Concussion: The Basics. Bill Meehan, MD Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention Sports Concussion Clinic, Boston Children s Hospital
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1 Concussion: The Basics Bill Meehan, MD Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention Sports Concussion Clinic, Boston Children s Hospital
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13 Definition Working definition Characteristics Trauma Impulse Immediate Self-resolves Functional
14 Biomechanics Biomechanics Rotational acceleration Slaughterhouses free to move, accelerate Denny-Brown 1941 medicine, acceleration Holburn 1943 thought experiment, rotational Ommaya and Genarelli definitive
15 Normal Physiology
16 Normal Physiology
17 Normal Physiology
18 Normal Physiology
19 Pathophysiology Biomechanical injury Ion flux, K+, Na+ Excitatory neurotransmitters NMDA Ca++ influx, further EAA release Exacerbates efflux of K+ Depolarization spreading depression Glyolysis -pump restoration Decreased flow
20 Assessment Acute assessment ABC Other or associated injuries History classic Physical (Imaging)
21 Signs and Symptoms Loss of Consciousness Amnesia, retrograde or antegrade Disorientation Appearing dazed Acting confused Forgetting game rules or play assignments Inability to recall score or opponent Inappropriate emotionality Physical incoordination Imbalance Seizure Slow verbal responses Personality changes Headache Dizziness Nausea or vomiting Difficulty balancing Vision changes Photophobia Phonophobia Feeling out of it Difficulty concentrating Tinnitus Drowsiness Sadness Hallucinations
22 Specific Assessment Tools Assessment Symptoms - PCSS Balance - BESS Neurocognitive: computerized vs. neuropsychological
23 Post Concussion Symptom Scale None Mild Moderate Severe Headache Pressure in head Neck Pain Balance problems or dizzy Nausea or vomiting Vision problems Hearing problems / ringing Don t feel right Feeling dinged or dazed Confusion Feeling slowed down Feeling like "in a fog" Drowsiness Fatigue or low energy More emotional than usual Irritability Difficulty concentrating Difficulty remembering Sadness Nervous or Anxious Trouble falling asleep Sleeping more than usual Sensitivity to light Sensitivity to noise Other:
24 Balance Error Scoring System 1. Double Leg Stance Feet together, hands on hips, eyes closed for 20 seconds. 2. Single Leg Stance Non-dominant foot, 30 degrees hip flexion, 45 degrees knee flexion, hands on hips, eyes closed for 20 seconds. 3. Tandem Stance Non-dominant foot in back, hands on hips, eyes closed for 20 seconds.
25 BESS Errors 1. Hands off iliac crest 2. Opening eyes 3. Step, stumble or fall 4. Moving hip into >30 degrees abduction 5. Lifting forefoot or heel 6. Remaining out of position > 5 seconds Errors counted.
26 Percentile Neurocognitive Testing Verbal Memory Visual Memory Processing Speed Reaction Time Baseline Post Injury 1 Post Injury 2 Post Injury 3 6 Days Post 16 Days Post 23 Days Post
27 Management Management Physical rest Cognitive rest RTP stages Most athletes recover quickly
28 Step Level of activity 1. No activity, complete rest. Once asymptomatic, proceed to level Light aerobic exercise such as walking or stationary cycling, no resistance training. 3. Sport specific exercise - for example, skating in hockey, running in soccer; progressive addition of resistance training at steps 3 or Non-contact training drills. 5. Full contact training after medical clearance. 6. Game play.
29 Weeks to months: Prolonged recoveries Insomnia Post-traumatic headaches Cognitive dysfunction Balance problems / dizziness
30 Sports Concussion Clinic 10 physicians, a neuropsychologist, 2 sports psychologists Consultants in neurosurgery, neurology, otorhinolaryngology, vestibular therapy, optometry, ophthamology, >400 patient visits / month (peak season) Basic science research and clinical research
31 Recent Concern Risk Cumulative Second Impact Syndrome Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
32 Increased Risk Gerberich 1983 Schultz 2004 Guskiewicz 2003
33 Cumulative Effects Gronwall 1975 Collins 1999 Guskiewicz 2003
34 Second Impact Syndrome Saunders and Harbaugh 1984
35 Andre Waters Terry Long Mike Webster Chris Benoit
36 Non-Professional Athletes What about the rest of us? If you played football in high school, are you at risk for neurobehavioral problems? Rebekah Mannix, MD, MPH
37 Cross sectional study Methods New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) Alumni (40-70 years old) Sports played, number of seasons Collision: football, rugby, men s ice hockey, men s lacrosse Non-contact: swimming, cross country, golf, tennis, squash, Frisbee, volleyball
38 Methods Assessment Center, NIH, Neuro-QOL Never Rarely (Once) Sometimes (Two to three times) Often (About once a day) Very often (several times a day) (Applied cognition)
39 Methods Compared collision sport vs. non-contact sport Adjusted for potential confounders Removed those with a history of concussion
40 Effect of collision sports participation on patient reported outcomes (participants without history of concussion) β- coefficient* Standard Error 95% CI p-value Outcome Measure General Concerns , Executive Function , Anxiety , Depression , Alcohol Use , Sleep Disturbance , Emotion/Behavior , Dyscontrol Fatigue , Positive Affect ,
41 Further Reading McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport. J Athl Train 2009;44(4): Meehan WP III, Bachur RG. Sport-related concussion. Pediatrics 2009;123: Collins MW, Grindel SH, Lovell MR, et al. Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA 1999;282: Shaw NA. The neurophysiology of concussion. Prog Neurobiol 2002;67: Non-medical: Meehan WP III. Kids, Sports, and Concussion: A guide for coaches and parents Praeger Publishers, ABC-CLIO, LLC.
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