Use of the Six-Minute Walk Test Poststroke: Is There a Practice Effect?
|
|
- Jonah Weaver
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1686 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Use of the Six-Minute Walk Test Poststroke: Is There a Practice Effect? Jean Liu, MScPT, Cheryl Drutz, MScPT, Rachel Kumar, MScPT, Lacey McVicar, MScPT, Ronit Weinberger, MScPT, Dina Brooks, PhD, Nancy M. Salbach, PhD ABSTRACT. Liu J, Drutz C, Kumar R, McVicar L, ORE THAN 50,000 CANADIANS sustain a stroke each Weinberger R, Brooks D, Salbach NM. Use of the six-minute year. 1 Although 85% of people with stroke are able to walk test poststroke: is there a practice effect? Arch Phys Med walk independently at 6 months, only 25% regain normative Rehabil 2008;89: ambulation. 2 Moreover, a systematic review of the literature on stroke prognosis reported that little functional recovery occurs Objectives: To determine whether a practice effect occurs 3 more than 6 months after a stroke has occurred. Ninety-three across 2 trials of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) amongpercent of people with stroke consider independent community 4 community-dwelling people within 1 year poststroke and to ambulation to be important or essential. Although many aspects of walking ability, such as speed and independence, are identify characteristics distinguishing people who show a practice effect from those who do not. affected by stroke, walking distance is an important indicator Design: Secondary analysis of scores on 2 trials of theof the ability to walk in the community. Functional walk 5 6MWT administered approximately 30 minutes apart at baseline in a randomized controlled trial. people with stroke have been reported to be approximately distances measured using the 6MWT and the 12MWT in 6-8 Setting: General community. 42% to 50% of those of healthy older adults. Studies of Participants: People (N 91) living in the community with functional walk tests in people with stroke have found mean 9-12 a residual walking deficit within the first year of a first 6-minute or walk distances ranging from 209 to 300m, which recurrent stroke. is below the 267- to 332-m distance required for instrumental Interventions: Not applicable. ADLs such as grocery shopping, going to drugstores, or attending medical appointments. 13,14 Such distances have been Main Outcome Measure: Distance walked on the 6MWT. determined in previous research by measuring the distance Results: Mean 6MWT scores SD for trials 1 and 2 were required to walk from the closest or designated disabled parking space through a portion of the chosen site in a number of m and m, respectively (n 83). The mean difference in 6MWT performance across trials was 35m 0 locations. 14 Initial stroke rehabilitation, therefore, is largely (95% confidence interval [CI], 7 to 8m). The Pearson correlation coefficient between 6MWT distances was.96 P.001), ( exercise capacity and independence. focused on walking, with the goal of increasing functional and the intraclass correlation coefficient was.98 (95% CI, The 6MWT is a commonly used standardized measure of.97.99). The Bland-Altman plot showed no clear pattern. exercise tolerance and functional walking capacity in people Participants whose improvement was equal to or greater thanwith compromised mobility. 5,10,15,16 Although the 2MWT and the minimal detectable change of 29m between trials (14%) did12mwt can be used to evaluate functional walking ability, the not significantly differ from those in the rest of the study 6MWT is often preferred over these other tests for several sample; however, they tended to be younger P.05) ( and more reasons. Although the 2MWT is a useful measure of sensorimotor parameters, such as gait and symmetry, the 6MWT likely to have a mild or moderate gait deficit P.06). ( Conclusions: Findings do not support a practice effect better demonstrates exercise capacity and is more reflective of 5,16 across 2 trials of the 6MWT in individuals within 1 year the requirements of ADLs. In addition, the 2MWT is less 16 poststroke. Thus, a practice walk does not appear necessary. reliable and responsive than the 6MWT. In contrast, the Further research is recommended to evaluate the influence of12mwt may be unnecessarily time-consuming to administer young age, acute stroke, and mild-to-moderate gait deficit onand unduly taxing for elderly and clinical populations, because practice effects. studies have found that walking speed tends to plateau at Key Words: Rehabilitation; Stroke; Walking. approximately 3 to 4 minutes. 5 Although timed walk tests 2008 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medi- conducted over short distances such as 10m provide a quick cine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation M and easy measure of walking speed poststroke, 17 speeds com- List of Abbreviations From the Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated. Correspondence to Nancy M. Salbach, PhD, Dept of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada, nancy.salbach@utoronto.ca. Reprints not available from the author /08/ $34.00/0 doi: /j.apmr ADLs BBS CI COPD ICC MDC 6MWT 12MWT 2MWT V O2 max activities of daily living Berg Balance Scale confidence interval chronic obstructive pulmonary disease intraclass correlation coefficient minimal detectable change six-minute walk test twelve-minute walk test two-minute walk test maximal oxygen uptake
2 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu 1687 puted using this distance have been observed to overestimate 6MWT performance and should complement but not replace measures of functional walking capacity. 18 The 6MWT was initially designed to evaluate functional capacity, endurance, and exercise tolerance among people with cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular conditions. 19,20 In these populations, 6-minute walk distance has been shown to correlate with V O2 max and maximum work capacity. 19,21-25 However, in studies examining the relationship between 6-minute walk distance and V O2 max in people with stroke, distance walked showed either moderate 26 or no 27 significant correlation. Other stroke-specific impairments such as diminished motor control may influence walking function to a greater extent than cardiovascular fitness in people with stroke. 26,27 The 6MWT has been shown to be sensitive to change as a result of rehabilitation interventions targeting walking performance. 9,28-30 Furthermore, improvement in 6-minute walk distance has been observed to concur with improvement in comfortable and maximum walking speed. 9 Several studies have examined the possibility of a practice effect over repeated trials of the 6MWT; however, there is inconclusive evidence about how many trials should be recommended in clinical practice. Specifically, it has been shown that 6-minute walk distance increases with repeated trials among healthy adults, 16,31,32 people with COPD, and people with cardiac impairments. 19,33-38 Potential reasons for this apparent practice effect include improvement in coordination, discovery of optimal stride length, and decrease in anxiety. 15 Reported estimates of the magnitude of the practice effect on 6-minute walk distance range from 4.5% to 33% of the initial test distance. 6,20,33,36,39 Investigating the occurrence of a practice effect is critical because it relates to the accuracy of measuring a person s walking capacity. When a practice effect occurs, performance on the first trial underestimates the true level of ability and represents a biased measure of the extent of functional walking deficit. In people with stroke, there is also the possibility that participants may experience deterioration in 6-minute walk distance over repeated trials because of fatigue. Increased levels of fatigue poststroke are well documented in the literature Poststroke fatigue has been found to be associated with impairment in functional ability. 39 Therefore, particularly in those individuals with considerable functional impairment who rarely walk for 6 minutes continuously, a single performance of the 6MWT could potentially cause enough fatigue to affect the distances obtained during subsequent trials. As with a practice effect, it is important that clinicians be aware of any fatigue effect over multiple trials of the 6MWT, because the presence of such a phenomenon would lead to an underestimation of the treatment effect being assessed. The presence of a practice effect in the 6MWT has been evaluated using various statistical approaches, including a comparison of means, 20,31-34,37 a Pearson correlation between 6MWT scores, 31,33 test-retest reliability of 6-minute walk distances using the ICC, 34,37,38,42 and a Bland-Altman plot. 34 In many of these studies, a combination of statistical methods was used without defining what findings would be considered evidence of a practice effect. Use of the Pearson correlation has been criticized because it does not capture agreement but the degree to which scores on repeated trials relate in a linear manner. 43 Perfect agreement between pairs of scores is reflected, however, by a correlation value of Eng et al 27 have reported the SE of measurement 44 for the 6MWT among community-dwelling people with stroke. The SE of measurement can reflect the level of precision in estimating change using a particular measure. 44 Using the SE of measurement, an MDC reflecting the level of measurement error in a change score can be calculated. 45 An improvement greater than error (ie, the MDC) could be considered a practice effect. To our knowledge, the need for a familiarization test when administering the 6MWT in the stroke population has not been examined. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether a practice effect exists with repeated trials of the 6MWT in people in their first year poststroke. The secondary objective was to determine which characteristics distinguish people who show a practice effect beyond the level of measurement error from those who do not. METHODS Overview of Research Design Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial conducted to evaluate the effect of task-oriented training on walking capacity 9 among 91 community-dwelling subjects within 1 year poststroke. The 6MWT was the primary measure of walking and was part of a battery of performance-based and selfreport measures described elsewhere. 9,46,47 At each evaluation, a trained research evaluator administered the 6MWT twice, approximately 30 minutes apart. Balance was evaluated using the BBS. 48 Data collected at baseline were analyzed in the current study. Ethics approval and informed consent were obtained at the time of the original study. Participants Participants were recruited from 9 hospitals and 2 rehabilitation centers in Montreal and Quebec City, QC. Inclusion criteria for the 91 participants were a clinical diagnosis of a first or recurrent stroke; an interval of 1 year or less between the most recent stroke and time of recruitment; discharge from physical rehabilitation; the presence of a residual walking deficit; ability to walk 10m independently using an aid or orthotic, with or without supervision; mental competency as verified using the telephone version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination 49 ; ability to comprehend the instructions for the testing procedures; and residence in the community. People were excluded if their neurologic deficit was caused by metastatic disease, they had recovery of walking ability comparable to age-specific and sex-specific norms 6 for the 6MWT, place of residence was in a permanent care facility, or presence of comorbidity precluded participation in the study interventions. Measurement Walking capacity was measured using the 6MWT. 5 Using a standardized protocol developed to obtain reference values for the 6MWT among healthy adults, 6 participants were instructed to walk back and forth along a 20-m corridor and to cover the maximum distance possible in 6 minutes, taking rests as needed. The maximum distance covered was recorded. Evaluators provided standardized encouragement every 30 seconds, which is consistent with current recommendations. 15,50,51 Participants were told you re doing well, keep up the good work. Two trials were performed at baseline approximately 30 minutes apart. During the test interval, participants were seated and performed tests of upper-extremity function or completed questionnaires. If an assistive device was used, the type of device was recorded. To address the secondary objective, scores on the BBS, 48 baseline walking speed deficit, and the use of assistive devices were analyzed. The BBS is a 14-item measure designed to
3 1688 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu evaluate balance in older adults. For each of the 14 tasks, participants are scored on a 5-point scale based on their ability to maintain their balance while performing the task. Total scores can vary from 0 to 56, with ranges of scores corresponding to low (41 56), medium (21 40), and high (0 20) fall risk Three levels of gait deficit were defined using walking speed derived from performance on a 5-m walk test. 9 The cutoff points used to determine mild ( 0.7m/s), moderate (0.3 to 0.7m/s), and severe ( 0.3m/s) gait deficit were identified based on natural frequency groupings observed in previous research. 17 Data on sociodemographics (age, sex, education level, number of comorbid conditions) and stroke characteristics (side and type of stroke, number of strokes, side of hemiplegia, days poststroke) were originally obtained from the medical charts. Data Analysis Baseline participant characteristics and scores on study measures were summarized using means, SDs, and percentages, as appropriate. A practice effect was operationally defined using the 4 following methods. The first was a statistically significant improvement in the mean distance walked between 2 trials of the 6MWT, evaluated using a paired t test and expressed with the 95% CI. The second was a Pearson correlation of less than.75 between 6-minute walk distance in successive trials. When the r value equals 1, there is perfect agreement between trial 1 and trial 2 scores, and the Pearson correlation and the ICC concur in value. 43 The third was an ICC of less than.75 for 6-minute walk distance in 2 successive trials. An ICC of greater than.75 is considered to be indicative of good testretest reliability; therefore, ICCs below this level would suggest that trial 1 (the test) differed from trial 2 (the retest). 55 The fourth was a Bland-Altman plot 56 of the means and the differences in 6-minute walk distance for each subject, demonstrating a P value for the Spearman rank correlation coefficient of less than.05, indicating that the magnitude of the difference in scores varies by level of walking capacity. Because previous studies have not operationally defined practice effect and no single method of evaluation has been identified as superior to the others, the present study considers a practice effect to be present only if all 4 criteria have been satisfied. It was hypothesized that a practice effect similar to that reported in other populations would be associated with repeated performances of the 6MWT. To address the secondary objective, the difference in 6-minute walk distance between the 2 trials was classified as being beyond or less than an MDC 90 of 29m. The MDC 90 is interpreted as the interval beyond which 90% of true values will be found 45 ; therefore, any value greater than the specified MDC is unlikely to be a result of chance and can be considered representative of a true change beyond the level of measurement error. An MDC of 29m was derived using the SE of measurement for the 6MWT of 12.4m from a study of people with stroke with characteristics similar to those of the present study. 27 Although the magnitude of the MDC may vary across different levels of walking deficit, 57 it is preferable to considering any difference in 6-minute walk distance beyond 0m as an indication of change. Participants in the present study were categorized into 1 of 3 subgroups according to their change in 6-minute walk distance ( 29m, 28m to 28m, 29m), representing the proportion of participants who deteriorated, remained unchanged, and improved. Cross-tabulations were then generated to determine whether age, comorbidity, number of strokes, number of months since stroke, severity of gait deficit, use of gait aid, or fall risk distinguished the participants whose 6-minute walk distance improved by greater than the MDC from those who did not. 43 Because the expected frequency of several cells in these tables was less than 5, a Fisher exact test was used. This test evaluates whether the probability of obtaining the observed correlations between the 6MWT performances and participant characteristics in each stratum is statistically significant. For all statistical analyses, a type I error level of.05 determined statistical significance. Analyses were carried out using SPSS software. a RESULTS Although 91 participants were enrolled in the study, 8 were eliminated from the dataset because these participants were missing 6MWT data. Three of these 8 participants did not perform either 6MWT because they failed a medical screen for this test. The remaining 5 were evaluated at an alternate test site, where a second trial was not administered. Analyses were conducted on the remaining sample of 83 participants. The characteristics of the study participants are summarized in table 1. Among the 83 participants, 52 (63%) were men, and 31 (37%) were women. Age ranged from 38 to 91 years (mean SD, 72 10y), and the mean number of days Table 1: Characteristics of the Study Participants (n 83) Characteristic Values Age (y) (38 91) Sex Male 52 (63) Female 31 (37) Education level None primary 23 (28) Secondary 32 (39) College/university 28 (34) Walking aid used None 37 (45) Cane 38 (46) Walker 8 (10) Side of hemiplegia Left 37 (45) Right 45 (54) Bilateral 1 (1) Side of stroke Left 42 (51) Right 37 (45) Bilateral 3 (4) Missing 1 (1) Type of stroke Ischemic 69 (83) Hemorrhagic 14 (17) No. of strokes 1 72 (87) 2 10 (12) 2 1 (1) Days poststroke (57 374) No. of comorbid conditions (28) (39) (34) Severity of gait deficit Mild 31 (38) Moderate 35 (42) Severe 17 (21) BBS score (0 56) (5 56) NOTE. Values are mean SD (range) or n (%).
4 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu 1689 Six-Minute Walk Distance, Trial 2 (m) Regression line (R 2 =.92) Line of identity Six-Minute Walk Distance, Trial 1 (m) Fig 1. 6MWT performance at trial 1 and trial 2. poststroke was d. Nearly half of the participants were classified as having moderate gait deficits (42%), followed by 38% and 21% in the mild and severe categories, respectively. BBS scores ranged from 5 to 56, with a mean score of overall. Determination of Practice Effect of the 6MWT The mean 6-minute walk distance for trial 1 and trial 2 was m and m, respectively. There was no statistically significant improvement in mean 6-minute walk distance (mean difference, 0 35m; 95% CI, 7 to 8) between trial 1 and trial 2. The correlation between 6-minute walk distances at trial 1 and 2 was.96 (P.001). The R 2 value of.92 indicates that the trial 1 performance explained 92% of the variability in trial 2 performances (fig 1). The test-retest reliability of 6-minute walk distances between trials estimated using the ICC 2,1 was.98 (95% CI,.97.99). The Bland-Altman plot (fig 2) showed no apparent pattern between the mean 6-minute walk distance and differences in 6-minute walk distance at the individual level, and this was supported by a Spearman rank correlation coefficient of.085 (P.45). The plot revealed 2 outliers: a participant who walked 161m at trial 1 improved by 91m, and another participant who walked 214m at trial 1 deteriorated by 204m. As expected, 95% of the differences were within 2 SDs of the mean. There were 9 participants whose 6-minute walk distance deteriorated beyond the MDC value ( 29m, 11%), 62 participants whose 6-minute walk distance remained unchanged ( 28m to 28m, 75%), and 12 participants who improved beyond the MDC value ( 29m, 14%) between trial 1 and trial 2. Table 2 presents the characteristics of the participants in each of these categories. There were no statistically significant differences in age, balance, severity of gait deficit, or walking aid used among subgroups, although trends were noted. The subgroup that showed an improvement greater than the MDC tended to have a larger mean 6-minute walk distance at both trial 1 and trial 2 (table 3). In addition, this subgroup was typically younger (mean, 67 12y; P.052) and more likely to Fig 2. Bland-Altman plot.
5 1690 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu Table 2: Characteristics of Subgroups Classified by MDC (n 83) Variable Difference in 6MWD Between Trial 1 and Trial 2 29m (n 9) 28m to 28m (n 62) 29m (n 12) P* Age (y) y 1 (11) 2 (3) 3 (25) 60 79y 5 (56) 48 (77) 8 (67) 80y 3 (33) 12 (20) 1 (8) BBS scores (0 56) High risk of falls 0 (0) 5 (8) 0 (0) Medium risk of falls 4 (44) 25 (40) 1 (8) Low risk of falls 5 (56) 32 (52) 11 (92) Severity of gait deficit.06 Mild 3 (33) 23 (37) 5 (42) Moderate 6 (67) 22 (36) 7 (58) Severe 0 (0) 17 (27) 0 (0) Walking aid.51 No aid 3 (33) 27 (43.5) 7 (58) Cane 6 (67) 27 (43.5) 5 (42) Walker 0 (0) 8 (13) 0 (0) NOTE. Values are mean SD (range) or n (%). Abbreviation: 6MWD, 6-minute walk distance. *Fisher exact test. have a mild or moderate gait deficit (P.065) than the other subgroups. All of the participants with severe gait deficits (n 17) and those who had the highest fall risk (n 5) demonstrated no change between trial 1 and trial 2. The subgroup that tended to deteriorate was older (mean, 76 11y; P.052) than the other subgroups. DISCUSSION This study is among the first conducted to evaluate whether a practice effect exists across repeated trials of the 6MWT in community-dwelling people poststroke. Findings indicate that a practice effect does not occur across 2 trials of the 6MWT within the same evaluation session. This finding may be surprising considering a practice effect has been noted among the healthy elderly and among people with cardiorespiratory ailments. Participants in the current study who improved their 6-minute walk distance beyond the MDC tended to be younger and had less severe gait deficits than those who deteriorated or showed no change. An average improvement of m ( ft) between 2 trials of the 6MWT has been noted among patients with COPD. 34 The discrepancy between findings in this compared with the current study may be a result of differences in baseline ability level, test interval, and clinical condition. Participants with COPD walked an average distance of 342.6m at baseline compared with a mean of 196m in the current study. This supports our noted trend that a greater number of participants with high average 6-minute walk distances poststroke tended to improve beyond the MDC compared with those with low average 6-minute walk distances. In the study of people with COPD, participants may have been more rested than those in the current study when performing trial 2 because it was performed the next day and not in a single session. Finally, people with COPD may limit their effort when performing trial 1 in anticipation of disease-related breathlessness and fatigue associated with exercise. After becoming familiar with the protocol and their physiologic response to the test, people with COPD may learn to pace themselves and adapt their performance accordingly to improve in the subsequent trial. Healthy elderly participants also show a practice effect over repeated trials with progressive improvement between trials 1 and 2 and between trials 2 and 3. 16,31,32 The 6MWT is considered a submaximal test for this population because the healthy elderly are not limited by cardiorespiratory impairments. These participants likely improve with additional trials as they become increasingly familiar with the testing protocol. Also, because healthy participants are more physically fit, they may have more potential for improvement in repeat trials. However, there may be a ceiling effect to their improvement because of musculoskeletal restrictions or endurance, resulting in a plateau beyond 1 or 2 practice trials. People with stroke who have a mild gait deficit can be compared with the healthy elderly population. It is therefore not surprising that all of the participants who showed an improvement beyond the MDC distance had a mild or moderate gait deficit. Although a third trial was not performed in the current study, it is unlikely that a practice effect would have been observed beyond trial 2 given the high ICC (.98) found between the first 2 trials. Fatigue may have been responsible for the lack of improvement shown by some individuals with stroke because of the close temporal spacing of the 6MWT trials. A 30-minute rest period may not have been sufficient for full recovery. The American Thoracic Society recommends at least 1 hour between trials to allow adequate recovery. 15 Other studies, including those that reported an overall practice effect, have reported a rate of deterioration in 6-minute walk distance similar to that found in the present study. 34,37 More importantly, of those who demonstrated deterioration beyond measurement error in the current study, none were in the subgroup with the most severe gait deficits. This subgroup with the most severe gait deficits would be the most susceptible to fatigue; the fact that this subgroup s performance remained constant suggests that a rest period of 30 minutes was, in fact, adequate. Another factor that could potentially contribute to the lack of practice effect in the present study is that the corridor used for the 6MWT was only 20m long, as opposed to the recommended 30-m corridor length. 15 However, in other studies that evaluated cardiorespiratory and healthy elderly populations and used track lengths greater or less than 20m, 31,32 a practice effect was found. Therefore, the lack of a practice effect does not appear to be a result of the test distance used. The lack of a practice effect could also be explained by the possibility that the study s participants had been exposed to the 6MWT previously, thereby allowing a practice effect to occur prior to this study. At the time of the original study, however, the 6MWT was not routinely performed in the study centers where the stroke rehabilitation took place. The subgroup that demonstrated improvements beyond measurement error was younger and more likely to have a mild or moderate gait deficit than the other subgroups. Younger participants with higher BBS scores may not be limited as much by sensorimotor deficits and are likely to have better motor control than their older counterparts. Thus, once familiar with Table 3: 6MWT Performance of Subgroups Classified by MDC Change Defined by MDC* No. Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean 6MWD (m) Difference (Trial 2 Trial 1) Deterioration (change MDC) No change (change MDC) Improvement (change MDC) *MDC 29m.
6 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu 1691 the effort required to complete the test, they may have been able to challenge and pace themselves better, thereby achieving a greater distance on the second test. None of the participants with severe gait deficits (ie, walking speed 0.3m/s) demonstrated change beyond MDC between trials. These participants, who walked the slowest, attained the shortest 6-minute walk distances. The chosen MDC (29m) encompasses a large proportion of these participants 6-minute walk distances. It would therefore be less likely that their 6-minute walk distances would change by a distance equal to or greater than the MDC compared with participants who walked further. This is consistent with literature demonstrating that MDC may vary across the range of performance scores. 57 Therefore, it is possible that higher functioning people with stroke, who are below a certain age cutoff and above a certain threshold in terms of walking speed, may show a practice effect, whereas older, lower functioning people with stroke may not. Thus, a practice walk may be necessary for the former group but not the latter. Further research is warranted to determine whether there are threshold values for age and walking speed, above which a practice effect is likely to occur in people with stroke. Although poor cardiovascular endurance after stroke is well documented in the literature and may influence the presence of a practice effect in this population, performance on the 6MWT seems to be more limited by stroke-related sensory, motor, and balance impairments. 12,26 Potempa et al 62 found that when subjects with stroke made improvements in stress test performances after an intervention, this change was related more to recovery in neuromuscular function than aerobic capacity. As mentioned, participants with cardiovascular conditions are able to adjust their speed and performance based on their perceived physiologic response. In contrast, the impairments to neuromuscular control that people with stroke experience are less under voluntary control 3 in the absence of sufficient time to allow motor recovery and/or intervention. Study Limitations Findings may not be generalizable to people with stroke who did not meet the eligibility criteria for this study. The criteria excluded acute inpatients, those greater than 1 year poststroke, and those not well enough to participate in the intervention secondary to comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS The primary findings of this study do not support the need for a practice walk with the 6MWT in community-dwelling people in their first year poststroke. No differences were found between those who demonstrated an improvement beyond MDC and those who did not. These findings have important implications for clinicians working in stroke rehabilitation as well as in a research setting. The elimination of a practice trial would save time and reduce participant fatigue, encouraging clinicians to use this reliable and valid measure of functional capacity more frequently. There is a need for future research examining the presence of a practice effect among younger, acute, and noncommunity-dwelling people with stroke, as well as those with only mild gait impairments, to help establish recommendations for clinical practice throughout the continuum of stroke care. Exploration of whether the MDC varies across the range of 6MWT performances would help guide investigation of a practice effect. Acknowledgments: J Liu, C Drutz, R Kumar, L McVicar, and R Weinberger completed this research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MScPT degree at the University of Toronto. References 1. Heart and Stroke Foundation. All about research. Available at: &ArticleID 5533&Src blank&from SubCategory. Accessed June 3, Wade DT, Langton Hewer R. Functional abilities after stroke: measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50: Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Kollen BJ, Lankhorst GJ. Predicting disability in stroke: a critical review of the literature. Age Ageing 1996;25: Lord SE, McPherson K, McNaughton HK, Rochester L, Weatherall M. Community ambulation after stroke: how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85: Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1982;284: Gibbons WJ, Fruchter N, Sloan S, Levy RD. Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001;21: Harada ND, Chiu V, Stewart AL. Mobility-related function in older adults: assessment with a 6-minute walk test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80: Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Six minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects. Eur Respir J 1999;14: Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Cote R. A task-orientated intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2004;18: Eng JJ, Chu KS, Dawson AS, Kim CM, Hepburn KE. Functional walk tests in individuals with stroke: relation to perceived exertion and myocardial exertion. Stroke 2002;33: Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S, et al. Disablement following stroke. Disabil Rehabil 1999;21: Pohl PS, Duncan PW, Perera S, et al. Influence of stroke-related impairments on performance in 6-minute walk test. J Rehabil Res Dev 2002;39: Shumway-Cook A, Patla AE, Stewart A, Ferrucci L. Environmental demands associated with community mobility in older adults with and without mobility disabilities. Phys Ther 2002;82: Lerner-Frankiel MB, Vargas S, Brown MB, Krusell L, Schoneberger W. Functional community ambulation: what are your criteria? Clin Manag 1990;6: ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166: Solway S, Brooks D, Lacasse Y, Thomas S. A qualitative systematic overview of the measurement properties of functional walk tests used in the cardiorespiratory domain. Chest 2001;119: Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Higgins J, Ahmed S, Finch LE, Richards CL. Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F. Walking speed over 10 metres overestimates locomotor capacity after stroke. Clin Rehabil 2001;15: Guyatt GH, Sullivan MJ, Thompson PJ, et al. The 6-minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J 1985;132: McGavin CR, Artvinli M, Naoe H, McHardy GJ. Dyspnoea, disability, and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease. BMJ 1978;2: Bernstein ML, Despars JA, Singh NP, Avalos K, Stansbury DW, Light RW. Reanalysis of the 12-minute walk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1994;105:163-7.
7 1692 PRACTICE EFFECT OF SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST, Liu 22. Wijkstra PJ, TenVergert EM, van der Mark TW, et al. Relation of lung function, maximal inspiratory pressure, dyspnoea, and quality of life with exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1994;49: Lipkin DP, Scriven AJ, Crake T, Poole-Wilson PA. Six minute walking test for assessing exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292: Riley M, McParland J, Stanford CF, Nicholls DP. Oxygen consumption during corridor walk testing in chronic cardiac failure. Eur Heart J 1992;13: Roul G, Germain P, Bareiss P. Does the 6-minute walk test predict the prognosis in patients with NYHA class II or III chronic heart failure? Am Heart J 1998;136: Tang A, Sibley KM, Bayley MT, McIlroy WE, Brooks D. Do functional walk tests reflect cardiorespiratory fitness in sub-acute stroke? J Neuroeng Rehabil 2006;3: Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Chu KS. Submaximal exercise in persons with stroke: test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with maximal oxygen consumption. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85: Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F. Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: Ada L, Canning C, Carr JH, Kilbreath SL, Shepherd RB. Taskspecific training of reaching and manipulation. In: Bennett KM, Castiello U, editors. Insights into reach and grasp movement. Amsterdam: North-Holland/Elsevier Science; p Duncan P, Richards L, Wallace D, et al. A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. Stroke 1998;29: Wu G, Sanderson B, Bittner V. The 6-minute walk test: how important is the learning effect? Am Heart J 2003;146: Kervio G, Carre F, Ville NS. Reliability and intensity of the six-minute walk test in healthy elderly subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35: Knox AJ, Morrison JF, Muers MF. Reproducibility of walking test results in chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1988;43: Sciurba F, Criner GJ, Lee SM, et al. Six-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reproducibility and effect of walking course layout and length. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167: Guyatt GH. Use of the 6-minute walk as an outcome measure in clinical trials in chronic heart failure. Heart Fail 1987; Guyatt GH, Thompson PJ, Berman LB, et al. How should we measure function in patients with chronic heart and lung disease? J Chronic Dis 1985;38: Hamilton DM, Haennel RG. Validity and reliability of the 6-minute walk test in a cardiac rehabilitation population. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000;20: Cahalin LP, Mathier MA, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG. The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Chest 1996;110: Glader EL, Stegmayr B, Asplund K. Poststroke fatigue: a 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke 2002;33: Ingles JL, Eskes GA, Phillips SJ. Fatigue after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80: Choi-Kwon S, Han SW, Kwon SU, Kim JS. Poststroke fatigue: characteristics and related factors. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19: O Keeffe ST, Lye M, Donnellan C, Carmichael DN. Reproducibility and responsiveness of quality of life assessment and six minute walk test in elderly heart failure patients. Heart 1998;80: Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford Univ Pr; Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Katz JN, et al. Looking for important change/differences in studies of responsiveness. OMERACT MCID Working Group. Outcome Measures in Rheumatology. Minimal Clinically Important Difference. J Rheumatol 2001;28: Stratford PW. Getting more from the literature: estimating the standard error of measurement from reliability studies. Physiother Can 2004;56: Higgins J, Salbach NM, Wood-Dauphinee S, Richards CL, Cote R, Mayo NE. The effect of a task-oriented intervention on arm function in people with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2006;20: Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Robichaud-Ekstrand S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Wood-Dauphinee S. Balance self-efficacy and its relevance to physical function and perceived health status after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87: Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, William JI, Gayton D. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can 1989;41: Roccaforte WH, Burke WJ, Bayer BL, Wengel SP. Validation of a telephone version of the mini-mental state examination. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40: Enright PL. The six-minute walk test. Respir Care 2003;48: Guyatt GH, Pugsley SO, Sullivan MJ, et al. Effect of encouragement on walking test performance. Thorax 1984;39: Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73: Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health 1992;83(Suppl 2):S Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI. The Balance Scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med 1995;27: Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. East Norwalk: Appleton & Lange; Bland JM, Altman DG. Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat Methods Med Res 1999;8: Stratford PW, Binkley J, Solomon P, Finch E, Gill C, Moreland J. Defining the minimum level of detectable change for the Roland- Morris questionnaire. Phys Ther 1996;76: Corcoran PJ, Jebsen RH, Brengelmann GL, Simons BC. Effects of plastic and metal leg braces on speed and energy cost of hemiparetic ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970;51: Fisher SV, Gullickson G Jr. Energy cost of ambulation in health and disability: a literature review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978; 59: Gersten JW, Orr W. External work of walking in hemiparetic patients. Scand J Rehabil Med 1971;3: Olney SJ, Monga TN, Costigan PA. Mechanical energy of walking of stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67: Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke 1995;26: Supplier a. Version 14.0; SPSS Inc, 233 S Wacker Dr, 11th Fl, Chicago, IL
ASSESSMENT OF THE WALKING ability of patients
190 Assessing Walking Ability in Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury: Validity and Reliability of 3 Walking Tests Hubertus J. van Hedel, PT, MS, Markus Wirz, PT, Volker Dietz, MD, FRCP ABSTRACT. van Hedel
More informationDevelopment of a self-reported Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ-SR)
954 Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK J E A Williams S J Singh L Sewell M D L Morgan Department of Clinical Epidemiology and
More informationSUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION
SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION Dr Saari MohamadYatim M.D Rehabilitation Physician Hospital Serdang APCCRC, Hong Kong, 6-9 Nov 2014
More informationTHE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION defines mobility
9 Validity and Reliability Comparison of 4 Mobility Measures in Patients Presenting With Neurologic Impairment Philippe Rossier, MD, Derick T. Wade, MA, MD, FRCP ABSTRACT. Rossier P, Wade DT. Validity
More informationThe following instruments were used to assess gait speed, balance, and aerobic capacity by the physiotherapist.
Supplementary File S1. Measurement of physical indices. Gait, Balance, & Aerobic Capacity Measurement The following instruments were used to assess gait speed, balance, and aerobic capacity by the physiotherapist.
More informationFunctional walk tests such as the 6- and 12-Minute Walk
Functional Walk Tests in Individuals With Stroke Relation to Perceived Exertion and Myocardial Exertion Janice J. Eng, PhD, PT/OT; Kelly S. Chu, MSc; Andrew S. Dawson, MD, FRCPC; C. Maria Kim, MSc, PT;
More informationThe 6 minute walking test in chronic heart failure: indications, interpretation and limitations from a review of the literature
The European Journal of Heart Failure 6 (2004) 687 691 Review The 6 minute walking test in chronic heart failure: indications, interpretation and limitations from a review of the literature Pompilio Faggiano
More informationMOTOR COORDINATION CAN BE defined as the ability
993 Validation of a New Lower-Extremity Motor Coordination Test Johanne Desrosiers, OT, PhD, Annie Rochette, OT, PhD, Hélène Corriveau, PT, PhD ABSTRACT. Desrosiers J, Rochette A, Corriveau H. Validation
More informationPEOPLE WITH STROKE often have difficulties changing
2156 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Four Square Step Test is a Feasible and Valid Clinical Test of Dynamic Standing Balance for Use in Ambulant People Poststroke Jannette M. Blennerhassett, PhD, Victoria M. Jayalath,
More informationCORE MEASURE: CORE MEASURE: BERG BALANCE SCALE (BBS)
OVERVIEW NUMBER OF TEST ITEMS SCORING EQUIPMENT TIME (NEW CLINICIAN) TIME (EXPERIENCED CLINICIAN) COST o The BBS is a widely-used, clinician-rated scale used to assess sitting and standing, static and
More informationAssessments of Interrater Reliability and Internal Consistency of the Norwegian Version of the Berg Balance Scale
94 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessments of Interrater Reliability and Internal Consistency of the Norwegian Version of the Berg Balance Scale Karin E. Halsaa, PT, Therese Brovold, PT, Vibeke Graver, PhD, PT, Leiv
More informationDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Jacksonville, FL. Department of Internal Medicine, Wichita, KS
in Patients with Respiratory Disease Furqan Shoaib Siddiqi, M.D. 1, Said Chaaban, M.D. 2, Erin Petersen, M.S.N., A.P.R.N. 3, K James Kallail, Ph.D. 2, Mary Hope, B.H.S., A.R.T., R.R.T., C.P.F.T. 3, Daniel
More informationExternal validation of abbreviated versions of the activities-specific balance confidence scale in Parkinson's disease
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Physical Therapy Faculty Publications Program in Physical Therapy 2010 External validation of abbreviated versions of the activities-specific
More informationWilliam C Miller, PhD, FCAOT Professor Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
William C Miller, PhD, FCAOT Professor Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada THE L TEST MANUAL Version: November 2014 Table of Contents Introduction...
More informationOUTCOME MEASURES are becoming increasingly important
1478 PROSTHETICS/ORTHOTICS/DEVICES The 2-Minute Walk Test as a Measure of Functional Improvement in Persons With Lower Limb Amputation Dina Brooks, PhD, Janet Parsons, MSc, Judith P. Hunter, MSc, Michael
More informationOverview The BBS is a widely-used, clinician-rated scale used to assess sitting and standing, static and dynamic balance.
Core Measure: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Overview The BBS is a widely-used, clinician-rated scale used to assess sitting and standing, static and dynamic balance. Number of Test Items The BBS consists of
More informationValidation of the 2-Minute Walk Test with the 6-Minute Walk Test and Other Functional. Measures in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.
Validation of the 2-Minute Walk Test with the 6-Minute Walk Test and Other Functional Measures in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis David A. Scalzitti, PhD; Kenneth J. Harwood, PhD; Joyce R. Maring, EdD;
More informationGAIT RESTORATION HAS LONG been recognized as a
234 Ambulation After Stroke: How Important and Obtainable Is It and What Measures Appear Predictive? Susan E. Lord, MSc, Kathryn McPherson, PhD, Harry K. McNaughton, PhD, Lynn Rochester, PhD, Mark Weatherall,
More informationSITTING, A PREREQUISITE FOR most functional activities, Sit-and-Reach Test Can Predict Mobility of Patients Recovering From Acute Stroke
94 Sit-and-Reach Test Can Predict Mobility of Patients Recovering From Acute Stroke Yuk Lan Tsang, MSc, Margaret Kit Mak, PhD ABSTRACT. Tsang YL, Mak MK. Sit-and-reach test can predict mobility of patients
More informationAssessing the exertion required to induce breathlessness in a population with advanced cancer: matching measures to the level of physical function
White et al. BMC Palliative Care (2019) 18:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-018-0386-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessing the exertion required to induce breathlessness in a population with advanced cancer: matching
More informationTo Correlate Ejection Fraction with 6 Minute Walked Distance and Quality of Life in Patients with Left Ventricular Heart Failure
To Correlate Ejection Fraction with 6 Minute Walked Distance and Quality of Life in Patients with Left Ventricular Heart Failure Pramila S Kudtarkar*, Mariya P Jiandani*, Ashish Nabar** Abstract Purpose
More informationTest-Retest Reliability of the StepWatch Activity Monitor Outputs in Healthy Adults
Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2010, 7, 671-676 2010 Human Kinetics, Inc. Test-Retest Reliability of the StepWatch Activity Monitor Outputs in Healthy Adults Suzie Mudge, Denise Taylor, Oliver
More informationResearch Report. Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test
Research Report Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test Background and Purpose. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Timed
More informationSix-Minute Walk Test in Persons With Transtibial Amputation. 4 arm-leg ergometry, 5 and treadmill exercise. 5 During rehabilitation,
2354 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Six-Minute Walk Test in Persons With Transtibial Amputation Suh-Jen Lin, PT, PhD, Nisha Hathi Bose, PT, MS ABSTRACT. Lin S-J, Bose NH. Six-minute walk test in persons with transtibial
More informationLast Updated: July 20, 2016 Articles up-to-date as of: July 2015
Reviewer ID: Christie Chan, John Zhu, Jeremy Mak, Kyle Diab Type of Outcome Measure: 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT) Total articles: 21 Author ID Year Amatachaya Datta 2009 Ditunno et al. 2007 Duffell 2015
More informationGait dysfunction is a particularly prevalent and important
Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile An Outcome Measure for the Rehabilitation of Poststroke Gait Dysfunction Heather R. Baer, MD; Steven L. Wolf, PhD, PT, FAPTA Background and Purpose The modified
More informationTwo minute walking distance in cystic fibrosis
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1988, 63, 14441448 Two minute walking distance in cystic fibrosis C J UPTON, J C TYRRELL, AND E J HILLER Department of Paediatrics, City Hospital, Nottingham SUMMARY We
More informationGait Assessment & Implications in Geriatric Rehabilitation
Gait Assessment & Implications in Geriatric Rehabilitation Therapy Network Seminars, Inc. Nicole Dawson, PT, PhD, GCS Learning Objectives Following completion of this webinar, participants will be able
More informationFactors associated with change in aerobic capacity
J Rehabil Med 2013; 45: 32 37 ORIGINAL REPORT Factors associated with change in aerobic capacity following an exercise program for individuals with stroke Ada Tang, PhD 1, Susan Marzolini, MSc 2,4,5, Paul
More informationMellen Center Approaches Exercise in MS
Mellen Center Approaches Exercise in MS Framework: Physical exercise is generally recommended to promote fitness and wellness in individuals with or without chronic health conditions. Implementing and
More informationA comparison of global questions versus health status questionnaires as measures of the severity and impact of asthma
Eur Respir J 1999; 1: 591±596 Printed in UK ± all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 1999 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 93-1936 A comparison of global questions versus health status questionnaires
More information(Table 1),,. Cane, Cru. Age (yrs)
: 1 2 1998 1). 1,2), (visual input) 3), (proprioceptive deficit) 4), (respiration) ), (knee flexion contracture) 6), (leg length discrepancy) 7), (foot position) 8) 9).. Cane, Cru tch, Walker Bar and Rail
More informationSubmaximal Exercise in Persons With Stroke: Test-Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity With Maximal Oxygen Consumption
113 Submaximal Exercise in Persons With Stroke: Test-Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity With Maximal Oxygen Consumption Janice J. Eng, PhD, PT/OT, Andrew S. Dawson, MD, FRCP(c), Kelly S. Chu, MSc
More informationAfter stroke, the early 1 and persistent 2 decline in aerobic
Effects of an Aerobic Exercise Program on Aerobic Capacity, Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters, and Functional Capacity in Subacute Stroke Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Volume 23 Number 4 May 2009
More informationSignificance of Walking Speed. Maggie Benson Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Physical Therapy
Significance of Walking Speed Maggie Benson Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Physical Therapy The 6 th Vital Sign Walking speed is considered the 6 th vital sign A valid and reliable measure
More informationDr B. Egger Service de Pneumologie Hôpital de Rolle
Dr B. Egger Service de Pneumologie Hôpital de Rolle Planning COPD/rehabilitation introduction COPD rehabilitation programs : Benefits Components/Modalities COPD and congestive heart failure COPD and ischemic
More informationNeuro Rehabilitation Toolbox
Neuro Rehabilitation Toolbox Roadmap Introductions Framework for classifying tests and measures Tests and measures by clinical setting Patient case Wrap up California Physical Therapy Association Annual
More informationPatient Reported Outcomes
Patient Reported Outcomes INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL RESEARCH A TWO-WEEK INTENSIVE COURSE, 2010 Milo Puhan, MD, PhD, Associate Professor Key messages Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) is a broad group of outcomes
More informationBalance training is an important component of stroke
Analysis and Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of Three Balance Measures for Stroke Patients Hui-Fen Mao, MS; I-Ping Hsueh, MA; Pei-Fang Tang, PhD; Ching-Fan Sheu, PhD; Ching-Lin Hsieh, PhD Background
More informationMotor Function Recovery in Stroke Patients with Corona Radiata Infarct: 4 Case Studies
Motor Function Recovery in Stroke Patients with Corona Radiata Infarct: 4 Case Studies The Journal Korean Society of Physical Therapy Chung-Sun Kim, PT, PhD; Jung-Won Kwon, PT 1 Department of Physical
More informationEffect of Mobility on Community Participation at 1 year Post-Injury in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Effect of Mobility on Community Participation at 1 year Post-Injury in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Irene Ward, PT, DPT, NCS Brain Injury Clinical Research Coordinator Kessler Institute
More informationStroke patients constitute an increasing challenge
236 Outcome After Stroke in Patients Discharged to Independent Living Margareta Thorngren, MD, Britt Westling, MD, and Bo Norrving, MD In a prospective, population-based study, we evaluated rehabilitation
More informationAFTER STROKE, MANY PEOPLE have problems with. Reliability and Validity of the Dynamic Gait Index in Persons With Chronic Stroke ORIGINAL ARTICLE
1410 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reliability and Validity of the Dynamic Gait Index in Persons With Chronic Stroke Johanna Jonsdottir, ScD, Davide Cattaneo, PT ABSTRACT. Jonsdottir J, Cattaneo D. Reliability and
More informationThe Short Physical Performance Battery as a Predictor of Functional Capacity after Stroke
The Short Physical Performance Battery as a Predictor of Functional Capacity after Stroke Alyssa D. Stookey, PhD,* Leslie I. Katzel, MD, PhD,* Gregory Steinbrenner, MS,* Marianne Shaughnessy, PhD,* and
More informationCongestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart Failure Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the sixminute walk test in patients with heart failure Catherine Demers, MD, MSc, FRCPC, a Robert S. McKelvie, MD, PhD, FRCPC, a Abdissa
More informationObjectives. Definition: Screen. Definition: Assessment 10/30/2013. Falls: Screens vs. Assessments vs. Outcome Measures
Objectives Falls: Screens vs. Balance and Falls SIG: Neurology & Health Policy and Administration Sections of the APTA Jacqueline Osborne PT, DPT, GCS, CEEAA Geriatric Residency Coordinator Brooks Institute
More informationPULMONARY REHABILITATION Current Evidence and Recommendations
PULMONARY REHABILITATION Current Evidence and Recommendations Overview Introduction to Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pathophysiolgy of Exercise Limitation Exercise training Current evidence for COPD Current
More informationIs there any evidence that multi disciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation impacts on quality of life?
Is there any evidence that multi disciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation impacts on quality of life? Summary of the evidence located: According to the NICE guideline on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
More informationCreated in January 2005 Duration: approx. 20 minutes
1 1 The Timed Up and Go Test Created in January 2005 Duration: approx. 20 minutes 2 Credits 2005 Stein Gerontological Institute. All rights reserved. Principal medical contributors: Alan Katz, MD Francois
More informationORIGINAL REPORT. J Rehabil Med 2014; 46:
J Rehabil Med 2014; 46: 969 974 ORIGINAL REPORT Reliability and Validity of Alternate Step Test Times in Subjects with Chronic Stroke Mandy M. L. Chung, MPT 1, Rebecca W. Y. Chan, MPT 1, Ying-Ki Fung,
More informationBerg Balance Scale. CVA, Parkinson Disease, Pediatrics
CVA, Parkinson Disease, Pediatrics CVA Highly recommended for inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation Recommended for acute care Parkinson s Disease Recommended for H and Y stages 2 and 3 G code-changing
More informationUniversity of Groningen. Maintaining balance in elderly fallers Swanenburg, Jaap
University of Groningen Maintaining balance in elderly fallers Swanenburg, Jaap IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please
More informationReliability of time to stabilization in single leg standing
Northern Michigan University The Commons Conference Papers in Published Proceedings 2009 Reliability of time to stabilization in single leg standing Randall L. Jensen Northern Michigan University Follow
More informationClinical Perspective. Interpreting Validity Indexes for Diagnostic Tests: An Illustration Using the Berg Balance Test
Clinical Perspective Interpreting Validity Indexes for Diagnostic Tests: An Illustration Using the Berg Balance Test Physical therapists routinely make diagnostic and prognostic decisions in the course
More informationScoring The score of the test is the distance a patient walks in 6 minutes (measured in meters and can round to the nearest decimal point).
Core Measure: Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Overview The 6MWT is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess walking endurance and aerobic capacity. Participants will walk around the perimeter of a set circuit
More informationThe 6-min walk distance: change over time and value as a predictor of survival in severe COPD
Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 28 33 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00034603 Printed in UK all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 2004 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 0903-1936 The 6-min walk distance: change
More informationPlease demonstrate each task and/or give instructions as written. When scoring, please record the lowest response category that applies for each item.
Berg Balance Test Name Date Location Rater GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Please demonstrate each task and/or give instructions as written. When scoring, please record the lowest response category that applies for
More informationEquipment Stopwatch A clear pathway of at least 10 m (32.8 ft) in length in a designated area over solid flooring 2,3.
Core Measure: 10 Meter Walk Test (10mWT) Overview The 10mWT is used to assess walking speed in meters/second (m/s) over a short distance. Number of Test Items 1 item Scoring The total time taken to ambulate
More informationPerspective. Making Geriatric Assessment Work: Selecting Useful Measures. Key Words: Geriatric assessment, Physical functioning.
Perspective Making Geriatric Assessment Work: Selecting Useful Measures Often the goal of physical therapy is to reduce morbidity and prevent or delay loss of independence. The purpose of this article
More informationThe Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75
The Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75 By: Brent L. Arnold and David H. Perrin * Arnold, B.A., & Perrin, D.H. (1993).
More information7 Element Order. elsewhere classified, Spinal stenosis, lumbar region, without neurogenic claudication. Physician signature:
7 Element Order Medicare national and local policy specify that following completion of the face-to-face examination, the physician or treating practitioner must complete a written order containing seven
More informationCase Report: Inspiratory muscle training in chronic critically ill patients a report of two cases
222 Physiotherapy Research Intemational 10(4)222-226(2005) DOI: 10.1002/pri.l4 Case Report: Inspiratory muscle training in chronic critically ill patients a report of two cases ANGELA T CHANG Division
More informationA comparison of three disease-specific and two generic health-status measures to evaluate the outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2001) 95, 71 77 doi:10.1053/rmed.2000.0976, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on A comparison of three disease-specific and two generic health-status measures to evaluate
More informationInt J Physiother.Vol1 (2), 40-45, June (2014) ISSN:
Int J Physiother.Vol1 (2), 40-45, June (2014) ISSN: 2348-8336 Sandesh Rayamajhi 1 Dipika Khanal 2 Mallikarjunaiah H S 3 ABSTRACT Background: Stroke has been considered to be the most common cause of neurological
More informationReliability and validity of the International Spinal Cord Injury Basic Pain Data Set items as self-report measures
(2010) 48, 230 238 & 2010 International Society All rights reserved 1362-4393/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/sc ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reliability and validity of the International Injury Basic Pain Data Set items
More informationPrapaporn Pornsuriyasak, M.D. Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
Prapaporn Pornsuriyasak, M.D. Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Only 20-30% of patients with lung cancer are potential candidates for lung resection Poor lung function alone ruled
More informationJournal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research
Elliptical: Forward vs. Backward 25 Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Volume 2 Number 2 May 2007
More informationTHE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE ACTION RESEARCH ARM TEST AND THE FUGL-MEYER ASSESSMENT SCALE IN CHRONIC STROKE PATIENTS
J Rehab Med 2001; 33: 110 113 THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE ACTION RESEARCH ARM TEST AND THE FUGL-MEYER ASSESSMENT SCALE IN CHRONIC STROKE PATIENTS Johanna H. van der Lee, 1,2 Heleen Beckerman, 1,2 Gustaaf
More informationPatient- and Clinician-Rated Outcome Measures for Clinical Decision Making in Rehabilitation
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2011, 20, 37-45 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Patient- and Clinician-Rated Outcome Measures for Clinical Decision Making in Rehabilitation Lori A. Michener Outcome measures
More informationii. Reduction of tone in upper limb Lycra arm splints improve movement fluency in children with cerebral palsy.
Guidelines for the Provision of Dynamic Compression for people diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis The use of Lycra garments in patients with the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis has been initiated with very
More informationSensitivity and Specificity of the Minimal Chair Height Standing Ability Test: A Simple and Affordable Fall-Risk Screening Instrument
Sensitivity and Specificity of the Minimal Chair Height Standing Ability Test: A Simple and Affordable Fall-Risk Screening Instrument By: Nadia C. Reider, MSc ; Patti-Jean Naylor, PhD ; Catherine Gaul,
More informationPulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Lung Disease; Components and Organization. Prof. Dr. Müzeyyen Erk Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Chest Disease Dept.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Lung Disease; Components and Organization Prof. Dr. Müzeyyen Erk Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Chest Disease Dept. Plan Chronic Respiratory Disease Definition Factors Contributing
More informationPEOPLE WITH TRAUMATIC spinal cord injury (SCI) can
632 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reliability of the Clinical Outcome Variables Scale When Administered Via Telephone to Assess Mobility in People With Spinal Cord Injury Ruth N. Barker, PhD, Delena I. Amsters, MPhyt,
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/23532
More informationVALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INCREMENTAL SHUTTLE WALK TEST AND SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INCREMENTAL SHUTTLE WALK TEST AND SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE Cowie, A.*, Thow, M.K., Granat, M., Mitchell, S.L. *PhD Student, Glasgow Caledonian University,
More informationEvaluation of the functional independence for stroke survivors in the community
Asian J Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 4: 24 9 Evaluation of the functional independence for stroke survivors in the community ORIGINAL ARTICLE CKC Chan Bsc, DWC Chan Msc, SKM Wong MBA, MAIS, BA, PDOT ABSTRACT
More informationPerception and use of gait measures among physical therapists in South Korea
Original Article https://doi.org/10.14474/ptrs.2017.6.2.90 pissn 2287-7576 eissn 2287-7584 Phys Ther Rehabil Sci 2017, 6 (2), 90-95 www.jptrs.org Perception and use of gait measures among physical therapists
More informationSTROKE IS A LEADING CAUSE of disability in older
1308 Reliability of Treadmill Exercise Testing in Older Patients With Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke C. Lynne Dobrovolny, MA, Frederick M. Ivey, PhD, Marc A. Rogers, PhD, John D. Sorkin, MD, PhD, Richard F.
More informationKathryn D. Mitchell, PT, DPT, NCS, MSCS; Han Chen, MD, MPH; Sheri P. Silfies, PT, PhD
Test-Retest Reliability, Validity, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test to Assess Balance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis Kathryn D. Mitchell, PT, DPT, NCS, MSCS; Han
More informationHEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER HIP FRACTURE IN THE ELDERLY COMMUNITY-DWELLING
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER HIP FRACTURE IN THE ELDERLY COMMUNITY-DWELLING Jithathai Jongjit 1, Ladda Komsopapong 1, Pramook Songjakkaew 1 and Ronnachai Kongsakon 2 1 Department of Rehabilitation
More informationAssessments of the Reliability of the Iranian Version of the Berg Balance Scale in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
22 Assessments of the Reliability of the Iranian Version of the Berg Balance Scale in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Akram Azad, Ghorban Taghizadeh, Arash Khaneghini Abstract- Purpose: Because of the
More informationOutcome Measures for Hip Fracture Care Pathway
Outcome Measures for Hip Fracture Care Pathway Summary of Outcome Measures for Hip Fracture PRE-OP CARE: Braden, Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Morse, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) ACUTE CARE: Braden,
More informationThe 12-min walk test as an assessment criterion for lung transplantation in subjects with cystic fibrosis
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis (003) 8 13 The 1-min walk test as an assessment criterion for lung transplantation in subjects with cystic fibrosis a a a b a a,c, Kristina Ruter, Doris Staab, Klaus Magdorf,
More informationFunctional Ability Screening Tools for the Clinic
Functional Ability Screening Tools for the Clinic Shelley Hockensmith,, P.T., NCS Objectives Review screening tools for physical or functional ability including Five Times Sit to Stand, Walking Speed,
More informationSportsMed Update. Volume 9 (8) 2: 2009
SportsMed Update Volume 9 (8) 2: 29 Contents: 1. There is a smaller increase in abdominal muscle (transversus abdominis and internal oblique) thickness during a straight-leg-raise test in patients with
More informationFollow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/rehabsci_facpub Part of the Rehabilitation and Therapy Commons
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty Publications Rehabilitation Sciences 1-2016 Specificity of the Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Quick Disabilities of the
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Goertz CM, Long CR, Vining RD, Pohlman KA, Walter J, Coulter I. Effect of usual medical care plus chiropractic care vs usual medical care alone on pain and disability among
More informationDevelopment and Validation of an Improved, COPD-Specific Version of the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire*
Original Research COPD Development and Validation of an Improved, COPD-Specific Version of the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire* Makiko Meguro, Mphil; Elizabeth A. Barley, PhD, CPsychol; Sally Spencer,
More informationTEST-RETEST INTRA-RATER RELIABILITY OF GRIP FORCE IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE
J Rehabil Med 2003; 35: 189 194 TEST-RETEST INTRA-RATER RELIABILITY OF GRIP FORCE IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE Ann Hammer 1 and Birgitta Lindmark 2 From the 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Örebro University
More informationIN (FRAIL) OLDER PEOPLE, maintaining or improving
1892 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reproducibility and Validity of the Dutch Translation of the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) Used by Physiotherapists in Older Patients With Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis Marielle P.
More informationValidity, responsiveness and the minimal clinically important difference for the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) in an older acute medical population
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Validity, responsiveness and the minimal clinically important difference for the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) in an older acute medical population Natalie A de Morton 1,2*,
More informationCLINICAL USE CASES FOR RMT
1 of 5 CLINICAL USE CASES FOR RMT USE CASE: WEANING FROM MECHANICAL VENTILATOR Benefits: Quicker time to ventilator liberation and trach decannulation A majority of LTAC patients are hard to wean from
More informationTHE FUNCTIONAL REACH TEST (FRT) is a valuable
538 Is the Functional Reach Test Useful for Identifying Falls Risk Among Individuals With Parkinson s Disease? Andrea L. Behrman, PhD, PT, Kathye E. Light, PhD, PT, Sheryl M. Flynn, PhD, PT, Mary T. Thigpen,
More informationCleveland Clinic Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis. Mellen Center Approaches: Falls and Fall Prevention in MS. Q: What is a fall?
Mellen Center Approaches: Falls and Fall Prevention in MS Q: What is a fall? A: A fall can be defined as an unplanned change in position resulting in the individual resting on the ground or a lower level.
More information114 Franjoine et al Pediatric Physical Therapy /03/ Pediatric Physical Therapy Copyright 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
RESEARCH REPORT Pediatric Balance Scale: A Modified Version of the Berg Balance Scale for the School-Age Child with Mild to Moderate Motor Impairment Mary Rose Franjoine, MS, PT, PCS, Joan S. Gunther,
More informationExercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation assessment
Eur Respir J 21; 18: 293 297 Printed in UK all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 21 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 93-1936 Exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung
More informationREPRODUCIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF EVALUATIVE OUTCOME MEASURES
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 17:4 (2001), 479 487. Copyright c 2001 Cambridge University Press. Printed in the U.S.A. REPRODUCIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF EVALUATIVE
More informationAcute Exacerbations of COPD in Subjects Completing Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Acute Exacerbations of COPD in Subjects Completing Pulmonary Rehabilitation S. Jocelyn Carr, Roger S. Goldstein and Dina Brooks Chest 2007;132;127-134; Prepublished online May 2, 2007; DOI 10.1378/chest.07-0269
More informationThe Effects of Lower Extremity Muscle Strength Exercise for 8 Weeks on the Balance and Gait in Stroke Patients
NEUROTHERAPY 2 0 1 6 Saet-Byeol Jeong, Byung-Il 대한신경치료학회지 Yang, Sang-Ho 제20권제Lee 1호 The Effects of Lower Extremity Muscle Strength Exercise for 8 Weeks on the Balance and Gait in Stroke Patients Saet-Byeol
More information