Medical Imaging. Ultrasound Imaging

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Medical Imaging. Ultrasound Imaging"

Transcription

1 Medical Imaging Ultrasound Imaging Prof. Ed X. Wu Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety

2 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety History of Ultrasound Imaging 1822 Swiss physicist Daniel Colladen used underwater bell in an attempt to calculate the speed of sound in the waters of Lake Geneva meters/second,

3 History of Ultrasound Imaging Swiss physicist Daniel Colladen used underwater bell in an attempt to calculate the speed of sound in the waters of Lake Geneva. Lord Rayleigh (England) published famous treatise "The Theory of Sound" in which the fundamental physics of sound vibrations (waves), transmission and refraction were clearly delineated Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered in Paris, France, the piezoelectric effect in certain crystals, which brings breakthrough in echo-sounding techniques. History of Ultrasound Imaging 1912 (one month after sinking of Titanic) British Patent Office: LF Richardson filed first patent for an under-water echo ranging SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging ) 1914 Canadian Reginald A Fessenden designed and built the first working sonar system. It was used to detect icebergs up to two miles away, and signaling and detection of submarines Karl Theodore Dussik, a neurologist/psychiatrist at the University of Vienna, Austria, published paper on "Hyperphonography of the Brain. He is regarded as the first physician to employed ultrasound in medical diagnosis.

4 History of Ultrasound Imaging 1952 Wild and Reid publish first two-dimensional clinical ultrasound images Ian Donald, Professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, Department of Midwifery, publishes first paper concerning ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology ('Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound, The Lancet) 1961 Use of first ultrasound system to image fetus. History of Ultrasound Imaging 1822 Colladen used underwater bell to calculate the speed of sound in waters of Lake Geneva Savart developed large, toothed wheel to generate very high frequencies Magnetostrictive effect discovered by Joule Stokes investigated effect of viscosity on attenuation Tyndall developed the sensitive flame to detect high frequency waves Kundt used dust figures in a tube to measure sound velocity Galton invented the ultrasonic whistle Rayleigh's "Theory of Sound" laid foundation for modern acoustics Curie brothers discovered the piezoelectric effect Koenig, studying audibility limits, produced vibrations up to 90,000 Hz Lebedev and coworkers developed complete ultrasonic system to study absorption of waves Sinking of Titanic led to proposals on use of acoustic waves to detect icebergs Richardson files first patent for an underwater echo ranging sonar Fessenden built first working sonar system in the United States which could detect icebergs two miles away Langevin originated modern science of ultrasonics through work on the"hydrophone" for submarine detection Cady discovered the quartz stabilized oscillator Hartmann developed the air-jet ultrasonic generator Pierce developed the ultrasonic interferometer Boyle and Lehmann discovered the effect of bubbles and cavitation in liquids by ultrasound Wood and Loomis described effects of intense ultrasound Pierce developed the magnetostrictive transducer Herzfeld and Rice developed molecular theory for dispersion and absorption of sound in gases Sokolov proposed use of ultrasound for flaw detection Debye and Sears and Lucas and Biquard discover diffraction of light by ultrasound Harvey reported on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of ultrasound in macromolecules, microorganisms and cells Sokolov invented an ultrasonic image tube Dussik brothers made first attempt at medical imaging with ultrasound Pierce and Griffin detect the ultrasonic cries of bats Pohlman investigated the therapeutic uses of ultrasonics Firestone, in the United States and Sproule, in Britain, discovered ultrasonic pulse-echo metal-flaw detection Sonar extensively developed and used to detect submarines "Reflectoscopes" extensively developed for non-destructive metal testing Lynn and Putnam successfully used ultrasound waves to destroy brain tissue of animals Newer piezoelectric ceramics such as barium titanate discovered Start of the development of power ultrasonic processes Start of extensive study of ultrasonic medical imaging in the United States and Japan Jaffe discovered the new piezoelectric ceramics lead titanate-zirconate.

5 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety Electromagnetic Spectrum Is Ultrasound part of EM spectrum?

6 Physics of Ultrasound Sound is not part of EM spectrum. Sound needs medium to propagate. Sound consists of traveling pressure waves. Physics of Ultrasound uniform distribution of molecules in medium movement of piston to right produces zone of compression piston = transducer withdrawal of piston to left produces zone of rarefaction alternate movement of piston establishes longitudinal wave

7 Physics of Ultrasound Wave Equation in 1 and 3 dimensions, (with p := pressure, c:= speed of sound): 2 p x 2 = 1 2 p c 2 t 2 or 2 p = 1 2 p c 2 t 2 Solutions in 1D or 3D (point source) p(x,t) = p 0 e i(kx ωt) or p(r,t) = p 0 1 r e i(kr ωt) K=2π/λ ω = 2πf λ=c/f Ultrasound Frequencies 20 Hz 20 khz 1 MHz 20 MHz infrasound audible sound ULTRASOUND Diagnostic Ultrasound Frequency f (Hz) f light ~ f xray ~ ω = 2πf

8 Speed of Sound Needs a medium to travel! Independent of frequency! W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992, p. 484 Ultrasound Wavelength Wavelength = propagation speed frequency λ = c f For example: c = 1.54 mm/µs = 1540 m/s f: 1.0 khz 1.0 MHz 10 MHz λ: 1.54 m 1.54 mm mm ULTRASOUND

9 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety Ultrasound Attenuation Conversion

10 Use of Decibel Definition of decibel: db = 10 log 10 (I/I o ) where I o is reference intensity (The unit of ultrasound intensity is energy/s/cm 2 ). Example: For audible sound I W/cm 2. => What is Intensity I for 100 db sound? 10 (100/10) I 0 = 10-6 W/cm 2 or times louder (in intensity) than reference! Use of Decibel Definition of decibel: db = 10 log 10 (I/I o ) where I o is reference intensity. Example II: For ultrasound no standard reference is used. The reflected ultrasound signal is 20dB below transmitted signal. => Reflected signal is 10 2 times smaller (in intensity) than transmitted signal!

11 Ultrasound Attenuation pz ( ) = p α ( db / cm) z( cm) 20 W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992, Ch. 20 Ultrasound Attenuation Ultrasound attenuation increases as frequency increases; thus the penetration reduces as the frequency increases. W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992, Ch. 20

12 Ultrasound Attenuation Diagnostic Ultrasound Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety

13 Ultrasound Scattering Acoustic Impedance Z Z = ρc where ρ is the medium density; c is the speed of sound.

14 Speed & Acoustic Impedance Tissue speed (m/s) Acoustic Impedance Z (kg/m 2 /s) 10 6 air fat water liver blood muscle skull bone Acoustic Impedance 10-6 W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992, Ch. 20

15 Reflection & Transmission reflection coefficient: R = I r I i = Z 2 cosθ i Z 1 cosθ t Z 2 cosθ i + Z 1 cosθ t 2 transmission coefficient: T = I t I i = 4Z 2 Z 1 cos 2 θ i ( ) 2 Z 2 cosθ i + Z 1 cosθ t I i tissue 1 tissue 2 I r I t impedance Snell s law? Reflection & 0 0 reflection coefficient: R = I r = Z 2 Z 1 I i Z 2 + Z 1 I i 2 R + T =1 tissue 1 tissue 2 transmission coefficient: T = I t I i = 4Z 2 Z 1 ( Z 2 + Z 1 ) 2 I t I r impedance

16 Reflection & Transmission Interface Intensity Reflection Intensity 0 0 Coefficient R Coefficient T muscle/liver fat/muscle muscle/bone muscle/air Magnitude of Echo (R) total reflection R=1 G. Kossogg et al, Ultrasound Med Biol 1976; 2:90 & W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992, Ch. 20

17 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety Ultrasound Transducer

18 Ultrasound Transducer Transducer Resonance d PZT = n λ/2 (where n is an odd integer.) Fundamental frequency when n=1; Third harmonic frequency when n=3.

19 Continuous Wave Excitation The resonance frequency is determined by the element thickness d PZT. Resonance occurs at frequencies corresponding to half the wavelength λ/2, 3λ/2, 5λ/2, d PZT = λ n/2 where n is a positive odd integers. Transducer Materials

20 Near and Far Field Near Field Far Field Measurement of Pressure Amplitude

21 Pressure Amplitude Field p 2 Near Field Far Field transducer Near and Far Field Acoustic pressure along z-axis for a disc transducer D 2 /4λ Near Field Far Field

22 Lateral Field Properties Acoustic pressure along lateral direction for a disc transducer in far field Basic Transducer Design Acoustic Insulator Piezoelectric Element Electric Connector Backing Material Matching Layer

23 Q Factor of Transducer Transducers for diagnostic imaging typically end up with a broad bandwidth which can be described by the Q factor: f f 0 Q = f 0 / f where f 0 is the center frequency and f is 50% frequency bandwidth. Ultrasound Transducer Ultrasound transducer convert electric energy to acoustic energy and acoustic energy to electric signals Piezoelectric Material Piezoelectric Material The piezoelectric effect: a force applied to opposite faces of piezoelectric materials results in an electrical signal and vice versa. This was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880s.

24 Ultrasound Detection Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety

25 Three primary ways to display echo information: A - mode B - mode M - mode A - Mode Scan Amplitude - Mode Scan

26 A - Mode Scan Amplitude - Mode Scan e.g. eye examination A - Mode Scan Amplitude - Mode Scan another example

27 Information in A - Mode reflector distance relative amplitude of echoes whether a structure is echogenic or anechoic Range Equation Ultrasound Pulse Echo TISSUE D = c t/2 c = speed of sound t = time between sending pulse and receiving signal

28 Range Equation: Example If the speed of sound is 1540 m/s and a reflector is positioned 1 cm from the transducer, how long does it take a pulse of sound to travel to the reflector and an echo to return to the transducer? t = 2D/c = 2*0.01(m) / 1540(m/s) t = s t = 13 µs. Information in A - Mode reflector distance relative amplitude of echoes whether a structure is echogenic or anechoic

29 echogenic mass anechoic mass Advantages of A-Mode: precise information on structure dimensions; inexpensive, easy to produce; Disadvantages of A-Mode: only one dimensional (distance from the transducer) no recording of motion patterns;

30 A-mode and B-mode Display A-mode amplitude display B-mode Brightness display (Gray-scale) B - Mode Scan Brightness - Mode Scan e.g. fetal examination

31 B - Mode Scan Frame Rate Limitation The image frame rate indicates the number of times per second a sweep of the ultrasound beam is done. The higher the frame rate, the better is the ability to image fast moving structures. This ability is referred to as the temporal resolution. The frame rate is limited by the time needed for echo collections because for each acoustic line, a time delay is required to wait for the echoes from the maximum depth. This time delay is determined by the speed of sound and the setting on the maximum visualization depth.

32 Frame Rate Limitation If the maximum visualization depth is D and the speed of sound is c, the minimum time interval T line for each acoustic line is: T line = 2D/c If each image frame consists of N acoustic lines, then the minimum time interval T frame for a sweep of the ultrasound beam is: T frame = N T line = 2ND/c The maximum allowable frame rate FR max is: FR max = 1/ T frame (typical ~20/s) Typical Spatial Resolutions Axial: 0.1 mm - 1 mm Lateral: 1 mm - to around 5 mm Slice thickness: 2 mm - to around 12 mm Effect of frequency?

33 B - Mode Scanning Advantages Depiction of anatomical cross-sections Depiction of motion in two dimensions Disadvantages temporal resolution limited by frame rates (usually 20-30/s) Relative costly, complex to produce. M - Mode Scan e.g. heart valve examination

34 Depth M - Mode Scan e.g. heart valve examination Time

35 M - Mode Imaging 0.5 cm d t 0.5 sec The M-mode displays reflector depth on one axis and time on an orthogonal axis. (Note: the time here should not be confused with the time delay we talked before between pulse emission and echo reception.) Reflector moving velocity can be estimated by measuring the slope on an M-mode display. Echocardiographic Tracing Time Depth

36 Information provided by M-Mode Reflector movement patterns Reflector distance from the transducer Advantages of M-Mode Excellent temporal resolution Precise information on reflector motion Precise information on structure dimensions Inexpensive, simple to produce

37 Disadvantages of M-Mode Only one dimension (distance from the transducer) No cross-sectional imaging More recent technologies such as Doppler and color flow image displays are relegating M- mode to a display of less importance in echocardiography Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety

38 DOPPLER EFFECT Change in observed frequency of a sound wave when either source or listener are moving relative to one another. DOPPLER EFFECT Stationary source and listener: Source λ Listener or Receiver f t = f r and λ t = λ r where f t and λ t are the transmitted frequency and wavelength and f r and λ r are the received frequency and wavelength.

39 DOPPLER EFFECT Stationary listener, source moving towards the listener: Source Listener λ The wavelength of the sound heard is shortened: λ r = λ t - λ where λ t is the transmitted wavelength and λ r is the wavelength heard. λ is the distance traveled by the source in one period. Use v s for the source velocity: λ = v s /f t DOPPLER EFFECT Stationary source, listener moving towards the source: Source Listener λ The wavelength of the sound heard is shortened: λ r = λ t - λ where λ t is the transmitted wavelength and λ r is the wavelength heard. λ is the distance traveled by the listener in one period. Use v l for the listener velocity: λ = v l /f r

40 DOPPLER SHIFT The difference between the frequency of the returning echo and the frequency of the transmitted beam f d = f r -f o = 2 f o v/c cosθ c:= speed of sound f0 θ f r v := speed of particles Doppler Frequency vs. Doppler Angle f d = 2 f o v cos(θ)/c = 6.5 khz (for θ = 0 0 ) = 5.6 khz (for θ = 30 0 ) = 3.3 khz (for θ = 60 0 ) = 0.0 khz (for θ = 90 0 )

41 Color Flow Imaging

42 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Systems Imaging Artifacts Doppler Flow Imaging Bioeffects and Safety

43 Ultrasound Imaging Systems Today s ultrasound scanner, such as Acuson Sequoia (left), support a number of different transducers, operating modes and image display devices. Images can be transferred through network for remote readings. Multiple Frequency transducers Electronics Block Diagram

44 Time-Gain-Compensation TGC compensates for tissue attenuation Rate of TGC is often called the slope Higher attenuating tissue needs steeper slopes Higher frequencies need steeper slopes Signal voltage Unprocessed signals Time Radio frequency echo signals After demodulation Demodulation to yield envelopes After TGC TGC compensation After compression Threshold Logarithmic compression After elimination of below-threshold signals Elimination of signals below threshold setting

45 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety Imaging Artifacts Structures and features in an image that do not correspond to the object being imaged. Object artifact

46 Reverberation Artifacts Reverberation Artifacts real boundary imaginary boundaries Multiple echoes from same boundary appear at different depth.

47 Mirror Artifact Not real! Acoustic Shadowing Stones in gallbladder reduce the transmission of sound and cast shadow.

48 Overview History Physics of Ultrasound wave propagation, attenuation, scattering, and reflection Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Piezoelectric Transducers Ultrasound Imaging Modes A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, Doppler flow imaging Imaging Artifacts Bioeffects and Safety Heating When sound is absorbed, energy in the wave is converted to heat. This is the basis for ultrasound physical therapy and ultrasound hyperthermia. In some cases, possibilities of heating from diagnostic exposures can t be ruled out.

49 Cavitation Refers to the generation, growth and interaction of small gas bubbles in a sound field. Bubbles are more easily compressed than tissues; leads to greater stresses on cells. Epidemiology 1. Widespread clinical use over 35 years has not established any adverse effect arising from exposure to diagnostic ultrasound 2. Studies using this method show no evidence of an effect on birth weight of humans. 3. Studies have shown no causal association of diagnostic ultrasound with the adverse fetal outcomes studied.

50 US Images of a baby! (from Lei Sun) fotosearch.com/ Second mostly used imaging modality clinically. Non-invasively visualize the internal structures. Medical ultrasound uses sound waves at 2-15 MHz. It is widely used in cardiology, OB/GYN, urology, vascular diagnosis, renal/hepatic imaging, etc. Phase Array Method in Ultrasound Imaging - Limitations of traditional single-transducer method?

51 1D Transducer Array Sequential electronic sweep Phase Array Transmitting (Electronic steering of ultrasound waves) - resolution factor

52 Phase Array Transmitting (Electronic steering of ultrasound waves) Angular steering of continuous waves by linear phase variation across the array Phase Array Transmitting (Electronic focusing) - application in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU surgery)

53 Single Transducer Vs Phase Array Transmitting 1D Transducer Array Phase array reception of reflected signals (Phase array ultrasound)

54 Phase Array Reception Digital delay & analog delay 2D Transducer Array

55 2D Transducer Array for Direct 3D Imaging Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging (IVUS)

56 Ultrasound Harmonic Imaging Optoacuostic Imaging

57 EXTRAS Tomography of ultrasound attenuation? EXTRAS - Micro gas bubbles (2-10um) to create more reflected signal in US

58 EXTRAS - High intensity Focused Ultrasound for Tumor/tissue Removal EXTRAS - High intensity Focused Ultrasound for Tumor/tissue Removal

59 EXTRAS - High intensity Focused Ultrasound for Tumor/tissue Removal EXTRAS - High intensity Focused Ultrasound for Tumor/tissue Removal

ULTRASOUND. OB/Gyn (Core) Ultrasound PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT. Principles of Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. Nathan Pinkney, BS, CDOS

ULTRASOUND. OB/Gyn (Core) Ultrasound PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT. Principles of Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. Nathan Pinkney, BS, CDOS 1 OB/Gyn (Core) Ultrasound Principles of Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation Nathan Pinkney, BS, CDOS Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine 2016 ULTRASOUND CATEGORIES OF SOUND INFRASOUND = below

More information

The Physics of Ultrasound. The Physics of Ultrasound. Claus G. Roehrborn. Professor and Chairman. Ultrasound Physics

The Physics of Ultrasound. The Physics of Ultrasound. Claus G. Roehrborn. Professor and Chairman. Ultrasound Physics The Physics of Ultrasound Pipe Organ 10-8000 Emission Dog 452-1080 Man 85-1100 Spectrum Bat 10,000-120,000 Porpoise 7000-120,000 Claus G. Roehrborn Professor and Chairman 10 20 Cycles per second Reception

More information

Ultrasound Physics & Terminology

Ultrasound Physics & Terminology Ultrasound Physics & Terminology This module includes the following: Basic physics terms Basic principles of ultrasound Ultrasound terminology and terms Common artifacts seen Doppler principles Terms for

More information

Sound in medicine. CH.12. Dr.Rajaa أ.م.د. رجاء سهيل جنم جامعة تكريت كلية طب االسنان. General Properties of Sound

Sound in medicine. CH.12. Dr.Rajaa أ.م.د. رجاء سهيل جنم جامعة تكريت كلية طب االسنان. General Properties of Sound CH.12. Dr.Rajaa Sound in medicine أ.م.د. رجاء سهيل جنم جامعة تكريت كلية Sound : It is the audible waves of frequency between 20 Hz and 20 khz. Infrasound : refers to the sound of frequency below the normal

More information

ULTRASOUND IMAGING EE 472 F2018. Prof. Yasser Mostafa Kadah

ULTRASOUND IMAGING EE 472 F2018. Prof. Yasser Mostafa Kadah ULTRASOUND IMAGING EE 472 F2018 Prof. Yasser Mostafa Kadah www.k-space.org Recommended Textbook Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics and Equipment, 2nd ed., by Peter R. Hoskins (Editor), Kevin Martin (Editor),

More information

Ultrasound. Principles of Medical Imaging. Contents. Prof. Dr. Philippe Cattin. MIAC, University of Basel. Oct 17th, 2016

Ultrasound. Principles of Medical Imaging. Contents. Prof. Dr. Philippe Cattin. MIAC, University of Basel. Oct 17th, 2016 Ultrasound Principles of Medical Imaging Prof. Dr. Philippe Cattin MIAC, University of Basel Contents Abstract 1 Image Generation Echography A-Mode B-Mode M-Mode 2.5D Ultrasound 3D Ultrasound 4D Ultrasound

More information

Supplement (videos)

Supplement (videos) Supplement (videos) Ruben s tube (sound): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpcquuwqayw Doppler US (diagnostic use): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgxzg-j_hfw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upsmenyoju8 High

More information

Ultrasonic Testing Level I:

Ultrasonic Testing Level I: Ultrasonic Testing Level I: 1- Sound Wave - Introduction - ASNT Level I - Sound Wave Propagation - Velocity / Frequency / Wave Length - Acoustic Impedance - Energy / Intensity 2- Ultrasound Wave Modes

More information

Preamble (disclaimer)

Preamble (disclaimer) Preamble (disclaimer) PHYSICS AND PRINCIPLES OF HEAD/NECK ULTRASOUND Joseph C. Sniezek, MD FACS LTC, MC, USA Otolaryngology/H&N Surgery Tripler Army Medical Center 1. I am not a physicist 2. ACS has recommended

More information

Diploma of Medical Ultrasonography (DMU) Physical Principles of Ultrasound and Instrumentation Syllabus

Diploma of Medical Ultrasonography (DMU) Physical Principles of Ultrasound and Instrumentation Syllabus Diploma of Medical Ultrasonography (DMU) Physical Principles of Ultrasound and Instrumentation Syllabus Page 1 of 7 11/18 Candidates are expected to cover all of the content of this syllabus when preparing

More information

Introduction to Biomedical Imaging

Introduction to Biomedical Imaging Alejandro Frangi, PhD Computational Imaging Lab Department of Information & Communication Technology Pompeu Fabra University www.cilab.upf.edu Basic principles. Comparison to X-rays Ultrasound > 20kHz

More information

Diagnostic Ultrasound. Sutiporn Khampunnip, M.D.

Diagnostic Ultrasound. Sutiporn Khampunnip, M.D. Diagnostic Ultrasound Sutiporn Khampunnip, M.D. Definition of Ultrasound Ultrasound is simply sound waves, like audible sound. High-frequency sound and refers to mechanical vibrations above 20 khz. Human

More information

Physical Principles of Ultrasound

Physical Principles of Ultrasound Physical Principles of Ultrasound Grateful appreciation to Richard A. Lopchinsky, MD, FACS and Nancy H. Van Name, RDMS, RTR, and MarleneKattaron, RDMS 2000 UIC All Rights Reserved. Course Objectives Identify

More information

Ultrasound: Past and Present. Lecturer: Dr. John M Hudson, PhD

Ultrasound: Past and Present. Lecturer: Dr. John M Hudson, PhD Ultrasound: Past and Present Lecturer: Dr. John M Hudson, PhD Disclosures 2 No conflicts of interest to declare Course Outline 3 1. Survey of ultrasound physics & applications 2. (Sep 21) 3. (Sep 28) 4.

More information

Basic Physics of Ultrasound and Knobology

Basic Physics of Ultrasound and Knobology WELCOME TO UTMB Basic Physics of Ultrasound and Knobology By Daneshvari Solanki, FRCA Laura B. McDaniel Distinguished Professor Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston,

More information

Ultrasound Principles cycle Frequency Wavelength Period Velocity

Ultrasound Principles cycle Frequency Wavelength Period Velocity ! Teresa S. Wu, MD, FACEP Director, EM Ultrasound Program & Fellowship Co-Director, Simulation Based Training Program & Fellowship Associate Program Director, EM Residency Program Maricopa Medical Center

More information

Principles of Ultrasound. Cara C. Prideaux, M.D. University of Utah PM&R Sports Medicine Fellow March 14, 2012

Principles of Ultrasound. Cara C. Prideaux, M.D. University of Utah PM&R Sports Medicine Fellow March 14, 2012 Principles of Ultrasound Cara C. Prideaux, M.D. University of Utah PM&R Sports Medicine Fellow March 14, 2012 None Disclosures Outline Introduction Benefits and Limitations of US Ultrasound (US) Physics

More information

Chapter 1. Principles of medical ultrasound. Overview. Background history: first steps to the piezo-electric effect.

Chapter 1. Principles of medical ultrasound. Overview. Background history: first steps to the piezo-electric effect. Chapter 1 Principles of medical ultrasound GRAHAM ARTHURS, PATRICK HILL AND TREVOR FRANKEL Overview This chapter provides an introduction to the ultrasound process for trainees in anesthesia and other

More information

Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Imaging. Resolution in Ultrasound Imaging. Doppler Ultrasound. Resolution vs Penetration. Medical Imaging (EL582/BE620/GA4426)

Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Imaging. Resolution in Ultrasound Imaging. Doppler Ultrasound. Resolution vs Penetration. Medical Imaging (EL582/BE620/GA4426) Medical Imaging (EL582/BE620/GA4426) Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound Imaging Lecture 2 Daniel (Dan) Turnbull, Ph.D. Skirball Institute and Dept of Radiology NYU School of Medicine (daniel.turnbull@med.nyu.edu)

More information

1 Fundamentals. Basic Definitions and Physics Principles. Fundamentals

1 Fundamentals. Basic Definitions and Physics Principles. Fundamentals 1 To become versed in the language of ultrasonography, it is necessary to review some of the basic principles of physics. The wave physics principles of ordinary (i.e., audible) sound apply to ultrasound

More information

Basic Physics of Ultrasound in Transesophageal Echocardiography

Basic Physics of Ultrasound in Transesophageal Echocardiography SPECIAL ARTICLE IJUTPC Basic Physics of Ultrasound in Transesophageal Echocardiography Basic Physics of Ultrasound in Transesophageal Echocardiography 1 Mary Korula, 2 Ravi Hebballi 1 Senior Consultant,

More information

Dr Emma Chung. Safety first - Physical principles for excellent imaging

Dr Emma Chung. Safety first - Physical principles for excellent imaging Safety first - Physical principles for excellent imaging Dr Emma Chung Lecturer in Medical Physics, University of Leicester Clinical Scientist, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Thanks to Caroline

More information

Lesson 03: Sound Wave Propagation and Reflection. This lesson contains 15 slides plus 14 multiple-choice questions.

Lesson 03: Sound Wave Propagation and Reflection. This lesson contains 15 slides plus 14 multiple-choice questions. Lesson 03: Sound Wave Propagation and Reflection This lesson contains 15 slides plus 14 multiple-choice questions. Accompanying text for the slides in this lesson can be found on pages 8 through 14 in

More information

Ultrasound Physics & Doppler

Ultrasound Physics & Doppler Ultrasound Physics & Doppler Endocrine University 2018 Mark Lupo, MD, FACE, ECNU Objectives Review the essential components of ultrasound physics in neck sonography Demonstrate the importance of ultrasound

More information

What is Ultrasound? Resolution Image production Attenuation Imaging modes Ultrasound artifacts... 7

What is Ultrasound? Resolution Image production Attenuation Imaging modes Ultrasound artifacts... 7 What is Ultrasound?... 1 Resolution... 3 Image production... 3 Attenuation... 4 Imaging modes... 5 Ultrasound artifacts... 7 0 What is Ultrasound? High frequency sound of frequencies 2-50 MHz is used in

More information

CONTENTS. Test Number cpd Tanya Reynolds (Nat. Dip. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Ultrasound)

CONTENTS. Test Number cpd Tanya Reynolds (Nat. Dip. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Ultrasound) CONTENTS page 1-15 page 16 BASIC 2-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND PRINCIPLES Multiple Choice Test Test Number cpd 41640 Tanya Reynolds (Nat. Dip. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Diag. Rad., B. Tech. Ultrasound) Tanya is

More information

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: An Introduction

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: An Introduction Point-of-Care Ultrasound: An Introduction Delegation Teaching Package for Registered Respiratory Therapists and Anesthesia Assistants Developed by: Rob Bryan RRT, AA Edited by: Kelly Hassall RRT, FCSRT,

More information

Ultrasound Physics and Knobology Alan Macfarlane. Consultant Anaesthetist Glasgow Royal Infirmary

Ultrasound Physics and Knobology Alan Macfarlane. Consultant Anaesthetist Glasgow Royal Infirmary Ultrasound Physics and Knobology Alan Macfarlane Consultant Anaesthetist Glasgow Royal Infirmary RAPM 2009; 34: 40-46 Ultrasound Proficiency Understanding US image generation and device operation Image

More information

Terminology Tissue Appearance

Terminology Tissue Appearance By Marc Nielsen, MD Advantages/Disadvantages Generation of Image Ultrasound Machine/Transducer selection Modes of Ultrasound Terminology Tissue Appearance Scanning Technique Real-time Portable No ionizing

More information

Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion

Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion Jason Silver August 26, 2009 Presentation Outline Introduction Thesis Objectives Mathematical Model and Principles Methods

More information

Application of Phased Array Radar Theory to Ultrasonic Linear Array Medical Imaging System

Application of Phased Array Radar Theory to Ultrasonic Linear Array Medical Imaging System Application of Phased Array Radar Theory to Ultrasonic Linear Array Medical Imaging System R. K. Saha, S. Karmakar, S. Saha, M. Roy, S. Sarkar and S.K. Sen Microelectronics Division, Saha Institute of

More information

Underwater Acoustic Measurements in Megahertz Frequency Range.

Underwater Acoustic Measurements in Megahertz Frequency Range. Underwater Acoustic Measurements in Megahertz Frequency Range. Current State and Prospects of Development in Russia Alexander M. Enyakov,, Many medical applications of underwater acoustic measurements

More information

Concepts of Imaging and Knobology

Concepts of Imaging and Knobology Concepts of Imaging and Knobology Pravin Patil, MD FACC FASE Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Cardiovascular Disease Training Program Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Disclosures

More information

Basic Ultrasound Physics Board Review Questions

Basic Ultrasound Physics Board Review Questions Basic Ultrasound Physics Board Review Questions Sidney K. Edelman, PhD ESP Ultrasound The Woodlands, TX Question 1 What is the wavelength of 2 MHz sound in soft tissue? 1. 1.54 mm 2. 0.75 mm 3. 0.75 cm

More information

Ultrasonic Testing. Basic Principles

Ultrasonic Testing. Basic Principles Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound waves (typically in the range between 0.5 and 15 MHz) to conduct examinations and make measurements. Besides its wide use in engineering

More information

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN ULTRASOUND IMAGES

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN ULTRASOUND IMAGES DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN ULTRASOUND IMAGES Kamaljeet Kaur Computer Science & Engineering Department Guru Nanak Dev Engg. College, Ludhiana. Punjab-India meetk.89@gmail.com ABSTRACT-- Image processing

More information

Descriptions of NDT Projects Fall 2004 October 31, 2004

Descriptions of NDT Projects Fall 2004 October 31, 2004 Descriptions of NDT Projects Fall 2004 October 31, 2004 Introduction There are two separate NDT labs in Magister: ULTRA for ultrasound and EDDY for eddy current. Both labs are equipped with mechanical

More information

Can you believe that the ultrasonic waves are used for cleaning purpose???

Can you believe that the ultrasonic waves are used for cleaning purpose??? Introduction (Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit) Can you believe that the ultrasonic waves are used for cleaning purpose??? Learning Objectives On completion of this chapter you will be able to: 1. Describe the

More information

Ultrasound 10/1/2014. Basic Echocardiography for the Internist. Mechanical (sector) transducer Piezoelectric crystal moved through a sector sweep

Ultrasound 10/1/2014. Basic Echocardiography for the Internist. Mechanical (sector) transducer Piezoelectric crystal moved through a sector sweep Ultrasound Basic Echocardiography for the Internist Carol Gruver, MD, FACC UT Erlanger Cardiology Mechanical wave of compression and rarefaction Requires a medium for transmission Ultrasound frequency

More information

Ultrasound in Anesthesia: Applying Scientific Principles to Clinical Practice

Ultrasound in Anesthesia: Applying Scientific Principles to Clinical Practice AANA Journal Course Update for Nurse Anesthetists 3 6 CE Credits* Ultrasound in Anesthesia: Applying Scientific Principles to Clinical Practice Christian R. Falyar, CRNA, DNAP The use of ultrasound as

More information

What is Ultrasound? What is Ultrasound? B A. Basic Principles of Ultrasound. Basic Principles of Ultrasound. Basic Principles of Ultrasound

What is Ultrasound? What is Ultrasound? B A. Basic Principles of Ultrasound. Basic Principles of Ultrasound. Basic Principles of Ultrasound Introduction to Ultrasound Principles Mani Montazemi, RDMS Baylor College of Medicine Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Manager, Maternal Fetal Center Imaging

More information

Physics. Norman McDicken Tom Anderson CHAPTER ULTRASOUND. Ultrasound Propagation

Physics. Norman McDicken Tom Anderson CHAPTER ULTRASOUND. Ultrasound Propagation CHPTER 2 Physics Norman McDicken Tom nderson This chapter provides an introduction to the physics of medical ultrasound (US). Several books exist that can be consulted to extend the material presented

More information

Basic of Ultrasound Physics E FAST & Renal Examination. Dr Muhammad Umer Ihsan MBBS,MD, DCH CCPU,DDU1,FACEM

Basic of Ultrasound Physics E FAST & Renal Examination. Dr Muhammad Umer Ihsan MBBS,MD, DCH CCPU,DDU1,FACEM Basic of Ultrasound Physics E FAST & Renal Examination Dr Muhammad Umer Ihsan MBBS,MD, DCH CCPU,DDU1,FACEM What is Sound? Sound is Mechanical pressure waves What is Ultrasound? Ultrasounds are sound waves

More information

An Overview of Ultrasound Testing For Lesion Detection in Human Kidney

An Overview of Ultrasound Testing For Lesion Detection in Human Kidney Journal of Tomography System & Sensors Application Vol.1, Issue 1, June 2018 An Overview of Ultrasound Testing For Lesion Detection in Human Kidney Aina Fadhilah Abd Rahim 1, Zawin Najah Abd Halim 1, Jaysuman

More information

1. Fig. 1 shows data for the intensity of a parallel beam of X-rays after penetration through varying thicknesses of a material

1. Fig. 1 shows data for the intensity of a parallel beam of X-rays after penetration through varying thicknesses of a material 1. Fig. 1 shows data for the intensity of a parallel beam of X-rays after penetration through varying thicknesses of a material. intensity / MW m 2 thickness / mm 0.91 0.40 0.69 0.80 0.52 1.20 0.40 1.60

More information

4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE

4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE 4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE Purpose of experiment Determine the main characteristics of ultrasound waves, and the distances and positions of models using an ultrasonic echoscope.

More information

The table below shows the density and velocity of waves in two different substances. Density / kg m 3 Velocity / m s 1

The table below shows the density and velocity of waves in two different substances. Density / kg m 3 Velocity / m s 1 Q1.(a) When ultrasound is incident at an interface between two different media some energy is transmitted and some is reflected. The ratio of the reflected energy intensity I r to the incident energy intensity

More information

Principles of echocardiography for the anesthesiologist.

Principles of echocardiography for the anesthesiologist. Principles of echocardiography for the anesthesiologist. Nikolaos Skubas, MD PhD Abstract Ultrasound-based diagnostic techniques are now part of the cardiological patients chart, while echocardiography

More information

Ultrasound Measurements and Non-destructive Testing Educational Laboratory

Ultrasound Measurements and Non-destructive Testing Educational Laboratory Session 3548 Ultrasound Measurements and Non-destructive Testing Educational Laboratory Vladimir Genis, Horacio Sosa Goodwin College of Professional Studies, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104 Emil

More information

Linear Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues

Linear Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues Indian Journal of Biomechanics: Special Issue (NCBM 7-8 March 29) Linear Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues Narendra D Londhe R. S. Anand 2, 2 Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee,

More information

Diagnostic approach to heart disease

Diagnostic approach to heart disease Diagnostic approach to heart disease Initial work up History Physical exam Chest radiographs ECG Special studies Echocardiography Cardiac catheterization Echocardiography principles Technique of producing

More information

Lesson 07: Ultrasound Transducers. This lesson contains 73 slides plus 16 multiple-choice questions.

Lesson 07: Ultrasound Transducers. This lesson contains 73 slides plus 16 multiple-choice questions. Lesson 07: Ultrasound Transducers This lesson contains 73 slides plus 16 multiple-choice questions. This lesson was derived from pages 33 through 42 in the textbook: Ultrasound Transducers Ultrasound Transducers

More information

Flaw Assessment Using Shear wave Phased array Ultrasonic Transducer

Flaw Assessment Using Shear wave Phased array Ultrasonic Transducer 18th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 16-20 April 2012, Durban, South Africa Flaw Assessment Using Shear wave Phased array Ultrasonic Transducer Byungsik YOON AUTHOR 1, Hee-Jong LEE CO-AUTHOR

More information

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Technique

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Technique Research Group Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Technique Professor Pedro Vilaça * * Contacts: Address: Puumiehenkuja 3 (room 202), 02150 Espoo, Finland pedro.vilaca@aalto.fi October 2017 Contents Historical scope

More information

4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE

4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE 4.17. RESEARCHING MODELS WITH AN ULTRASONIC ECHOSCOPE Purpose of experiment Determine the main characteristics of ultrasound waves, and the distances and positions of models using an ultrasonic echoscope.

More information

Strain Assessment in Echo

Strain Assessment in Echo Strain Assessment in Echo Joe M. Moody, Jr, MD UTHSCSA and STVHCS 2010 Acknowledging many illustrations from Weyman s text and others. Echo-Doppler Basic Principles Background: Ultrasound physics (resolution,

More information

WELCOME! Introduction to Bedside Ultrasound

WELCOME! Introduction to Bedside Ultrasound WELCOME! Introduction to Bedside Ultrasound TEACHERS University of California-Irvine School of Medicine Nathan Molina nathan.d.molina@gmail.com Trevor Plescia taplescia90@gmail.com Jack Silva jpsilva42@gmail.com

More information

Ultrasound Knobology

Ultrasound Knobology Ultrasound Knobology Raj Dasgupta MD, FACP, FCCP, FASSM Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Pulmonary / Critical Care / Sleep Medicine University of Southern California (USC) Objectives Physics of

More information

The Value. Ultrasound System. Professional Concept for. Women s. Health

The Value. Ultrasound System. Professional Concept for. Women s. Health The Value Innovative Ultrasound System Professional Concept for Women s Health 9 Beyond Women s Healthcare E-CUBE 9 - Powerful Imaging Performance for All Women s Health Diagnostic Applications Diagnostic

More information

Chapter 17 Sound Sound and Hearing. Properties of Sound Waves 1/20/2017. Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action

Chapter 17 Sound Sound and Hearing. Properties of Sound Waves 1/20/2017. Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action Chapter 17 Sound Standing Waves in Music When the string of a violin is played with a bow, it vibrates and creates standing waves. Some instruments,

More information

Feng Xiujuan National Institute of Metrology (NIM),China

Feng Xiujuan National Institute of Metrology (NIM),China The acoustic calibration service in transportation at NIM Feng Xiujuan National Institute of Metrology (NIM),China 1. Calibration requirements 2. Calibration service at NIM 2.1 Microphone 2.2 Ultrasonic

More information

Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) 2016

Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) 2016 Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) 2016 Welcome to the flipped classroom (learning objectives summary) for the 2016 Emergency Medicine Interest Group (EMIG) Procedures Workshop. Overview - Tuesday

More information

17.4 Sound and Hearing

17.4 Sound and Hearing You can identify sounds without seeing them because sound waves carry information to your ears. People who work in places where sound is very loud need to protect their hearing. Properties of Sound Waves

More information

Performance of phased array and conventional ultrasonic probes on the new ISO reference block

Performance of phased array and conventional ultrasonic probes on the new ISO reference block Performance of phased array and conventional ultrasonic probes on the new ISO 19675 reference block C. Udell, D. Chai 1 and F. Gattiker Proceq S.A., Ringstrasse 2, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland. More info

More information

Medical Imaging. By: Engr. Joseph Ronald Canedo

Medical Imaging. By: Engr. Joseph Ronald Canedo Medical Imaging By: Engr. Joseph Ronald Canedo Medical Sonography (Ultrasound) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures

More information

Chapter 14. Imaging Artifacts

Chapter 14. Imaging Artifacts Chapter 14 Image Artifacts The complex physical interactions that occur between an ultrasound beam and human anatomy and the intricate and sophisticated technological components of a sonographic imaging

More information

1. SCOPE ELIGIBILITY EXAMINATION CONTENT RENEWAL & RECERTIFICATION PROCEDURE ESSENTIAL READING...

1. SCOPE ELIGIBILITY EXAMINATION CONTENT RENEWAL & RECERTIFICATION PROCEDURE ESSENTIAL READING... Certification Services Division Newton Building, St George s Avenue Northampton, NN2 6JB United Kingdom Tel: +44(0)1604-893-811. Fax: +44(0)1604-893-868. E-mail: pcn@bindt.org PCN/GEN ISO 20807 Appendix

More information

Introduction to Ultrasound Guided Region Anesthesia

Introduction to Ultrasound Guided Region Anesthesia Introduction to Ultrasound Guided Region Anesthesia Brian D. Sites, MD Dept of Anesthesiology Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center INTRODUCTION Welcome to Introduction to Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia.

More information

The Evolution and Benefits of Phased Array Technology for the Every Day Inspector

The Evolution and Benefits of Phased Array Technology for the Every Day Inspector ECNDT 2006 - Poster 198 The Evolution and Benefits of Phased Array Technology for the Every Day Inspector Dan KASS, Tom NELLIGAN, and Erich HENJES Olympus NDT, Waltham, USA Abstract. Phased arrays were

More information

Physics and instrumentation

Physics and instrumentation 1 Physics and instrumentation Sturla H Eik-Nes Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental physical principles that make it possible to produce images of human tissue using sound. The

More information

Skin Characterization with High-Frequency Ultrasound

Skin Characterization with High-Frequency Ultrasound Skin Characterization with High-Frequency Ultrasound Stephanie L. Shubert sls6626@rit.edu Advisor: Dr. María Helguera Ultrasound Imaging Lab Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Rochester Institute

More information

Ultrasound in Medicine

Ultrasound in Medicine Ultrasound in Medicine Experimental Equipment for Medical Education Universities Colleges Medical Schools Medical and Med-Technical Training Education can befun! WELCOME TO GAMPT Devices and accessories

More information

Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion

Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion Development of Ultrasound Based Techniques for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Motion By Jason I. Silver, B.A.Sc. A thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the

More information

Annular Array Transducer and Matched Amplifier for Therapeutic Ultrasound

Annular Array Transducer and Matched Amplifier for Therapeutic Ultrasound ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS 35, 4, 653 660 (2010) DOI: 10.2478/v10168-010-0049-6 Annular Array Transducer and Matched Amplifier for Therapeutic Ultrasound Wojciech SECOMSKI, Andrzej NOWICKI, Janusz WÓJCIK, Marcin

More information

Ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia has

Ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia has Ultrasound and Regional Anesthesia Artifacts and Pitfall Errors Associated With Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia. Part I: Understanding the Basic Principles of Ultrasound Physics and Machine Operations

More information

Introduction & Physics of ED Ultrasound. Objectives. What? - Limited Studies. Who? - ED Docs

Introduction & Physics of ED Ultrasound. Objectives. What? - Limited Studies. Who? - ED Docs Introduction & Physics of ED Ultrasound Martine Sargent, MD Ultrasound Director, Assistant Professor UCSF Department of Emergency Medicine San Francisco General Hospital & Trauma Center Objectives Who?

More information

FORMING SCREEN EFFECT ON ULTRASONIC BEAM FIELD

FORMING SCREEN EFFECT ON ULTRASONIC BEAM FIELD FORMING SCREEN EFFECT ON ULTRASONIC BEAM FIELD A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by John Lyle Fouts In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the School of

More information

Physical Principles of Ultrasound

Physical Principles of Ultrasound Physical Principles of Ultrasound Pat F. Fulgham 2 Introduction The use of ultrasound is fundamental to the practice of urology. In order for urologists to best use this technology on behalf of their patients,

More information

Ultrasonic arrays are now widely used in underwater sonar

Ultrasonic arrays are now widely used in underwater sonar Ultrasonics NDT FUNDAMENTALS Part 12. Fundamentals of ultrasonic phased arrays S Cochran Ultrasonic arrays are now widely used in underwater sonar and in more than 25% of medical scans but their use in

More information

Lectures on Medical Biophysics Dept. Biophysics, Medical faculty, Masaryk University in Brno

Lectures on Medical Biophysics Dept. Biophysics, Medical faculty, Masaryk University in Brno Lectures on Medical Biophysics Dept. Biophysics, Medical faculty, Masaryk University in Brno Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno Ultrasound

More information

ON CELLS AND SOUND. Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom. University of Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, Orléans Cedex 2, France

ON CELLS AND SOUND. Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom. University of Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, Orléans Cedex 2, France Spiros Kotopoulis, Anthony Delalande, Chantal Pichon and Michiel Postema. On Cells and Sound Proceedings of the 34 th Scandinavian Symposium on Physical Acoustics, Geilo 30 January 2 February, 2011. ON

More information

THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Mohammed TA, Omar Ph.D. PT King Saud university College of Applied Medical Science Rehabilitation Health Science

THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Mohammed TA, Omar Ph.D. PT King Saud university College of Applied Medical Science Rehabilitation Health Science THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND Mohammed TA, Omar Ph.D. PT King Saud university College of Applied Medical Science Rehabilitation Health Science DEEP HEATING ULTRASOUND Objectives: At the completion of this lecture

More information

Controlled Cryogenic Ablation Using Ultrasonic Sensing

Controlled Cryogenic Ablation Using Ultrasonic Sensing (a) SENSORDEVICES 2015 : The Sixth International Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications Controlled Cryogenic Ablation Using Ultrasonic Sensing Assaf Sharon Robots and BioMedical Micro

More information

High resolution ultrasound scanner for skin imaging

High resolution ultrasound scanner for skin imaging High resolution ultrasound scanner for skin imaging Christine Turlat Sales Director Atys medical 17 Parc d Arbora 69510 SOUCIEU EN JARREST Atys company Principle of ultrasound imaging DERMCUP Normal image

More information

Outline. QA/QC of Ultrasound Imagers: Basic Physics, Procedures and Experiences. Frame Rate Limitation. US Imaging Range Equation.

Outline. QA/QC of Ultrasound Imagers: Basic Physics, Procedures and Experiences. Frame Rate Limitation. US Imaging Range Equation. QA/QC of Ultrasound Imagers: Basic Physics, Procedures and Experiences Zheng F. Lu, PhD Radiology Department Columbia University Email: zfl1@columbia.edu Outline General overview of basic ultrasound physics

More information

Ultrasonic Testing of Composite Structures

Ultrasonic Testing of Composite Structures I. Introduction Ultrasonic Testing of Composite Structures This section of this work defines ultrasound basic concepts and Ultrasonic Technique. It describes the details of how ultrasonic testing works,

More information

Dalkeith High School Level 4 Physics. Waves and Sound

Dalkeith High School Level 4 Physics. Waves and Sound Dalkeith High School Level 4 Physics Waves and Sound By recording and analysing sound signals, I can describe how they can be manipulated and used in sound engineering. SCN 4-11a INSTRUCTIONS: Always put

More information

APPLICATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED NDE TECHNIQUES IN HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS

APPLICATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED NDE TECHNIQUES IN HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS APPLICATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED NDE TECHNIQUES IN HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS Jeffrey P. Milligan, Daniel T. Peters, Structural Integrity Associates, Inc., USA Many advances in Non-Destructive Examination

More information

HSC Physics. Module 9.6. Medical Physics

HSC Physics. Module 9.6. Medical Physics HSC Physics Module 9.6 Medical Physics Contextual Outline 9.6 Medical Physics (28 indicative hours) The use of other advances in technology, developed from our understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum,

More information

The 2 nd Cambridge Advanced Emergency Ultrasound Course

The 2 nd Cambridge Advanced Emergency Ultrasound Course The 2 nd Cambridge Advanced Emergency Ultrasound Course Addenbrooke s Hospital Cambridge Sept 2008 1 2 Faculty! UK! USA! Australia! Toshiba! Emergency Medicine! Radiology 3 Programme! Day 1 Introduction

More information

Chapter 3 Physical Principles of Ultrasound of the Male Genitalia

Chapter 3 Physical Principles of Ultrasound of the Male Genitalia Chapter 3 Physical Principles of Ultrasound of the Male Genitalia Bruce R. Gilbert and Pat Fox Fulgham Introduction The value of ultrasound evaluation of the male genitalia depends, in large part, on the

More information

Sound Workshop. What is sound Longitudinal Waves Frequency and pitch Hearing ranges Sounds in solids, liquids and gases Sound in a vacuum

Sound Workshop. What is sound Longitudinal Waves Frequency and pitch Hearing ranges Sounds in solids, liquids and gases Sound in a vacuum Sound Workshop a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. What is sound Longitudinal Waves Frequency and pitch Hearing ranges Sounds in solids, liquids and gases Sound in a vacuum Echoes Ultrasound Loudspeakers

More information

RPVI Exam Review ecourse

RPVI Exam Review ecourse RPVI Exam Review ecourse The RPVI Exam Review ecourse consists of ten Vascular Physics Modules and fourteen Vascular Specialty Modules. Detailed descriptions of module content are listed below. During

More information

DC-6. Diagnostic Ultrasound System

DC-6. Diagnostic Ultrasound System DC-6 Diagnostic Ultrasound System MINDRAY is proud to introduce DC-6, a color Doppler ultrasound system for general applications. DC-6 incorporates the latest digital ultrasound image processing technology

More information

COURSE DESCRIPTION FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

COURSE DESCRIPTION FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING COURSE DESCRIPTION FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TULSA, OKLAHOMA INTRODUCTION TO NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING QCT1817 COURSE DESCRIPTION: In this course students will learn about materials and processes, find basic

More information

Table of contents. Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction Historical Perspective 00

Table of contents. Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction Historical Perspective 00 Table of contents Foreword Preface 1 Introduction 00 1.1 Historical Perspective 00 2 Fundamentals of musculoskeletal ultrasound 00 2.1 Frequency and wavelength 00 2.2 Generating ultrasound waves 00 2.3

More information

PART 1c: Time of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonic Inspector (TOFD) of Welds in Ferritic and Non-Ferritic Materials, Levels 1, 2 and 3

PART 1c: Time of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonic Inspector (TOFD) of Welds in Ferritic and Non-Ferritic Materials, Levels 1, 2 and 3 CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR PERSONNEL DOCUMENT No. CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93-R Requirements for the Certification of Personnel Engaged in Non- Destructive Testing in accordance with the requirement of BS EN ISO

More information

Critical Care Ultrasound Study Notes

Critical Care Ultrasound Study Notes Critical Care Ultrasound Study Notes Compiled by David Tripp October 2014 Ultrasound Physics 2 Ultrasound in Tissue 2 Ultrasound Interaction with Tissue 2 Pulsed Ultrasound and Imaging 3 Image Formation

More information

8/15/2011. Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging: A Historical Perspective. Motivation. Motivation & Applications. Motivation & Applications

8/15/2011. Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging: A Historical Perspective. Motivation. Motivation & Applications. Motivation & Applications Motivation Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging: A Historical Perspective Timothy J Hall Medical Physics Department University of Wisconsin-Madison This work was funded in part by NIH R21HD061896 and R01CA111289

More information

High power density prototype for high precision transcranial therapy

High power density prototype for high precision transcranial therapy High power density prototype for high precision transcranial therapy M. Pernot a, R. Berriet b, J-F. Aubry a, O. Le Baron b, M. Tanter a, G. Fleury b, L. Chupin b, L. Gallet b, and M. Fink a a Laboratoire

More information