compred to butyl mteril in FPL, APB nd ADD of the thumb for wrench tsks (Figure 3). For the effects of lyer on muscle forces, this study found tht triple lyers decresed the forces significntly compred to double lyers in FPL, APB nd ADD of the thumb, in TE, FP, RB, UB, RI, nd LU of the index finger, nd in RI of ring finger for roller tsks. Triple nd double lyers lso decresed the forces significntly compred to single lyer in FPL of the thumb for tweezers tsks. In ddition, triple lyers decresed the forces significntly compred to single nd double lyers in FPL, APB, nd ADD of the thumb for wrench tsks. To minimize the mechnicl stress (optimize protection) on muscles of the hnd, hyplon mteril could be selected if other criteri (such s chemicl, physicl, biologicl etc) were met since it could offer protection for specific hnd digits (thumb nd ring finger) with the lowest muscle forces recorded. In ddition, triple gloving could be used to lower the muscle forces of the thumb, the index nd ring fingers. Although no sttisticlly significnt effects for thickness on muscle forces were found, this study recommends the use of thinner (0.015 ) glovebox glove since it cn retin better grip nd pinch strength nd tctility [20] of the working hnd. So fr, it is still difficult nd chllenging to mesure the internl force on biologicl tis- Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 95

14 Peng-Cheng Sung sues from the externl ctivities. Direct mesures (e.g. by mens of invsive trnsducers) bypss mny of the limittions ssocited with modeling efforts, however, they re quite invsive nd difficult to perform on humns from n ethicl viewpoint [26]. Evlutions bsed on comprison of normlized electromyogrphic (nemg) recordings cn lso be problemtic if the test conditions involve different postures or joint nd velocities [25] nd my not be ble to reflect the ctul internl loding. Biomechnicl models re incresingly used to predict the internl lods, however, idelly models should be scled bsed upon individully collected prmeter sets [27] nd be vlidted in dvnce. Despite the prmount functions of the hnd in dily life, hnd biomechnicl models hve been little developed, evluted, nd vlidted. The performnces of the biomechnicl model dopted in this study hd been evluted by Vigouroux et l. [19] through nemg mesurements provided in the literture. However, they mde evlution on the internl lodings on the muscles of thumb only. They lso points out the necessity of new nthropometric mesurements of thumb tendon loction strongly relted to relevnt nd in vivo reproducible kinemtic description. Therefore, further relible verifiction of the mthemticl solutions presented in this study wits the development of better biomechnicl models nd/or experimentl vlidtion. 5. Conclusion From the computed solutions of this study, we concluded tht the FPL, APB, nd ADD re the functionl muscles of the thumb for the simulted tweezers, roller, nd wrench tsks. TE, FP, RB, UB, nd RI re lso the functionl muscles in index finger for ll three tsks, in middle finger for roller nd wrench tsks, nd in ring finger for roller tsks. In ddition, LU is the functionl muscle in index finger for roller nd wrench tsks nd in middle finger for wrench tsks. To minimize the mechnicl stress on muscles of the hnd, hyplon mteril could be selected since it could offer protection for thumb nd ring finger with the lowest muscle forces recorded. Triple gloving could lso be selected to lower the muscle forces of the thumb nd the index nd ring fingers. In ddition, this study recommends the use of thinner (0.015 ) glovebox glove since it cn retin better grip nd pinch strength nd tctility of the working hnd. Acknowledgement The uthor would like to thnk the Ntionl Science Council of Tiwn for finncilly supporting this reserch under Grnts No. NSC E References [ 1] Estmn Kodk Compny Ergonomic Design for People t Work Volume I: Workplce, Equipment, nd Environmentl Design nd Informtion Trnsfer. Estmn Kodk Compny, Vn Nostrnd Reinhold, New York. [ 2] Tichuer, E. R. nd Gge, H Ergonomic principls bsic to hnd tool design. Americn Industril Hygiene Assocition Journl, 38: [ 3] Brbe, M. D. nd Brr, A.E Inflmmtion nd the pthophysiology of work-relted musculoskeletl disorders. Brin, Behvior, nd Immunity, 20: [ 4] Brr, A.E., Brbe, M.F., nd Clrk, B.D Work-relted musculoskeletl disorders of the hnd nd wrist: epidemiology, pthophysiology, nd sensorimotor chnges. Journl of Orthopedic nd Sports Physicl Therpy, 34, 10: [ 5] Hllbeck, M. S Flexion nd extension forces generted by wrist-dedicted muscles over the rnge of motion. 96 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

15 Biomechnicl Assessment of Muscle Forces of Thumb nd Fingers for Simulted Glovebox Tsks with Three Commonly used Hnd Tools Applied Ergonomics, 25: [ 6] Kong, Y., Jng, H., nd Freivlds, Andris Wrist nd tendon dynmics s contributory risk fctors in work-relted musculoskeletl disorders. Humn Fctors nd Ergonomics in Mnufcturing, 16, 1: [ 7] An, K. N., Cho, E. Y., Cooney, W. P., nd Linschied, R. L Forces in the nominl n1d bnorml hnd. Journl of Orthopedic Reserch, 3: [ 8] Cooney, W. P. III nd Cho, E. Y Biomechnicl nlysis of sttic forces in the thumb during hnd function. Journl of Bone nd Joint Surgery Americn, 59: [ 9] Smutz, W., Kongsyreepong, A., Hughes, R., Niebur, G., Cooney, W., nd An, K. N Mechnicl dvntge of the thumb muscles. Journl of Biomechnics, 31: [10] Vlero-Cuevs, F., Johnson, M. E., nd Towles, J. D Towrds relistic biomechnicl model of the thumb: the choice of kinemtic description my be more criticl thn the solution method or the vribility/uncertinty of musculoskeletl prmeters. Journl of Biomechnics, 36: [11] Sntos, V. J. nd Vlero-Cuevs, F. J Reported ntomicl vribility nturlly leds to multimodl distribution of Denvit Hrtnenberg prmeters for the humn thumb. IEEE Trnsctions on Biomedicl Engineering, 53: [12] An, K. N., Ueb, Y., Cho, E. Y., Cooney, W. P., nd Linscheid, R. L Tendon excursion nd moment rm of index finger muscles. Journl of Biomechnics, 16: [13] Brook, N., Mizrhi, J., Shohm, M., nd Dyn, J. A Biomechnicl model of index finger dynmics. Medicl Engineering nd Physics, 17, 1: [14] Sncho-Bru, J. L., Perez-Gonzlez, A., Vergr-Monedero, M., nd Giurintno, D.J A 3-D dynmic model of humn finger for studying free movements. Journl of Biomechnics, 34: [15] Lee, S.W., Chen, H., Towles, J. D., nd Kmper, D. G Estimtion of the effective sttic moment rms of the tendons in the index finger extensor mechnism. Journl of Biomechnics, Volume 41, 7: [16] Cho, E. Y., Opgrnde, J. D. nd Axmer F. E Three-dimensionl force nlysis of finger joints in selected isometric hnd functions. Journl of Biomechnics, 9: [17] An, K. N., Cho E. Y., Cooney, W. P. nd Linscheid, R. L Normtive model of humn hnd for biomechnicl nlysis. Journl of Biomechnics, 12: [18] Cho E. Y., An, K. N., Cooney, W. P. III, nd Linscheid, R.L Normtive model of humn hnd, Biomechnics of the hnd. World Scientific Publishing Compny, [19] Vigouroux, L., Domlin, M., nd Berton, E Comprison of tendon tensions estimted from two biomechnicl models of the thumb. Journl of Biomechnics, 42: [20] Sung, P. C Glovebox gloves: ergonomics guidelines for the prevention of musculoskeletl disorders. Doctorl Disserttion, University of Cliforni t Los Angeles, Los Angeles, U.S.A. [21] Frnsson-Hll, C. nd Kilbom, A Sensitivity of the hnd to surfce pressure. Applied Ergonomics, 24: [22] Liu, V. W. C., Sung, P. C., Aris, L., Hollnder, J., nd McDonld, J Use of glovebox gloves nd its ergonomic impcts. Americn Industril Hygiene Conference nd Exposition Abstrct, My 20-25, Orlndo, Florid, USA: 10. [23] Mthiowetz, V., Kshmn, N., Vollnd, G., Weber, K., nd Dowe, M Grip nd pinch strength: normtive dt for Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2 97

16 Peng-Cheng Sung dults. Archivl of Physicl Medicine nd Rehbilittion, 66: [24] Bright, D. S. nd Urbnik, J. B Direct mesurements of flexor tendon tension during ctive nd pssive digit motion nd its ppliction to flexor tendon surgery. Trnsctions of 22 nd Annul Meeting, Orthopedic Reserch Society, p [25] Lngenderfer, J., LSclz, S., Mellb, A., Crpenter, J.E., Kuhn, J.E., nd Hughes, R.E An EMG-driven model of the upper extremity nd estimtion of long hed biceps force. Computers in Biology nd Medicine, 35: [26] Dennerlein, J. T Finger flexor tendon forces re complex function of finger joint motions nd fingertip forces. Journl of Hnd Therpy, 18, 2: [27] Veeger, D. H. E. J Wht if : The use of biomechnicl models for understnding nd treting upper extremity musculoskeletl disorders. Mnul Therpy, 16: Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng., , 2

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