Objectives. Contents. GONIOMETRY and VIDEOGRAMMETRY in (Sports) Biomechanics

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1 GONIOMETRY and VIDEOGRAMMETRY in (Sports) Biomechanics Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction Anvendt Biomekanik Uwe Kersting Lecture Objectives Basic working principles of goniometers Considerations how to apply them How to interpret data gained Basic principles of photogrammetry 2dimensional video technique Discuss advantages and disadvantages Apply both techniques in running (practice examples) 2 Contents 1. From movement to data a general concept 2. Goniometry: techniques & limitations 3. Goniometer application 4. Fundamentals of photogrammetry 5. Planar kinematics 6. Summary 3 1

2 Biomechanics Da Vinci: Mechanics is the paradise of mathematical sciences because by means of it one comes to the fruits of mathematics. ( ) Hatze (1971): Biomechanics is the science, which studies structures and functions of biological systems using knowledge and methods of mathematics. Newton s laws etc. 4 Biomechanics = Science of the effects of forces on human body system Movements of segments of interest Muscles as the actuators Kinematics = movement of segments or total body Kinetics = forces acting on segments or the total body 5 A sport biomechanist s job or one possible way to go Description Analysis Interpretation Suggest a change Re-evaluate Teach / train the changes if effective How? 6 2

3 Goniometer essentials Goniometer: uniaxial parallax multiaxial digital, analog 7 Measurement chain Amplifier AD converter Computer Storage medium Sensor The digital frontier software printer REPORT REPORT SIGNAL monitor Figure 1: Measurement chain. 8 Goniometer essentials Fulcrum of goniometer = fulcrum of joint! 9 3

4 Rearfoot goniometer 10 Jumps in athletics Planar motions? fundamentals of modelling + biomechanical accessability 11 Long jump analysis (i.e. partial distance model) DISTANCE L1: TAKEOFF DISTANCE L2: FLIGHT DISTANCE L3: LANDING DISTANCE TAKEOFF HEIGHT TAKEOFF SPEED TAKEOFF ANGLE AIR RESISTANCE TAKEOFF ACCURACY BODY POSITION PHYSIQUE ACTIONS ON LANDING BODY POSITION PHYSIQUE v 12 4

5 Uwe Kersting, Technique analysis v Biomechanical analysis... L1 L2 L3 We use models for - simplification - representation/mapping - reduction - subjectivation Define phases of movement Identify factors of importance Identify criteria to assess techniques 13 Historical perspective simple models 14 Historical perspective Aristotle ( B.C.) De Motu Animalum If a man would walk in the sunshine in parallel to a wall the line, which his head describes would not move in a straight line. It would follow a zig-zag pattern; going down when he flexes and moving upwards when he straightens. 15 5

6 Measure directly or use images? Pros and cons? 16 Historical perspective Technical realisation: camera obscura Also described and used by Aristotle, Kepler First technical drawings by Leonardo DaVinci (1490) b 17 Improvements Optics of light beams, inclusion of lenses, photographic recording Focal length = distance of lense centre to the location where incoming parallel beams cross For a standard photo camera (24 * 36 mm): f = 50 mm represents a normal view 18 6

7 Multiple exposure Eadweard Muybridge ( ) 19 Multiple exposure & viewpoints 20 Central plane Object Image Central plane Object Image 21 7

8 Caution! - on two levels Fish eye-effect 22 Caution! - on two levels Waterfall-effect Freeze! 23 Lens correction 24 8

9 Braune and Fischer (~ 1900) Scaling the on the imaging plane Simpler approach is possible 25 Examples of sports techniques Pole vault 26 Example II, choice of perspective! 27 9

10 Example III H 28 Use a model Partial heights model (transferable to many movements) (Hay, 1978) 29 Partial heights model: factors 30 10

11 Summary Aim of biomechanical investigation is to: describe movement and explain how it works reduce trial and error approaches in coaching and teaching. There are obvious limitations There are big advantages 31 Optics How to measure the size of an object on an image? Reference measurement (calibration) 32 Calibration for 2D If the movement plane is parallel to the imaging plane a distance measure is sufficient to calibrate the set-up. If the movement plane is aligned obliquely we need a 4-point calibration. Common digitisation software includes this option

12 Limitation of 2D analyses to planar motion and correct camera positioning Alignment...? Example: Track and Field - Side view Camera on the stands Track e 35 γ τ δ δ + τ = β 36 12

13 Cinematography 24 images per second (std.) Low cam 800 images per second Mechanical shutter 1/ s - lighting! by hand digitisation 37 Video technique Image construction out of lines 38 Video technique Camera chip Limitation: 25 or 50 Hz time resolution digital Video Digitisation; frame grabber board Video image analog Video 39 13

14 Recording on tape Video resolutions: in time: 50/60 Hz lines Electronic shutters Frame grabber boards < 512 * < 512 Digital cameras recording to tape or disk Megapixel Images 1024 * 1024 Vicon MX = 4 Mpixel 40 Rules for practice Use 2D for one-plane motions Align properly Have athletes wearing suitable clothes Use markers if possible Use longest possible focal length Use shortest possible exposure time Adjust lighting Make sure all the movement gets covered, but don t waste image area 41 Summary Goniometers allow continuous recording of joint angles (1D + 2D) reference measurement required Photographic techniques allow for a quantification of kinematic characteristics. Basic optical principles were applied to estimate limitations. One-plane motion can be quantified from in plane and out of plane camera positions

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