Comparing Vertebrates: Fetal Pig and Bullfrog Honors Integrated Science 4
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1 Comparing Vertebrates: Fetal Pig and Bullfrog Honors Integrated Science 4 Name Per. Introduction Organisms are classified based on similarities and differences to: 1) make sense of the millions of organisms on record, and 2) predict the evolutionary relationships among them. In this laboratory, you will gather evidence on a mammal s (fetal pig s) anatomy and physiology as a basis for comparison with other vertebrates. Pre-Laboratory Part A. Tools Read and highlight the Laboratory Procedures below. Then, describe the appropriate use of each of the tools listed below being used during the dissection. Additional information can be found online. Dissection Scissors Dissecting Probes Scalpel/Blade Dissecting Pins Dissecting Tray Part B. Respect Pledge I hereby pledge to treat the specimen with utmost respect and use all dissection tools for their appropriate function. If I do not uphold this pledge, I understand I will receive a zero for the assignment and an office referral. I may elect to do an alternate assignment. Signed: Procedures 1. At the beginning of each dissection day, obtain specimen, gloves, pins (about 8), and dissection kit (with scissors, probe(s), scalpel/blade). 2. At the end of each dissecting day, return you specimen to a plastic bag, saving all of the dissecting fluid. Clean and dry lab tray, tools, and work area. This will be checked by your teacher. Clean out the sink at your lab station. Wash hands! 3. Please follow specific instructions provided in class to dissect your specimen. Place the specimen on its dorsal side on a dissecting tray. One or two group members should hold apart the specimen s legs while another group member makes incisions through the body wall. Make initial incisions with scalpel/blade and longer cuts with scissors. Pin the flaps of muscles away to expose the abdominal cavity and other internal cavities. 4. Identifying gender: -Pig: Look for the urogenital papilla on the posterior end ventral to the anus and tail. If it is there, your pig is female. If not, it is male. -Frog: The sex of the frog is readily noticed once the internal organs are exposed. If there is a mass of black and yellow eggs in the transparent ovaries, the frog is a female. 5. Follow additional instructions for dissection in handouts and reference the following websites: - Pig: - Frog:
2 Observations/Data Part A. External Anatomy 1. Construct a scaled drawing of your assigned organism. Indicate the view and approximate scale of the drawing in the space provided. 2. Complete the chart below by listing the observed external physical characteristics of the organism related to following categories of adaptations. MOVEMENT BODY TEMPERATURE FEEDING SENSORY PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3. Label the physical characteristics of that correspond to the chart completed in #2. 4. Measure and record the following data values for your organism: GENDER SNOUT-VENT LENGTH (CM) TOTAL RINSED SPECIMAN MASS (G)
3 Part B. Internal Anatomy 5. Follow directions from your teacher to expose your organism s thoracic and abdominal cavity. 6. Complete the chart below by listing the observed internal physical characteristics of the organism related to following categories of adaptations. GAS EXCHANGE REPRODUCTIVE BODY TEMPERATURE FEEDING PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 7. Draw a magnified view of the organism s thoracic cavity. Indicate the approximate scale of the drawing in the space provided. Label the physical characteristics of the thoracic cavity that correspond to the chart completed in procedure #6. 8. Remove the heart. Measure and record the mass of the heart in the table below. 9. Draw a magnified view of the organism s abdominal cavity. Indicate the approximate scale of the drawing in the space provided. Label the physical characteristics of the abdominal cavity that correspond to the chart completed in procedure # Remove the small intestine. Measure and record the mass of the heart in the table below. 11. Draw another magnified view of the organism s abdominal cavity, this time focusing on the reproductive organs. Indicate the approximate scale of the drawing in the space provided. Label the physical characteristics of the abdominal cavity that correspond to the chart completed in procedure #5. HEART MASS (G) SMALL INTESTINE LENGTH (CM)
4 Part C. Comparative Anatomy 12. Briefly observe the organism assigned to your partners. Compare the external adaptations of their organisms with your own. Identify one similarity and one difference for each category of adaptations. FEEDING SENSORY MOVEMENT BODY TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: SIMILARITY: 13. Briefly observe the organism assigned to your partners. Compare the internal adaptations of their organisms with your own. Identify one similarity and one difference for each category of adaptations. GAS EXCHANGE REPRODUCTIVE BODY TEMPERATURE FEEDING DIFFERENCE: SIMILARITY:
5 Analysis 1. Color code each labeled characteristic and create a key to indicate the adaptation category to which it corresponds. Box all characteristics that are also adaptations for the organism s metabolism. Underline the characteristics that are adaptations for life on land. 2. Using measurements from the dissection, complete the following table. Make predictions for the vertebrate classes not represented in the dissection. SMALL INTESTINE HEART MASS (G): LENGTH: (CM) VERTEBRATE CLASS TOTAL RINSED SPECIMAN EXPLANATION SNOUT-VENT LENGTH MASS (G) (CM) FISH (PREDICTION) AMPHIBIAN REPTILE (PREDICTION) BIRD (PREDICTION) MAMMAL
6 Drawings Part A. External Anatomy View (top up, side): Approximate scale:
7 Part B. Internal Anatomy Thoracic Cavity Approximate scale: Abdominal Cavity (with digestive system) Approximate scale:
8 Abdominal Cavity (without digestive system) Approximate scale:
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