Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes

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1 Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes S A B INE P Ö L L E R 1, THOMAS M O E L L E R 2 & MA R E N W ITT 1,2 1 F A C U L T Y O F S P O R T S C I E N C E, U N I V E R S I T Y O F L E I P Z I G, G E R M A N Y 2 I N S T I T U T E F O R A P P L I E D T R A I N I N G S C I E N C E, L E I P Z I G, G E R M A N Y Science & Triathlon - Magglingen - February 2013

2 Introduction Functions of the trunk musculature: stable base force transmission Impact on athletic performance? Prevention of injuries? Santana (2005) Content and amount of strength training? Gold standard for the measurement of core strength? Tittel (1994)

different groups of subjects, different measuring systems, different

3 Core Strength Testing Measurement results of core strength differ strongly possible causes: isometric or isokinetic movements endurance strength or 1 RM different groups of subjects, different measuring systems, different measuring positions movement speeds, reps and evaluation software (Verdonck et al., 1997)

4 Objectives What is the performance level of triathletes in an isometric trunk maximum strength test in the cross-section of the total sample? depending on age and gender? depending on the training base? compared over a preparation period and over a year? gender-differentiated compared to the other sports: rowing, canoeing, swimming and throwing (athletics)? In which amount and content is strength trained at German triathlon bases?

Instrument and Measurement Isometric maximum strength test using the CTT Pegasus (BfMC, Leipzig, Germany) at the Institute for Applied Training Science

5 Instrument and Measurement Isometric maximum strength test using the CTT Pegasus (BfMC, Leipzig, Germany) at the Institute for Applied Training Science (Leipzig) within the complex performance diagnostics Maximum force measured in the sagittal, frontal & transversal plane 3 trials in the strength test (~15 min)

6 Instrument and Measurement Each subject has its own individual anthropometric profile Necessary to determine: body mass body height upper body length Reference = upper body torque

7 Subjects 49 athletes (21 female and 28 male, regional and national squad) 19.2 ± 3.0 years old 1. Test (n=49) Comparative Test A (after 2-4 months); n=16 Comparative Test B (after 1 year); n=11 Sex Body height in cm Body mass in kg female ± ± 7.6 male ± ± 8.3

8 Cross-Section Results (n=49) [Percent] Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right

9 Gender Differences [Percent] * * * * * 60 Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right male female Lateral Extension Signifikanztabelle Flexion left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right p

10 Age Group Differences [Percent] Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right Juniors Juniors (n=28), U23/Elite (n=21) U23/Elite

11 Strength Training at the National Centers Saarbrücken (n=8), Potsdam (n=22), Neubrandenburg (n=9), others (n=10) Saarbrücken Potsdam Neubrandenburg strength training in h/year ~ units per week a) athletic training b) with gym equipement c) with free weights 50 % 15 % 35 % 65 % 0 % 35 % 66.6 % 33.3 % 0 % alternative strength training none Skikes, rowing, canoeing xc-skiing

12 Training Base Differences [Percent] Extension Flexion Lateral_li Lateral_re Rotation_li Rotation_re Saarbrücken Potsdam Neubrandenburg others Problems with inconsistent recording and group composition

13 Development over one preparation period [Percent] * Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right 1. Test 2. Test Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right p d

14 Comparison of Sports [Percent] 110 Men Extension Flexion Lateral Rotation Canoeing Rowing Swimming (Youth) Swimming (Elite) Triathlon Throwing

15 Comparison of Sports [Percent] Women Extension Flexion Lateral Rotation Canoeing Rowing Swimming (Youth) Swimming (Elite) Triathlon Throwing

16 Single Cases Male (17), Regional Squad Female (22), National Squad Male (20), Regional Squad Female (27), National Squad

17 Summary Men have a good performance level, women have significant deficits - explanation? No significant differences by age and training Trunk strength training with complex, alternative training methods Good analysis of the trunk strength possible with this test

18 Future Research With ongoing testing, clarification of the trend in the longitudinal section Training intervention studies Benchmarks for triathletes Correlation of dysbalances and laterality Correlation of flexibility and strength performance Impact on the competition result Standardized recording of strength training

19 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! contact:

20 References Bourban, P., Hübner, K., Tschopp, M. & Marti, B. (2001). Grundkraftanforderungen im Spitzensport: Ergebnisse eines 3-teiligen Rumpfkrafttests. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 49 (2), Cowley, P. M., Fitzgerald, S., Sottung, K., & Swensen, T. (2009). Age, Weight, and the Front Abdominal Power Test as Predictors of Isokinetic Trunk Strength and Work in Young Men and Women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, Denner, A. (1995). Muskuläre Profile der Wirbelsäule. Band 1: Grundlagen. Köln: Sport und Buch Strauß. Fröhlich, M. & Pieter, A. (2009). Cohen s Effektstärken als Mass der Bewertung von praktischer Relevanz Implikationen für die Praxis. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 57, Nikolenko, M., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Spiering, B.A. & Tran, T. T. (2011). Relationship between Core Power and Mesures of Sport Performance. Kinesiology, 43 (2), Prochnow, C. (2011). Entwicklung eines Trainingskonzepts zum spezifischen Krafttraining in der Sportart Triathlon im Hochleistungstraining. Studienarbeit, Trainerakademie Köln. Santana, J. (2005). Strength Training for Swimmers: Training the Core. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27 (2), Sato, K. & Mokha, M. (2009). Does Core Strength Training Influence Running Kinetics, Lower-Extremity Stability, and 5000-m Performance in Runners? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, Tittel, K. (2003). Beschreibende und funktionelle Anatomie des Menschen (14., völlig überarb. und erw. Aufl.). München, Jena: Urban und Fischer. Tschopp, M. (2003). Leistungsdiagnostik Kraft. Magglingen: Swiss Olympic. Verdonck, A. J., Höltke, V. & Theek, C. (1997). Isokinetische Kraftleistungsdiagnostik der Rumpfextensoren und flexoren. Eine Untersuchung bei Hochleistungsschwimmern und Eistänzern/Eiskunstläufern der nationalen Spitzenklasse. Leistungssport, 27 (4), Vincent, W. (1995). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Weineck, J. (2000). Optimales Training : leistungsphysiologische Trainingslehre unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kinder- und Jugendtrainings (11. Aufl.). Balingen: Spitta-Verlag. Witt, M. (2009, Oktober). Biomechanische Diagnostik selbstständig durchführen: Rumpfkraft. Vorlesung Masterstudiengang Sportwissenschaft an der Universität Leipzig. Zatsiorsky, V. M. & Kraemer, W. J. (2008). Krafttraining, Praxis und Wissenschaft. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.

21 Development over one year [Percent] * * Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right 1. Test 2. Test Lateral Lateral Rotation Rotation Extension Flexion left right left right p d *

22 Upper Body Torque by Zatsiorsky (1984, in Witt, 2009) needed: body mass (BM), body height (BH) and upper body length (UBL). Women upper body mass (UBM) = BM BH Men upper body mass (UBM) = BM BH individual upper body torque = 0.45 UBL/100 * 9.81 UBM Expected: Extension : Flexion 2:1, Flexion : Lateral 1:1, Flexion : Rotation 1:0,7

23 Training Examples (Prochnow, 2011; Eggert, 2011)

24 Instrument and Measurement

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