Lab Exercise 1. Getting Started with the Basics

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1 Anatomy & Physiology Names:, Period date: Textbook Reference: See Chapter 1 Lab Exercise 1. Getting Started with the Basics Measurement Body Organization Body Systems What you need to be able to do to meet standard for the test after completing this lab exercise: Be able to convert from one metric unit to another. Be able to explain what each metric base unit measures. Be able to convert large and small numbers to and from scientific notation. Be able to describe correct anatomical position. Be able to identify and describe directional terms on a human model and drawing. Be able to identify each body plane on a human body or organ model and drawing. Be able to identify and locate the major body organs on a human torso model or drawing. Be able to identify each body cavity on the torso model or drawing and know which major organs are housed within each cavity. Be able to identify the abdominopelvic quadrants on a torso model or drawing and know which major organs are housed within each quadrant. Be able to identify the correct organs that belong to the major body systems on models or diagrams and describe at least two major functions of each system. A. Measurements Metric Measurement. In the anatomy and physiology lab, the metric system of measurement is used. It is important to be able to convert from one metric unit to another. We will be using 3 base units: gram (to measure mass) meter (to measure distance or length) liter (to measure volume) Below is a table that gives you the base units in the center, larger units to the left of center, and smaller units to the right of center. To convert from a smaller unit to a larger unit, you simply need to move your decimal point to the left the required number of places. To convert from a larger unit to a smaller unit, you move your decimal point to the right the required number of places. mega- kilo- hecto- deca- base unit deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- (M) (k) (h) (da) 1 gram (g) (d) (c) (m) (μ) (n) 1,000, liter (L) meter (m) Examples: 46 mm = m 40 g = mg

2 Anatomy & Physiology Names:, Period date: (answers: 46 mm = m Move your decimal point 3 places to the left, since the base unit is three places to the left of milli- on the chart. 40 g = 40,000) Practice. Convert the following: ml = dl 5. 3,500 ng = g g = mg km = m g = kg cl = ml mm = cm 8. 6,750 cg = kg Scientific Notation Scientists often deal with very small and very large numbers. This can be confusing due to counting all those zeros! To simplify these numbers, we have learned to express them as powers of 10. Positive exponents indicate a number larger than zero. Negative exponents indicate a number smaller than zero. Example1: Convert 1,500,000 to scientific notation. Example 2: Convert to scientific notation. (Answer: 1. 1,500,000 = 1.5 x 10 6 We move the decimal point so there is only ONE digit to its left - which is a total of 6 places to the left in this example = 2.5 x 10-5 We move the decimal point again so there is only ONE digit to its left - which is a total of 5 places to the right in this example. ) Practice. Convert the following to scientific notation = = 2. 5,050 = = = = Practice. Convert the following to standard notation x 10 3 = x 10-4 = x 10-3 = 5. 1 x 10 4 = x 10 2 = 6. 4 x =

3 Anatomy & Physiology Names:, Period date: B. Body Organization Anatomical Position. In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we refer to the body parts and their locations, in relation to a person standing in the anatomical position. Criteria: Standing Erect Facing Forward Arms at Sides Palms Forward Feet Slightly apart Directional Terminology. When comparing the location of one body part to another, we use directional terms. Know the following directional terms (in bold in the examples below) on a model or drawing of a human body or organ: A J K B C D G H G E F A is Superior to B B is Inferior to A B is Anterior to D (on back side) D is Posterior to C E is Medial to F (on side of leg) F is Lateral to E F & G are Ipsilateral (on the same side) J & A are Contralateral (the opposite sides) G is Proximal to H H is Distal to G G is Intermediate to H & K

4 Anatomy & Physiology Names:, Period date: Planes of Reference. Know the following planes of reference (in bold below) on a diagram or organ: A Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or an organ into Anterior/Posterior halves. A Median (Midsagittal) plane divides the body or an organ into equal Left/Right halves. A Transverse plane divides the body or an organ into Superior/Inferior halves. Body Cavities. Body cavities are open areas in the body that usually house an organ, bone, or other body part. Know the following body cavities and be able tell the major organs housed in each.

5 Anatomy & Physiology Names:, Period date: Using Anatomical Terms (Ch. 5, sec. 5.3): 1. Using Anatomic Directional Terms, describe the location of one organ or body part to the other for those listed below: a. The head is superior to the neck b. The calf is to the thigh c. The skin is to muscle d. The shoulder is to the hand e. The heart is to the arms f. The navel is to the spine 2. Using the Regional Terms below, point to a location on your body and ask your lab partner to identify the anatomic term. Write the common names next to the regional terms listed below. a. Cephalic - head b. Cervical - neck c. Thoracic - d. Lumbar - e. Pectoral - f. Sternal - g. Vertebral - h. Gluteal - i. Axillary - j. Brachial - k. Patellar - l. Scapular - m. Femoral - n. Carpal - o. Tarsal - p. Digital - q. Pedal - r. Plantar -

6 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exercise 1. The Basics 3. Within your Abdominopelvic Quadrant Have your lab partner point to each of the 4 quadrants listed below and identify 2 organs that are found in each. ORGANS right upper quadrant: and right lower quadrant: and left upper quadrant: and left lower quadrant: and Celery surgery You have been working on memorizing anatomical terms. Be sure you have a good grasp of them before attempting this assignment. The goal of this activity is to use anatomic terms to perform surgery on a stalk of celery. After placing the celery in the supine position (you might need to look this up), assume you are a surgeon performing the following 4 surgical procedures on the celery. Use one piece of celery for the first 2 surgeries and a second piece of celery for the 3 rd and 4 th surgeries. For our purposes, the dorsal surface of the celery is the convex (rounded) side. For each of the 4 surgeries below complete the surgery and then draw a picture illustrating your final cut lines for each of the 4 surgeries in the boxes provided on the next page. 1. At the umbilicus on the ventral surface of the celery, make a superficial midsagittal incision and proceed inferiorly to the end of the stalk. 2. At the Superior end, on the dorsal surface, make a deep transverse incision. Do not transect (completely cut through) the celery. Entering from the ventral surface, medially and approximately 1 cm distally from the first cut, make three complete sagittal incisions proceeding inferiorly to the extreme distal (posterior) end of the stalk. 3. Make a complete (transect) transverse incision approximately 2 cm from the superior and inferior ends. Make two ipsilateral sagittal cuts from the pectoral region to the end of the stalk. Make a complete transverse incision at the distal end of each of these cuts removing approximately 2 cm of the distal ends. Entering at the lumbar region on the ventral surface, make a midsagittal section moving interiorly to the end of the stalk. 4. Make 4, 1 cm sagittal cuts at the cranial end. Now make a coronal section in each of the 4 sagittal cuts. Cut out a small notch approximately 3 cm from the cranial end on each side creating a model of a cervical region. Describe below the cuts you need to make to create arms and legs in the posterior portion of the stalk.

7 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exercise 1. The Basics

8 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exercise 1. The Basics egional Terminology. In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we use scientific terms for various regions of the body. Know the location and names of the following regional terms shown on the doll model below:

9 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exercise 1. The Basics Abdominopelvic Quadrants. We sometimes divide the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants to make studying the cavity easier. Know the following body quadrants and the major organs found within them. C. Body Systems For each of the following body systems, know the organs that are listed, what they look like, where they are in the body and to which body system the organs belong. Also, be able to describe at least two major functions of each system. Uh-oh! Two more directional terms: Superficial (towards the surface) and Deep (away from the surface) Integumentary System: Epidermis, Dermis, Hair, Sebaceous Gland, Sweat Gland Skeletal System: Bone, Ligament, Cartilage, joint

10 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exercise 1. The Basics Muscular System: Muscle, tendon Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland, Pancreas, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Testis, Ovary Cardiovascular System: Heart, Aorta, Arteries, Veins, capillaries Respiratory System: Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Alveoli Digestive System: Teeth, Tongue, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Colon, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Urinary System: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra