TABLE S1A. Summary of physical therapy interventions gait and mobility-related functions and activities Intervention n RCTs N Patients

Transcription

1 TABLE S1A. Summary of physical therapy interventions gait and mobility-related functions and activities Intervention n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C/?) Intensity of intervention (ranges between studies given only) Main results meta-analyses Early mobilization ////1 2-4 times/d, 2 wk Strong evidence (=): complications, neurological deterioration early poststroke, fatigue, basic ADL, discharge home Risk of bias References (PEDro) of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 8 [1,2] Sitting balance training 6 15 /5//1/ 3-6 min/d, 5 d/wk, 2-4 wk Strong evidence (+): sitting balance, hand movement time 4 8 [3-8] Strong evidence (=): ground reaction force, symmetry while sitting or standing, walking ability, basic ADL Sit-to-stand training /4//1/ min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 1-6 wk Strong evidence (=): body weight distribution, sit-to-stand 4 6 [9-13] Standing balance training without /3//1/ 45-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 2-8 wk Strong evidence (=): postural sway, balance, sit-to-stand, walking ability 4 8 [14-17] biofeedback Standing balance training with biofeedback force and position feedback /6/5/1/ 15-6 min, 2-5 d/wk, 2-4 wk Strong evidence (+): postural sway Strong evidence (=): motor function leg (synergy), comfortable gait speed, cadence, step length, mono and bipedal phase, balance, walking ability, basic ADL Balance training during various activities /5/3/3/ 3-6 min/d, 3-7 d/wk, 3-1 wk Strong evidence (+): balance, basic ADL Strong evidence (=): comfortable gait speed, falls-efficacy, walking ability, quality of life 3 6 [13,18-29] 4 8 [3-4] Body-weight supported treadmill training /11//8/ 15-9 min/d, 3-6 d/wk, 2-6 wk Strong evidence (+): comfortable gait speed, walking distance 4 8 [41-61] Strong evidence (=): motor function leg (synergy), maximum gait speed, cadence, stride length, aerobic capacity, energy expenditure, balance, walking ability, quality of life Electromechanical-assisted gait training /11/1/4/ 15-6 min/d, 3-7 d/wk, 2-1 wk 4 8 [48,55,62-77] Electromechanical-assisted gait training without functional electrostimulation Electromechanical-assisted gait training with functional electrostimulation Speed dependent treadmill training (without body-weight support) /11/1/4/ 15-6 min/d, 3-7 d/wk, 2-1 wk Strong evidence (+): maximum gait speed, walking distance, peak heart rate, basic ADL Strong evidence (=): neurological functions, motor function paretic leg (synergy), muscle strength, comfortable gait speed, cadence, step length, heart rate rest, balance, walking ability, quality of life /2//1/ 2 min/d, 5-7 d/wk, 3-4 wk Strong evidence (+): balance, walking ability Strong evidence (=): maximum gait speed, basic ADL /3/1/9/ 8-6 min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 2 wk 6 mos Overground walking /5/4/1/ 15-6 mind, 1-5 d/wk, 2 wk 6 mos Strong evidence (+): maximum gait speed, step width Strong evidence (=): comfortable gait speed, gait speed endurance, walking distance, cadence, stride length, aerobic capacity, balance, walking ability Strong evidence (+): anxiety (independent walking patients) Strong evidence (=): comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, walking distance, cadence, stride length, stride time, symmetry gait pattern, number of falls, peak heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, depression, balance, walking ability, basic ADL, extended ADL Strong evidence ( ): aerobic capacity (dependent walking patients) 4 8 [48,55,62-67,69-77] 6 [62,63,71] 4 8 [41,78-9] 2 8 [44,45,56,57,62,72,73,76,77,9-13] Rhythmic gait cueing /4//2/ 3 min/d, 5 d/wk, 3-12 wk Strong evidence (=): gait speed, cadence, stride length, symmetry gait 3 7 [14-19] pattern Community walking 3 94 /1//2/ 3-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, wk Strong evidence (=): maximum gait speed, walking distance, balance 6 8 [87,11,111] confidence Virtual reality mobility training 6 15 /6/// 2-6 min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 2-4 wk Strong evidence (=): comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, step 5 7 [ ] length, walking ability Circuit class training (gait and mobilityrelated /1/3/4/ 3-75 min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 4-19 wk Strong evidence (+): walking distance, balance, walking ability, physical 5 8 [34,38,93,98,99, ] functions and activities) activity Strong evidence (=): muscle strength, gait speed, number of falls, fallsefficacy, depression, basic ADL, extended ADL, quality of life Caregiver-mediated exercises (gait and 3 35 /2//1/ 35-6 min/d, 2-7 d/wk, 8 wk 6 Strong evidence (+): basic ADL, caregiver strain 4 8 [91,123,124] mobility-related functions and activities) mos Strong evidence (=): extended ADL Orthosis for walking /1//1/2 24 wk 6 mos Strong evidence (=): comfortable gait speed 2 7 [43, ] Water-based exercises 3 65 ///3/ 45-6 min/d, 2-3 d/wk, 8-12 wk Strong evidence (+): muscle strength 5 6 [128-13] Strong evidence (=): balance Interventions for somatosensory /3/2/1/ 2-48 min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 2-8 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function leg (synergy), gait speed, balance 5 8 [14, ] functions of the paretic leg Electrostimulation of the paretic leg /13/4/7/2 9-6 min/d, 2-7 d/wk, 3-8 wk 2 8 [63,71,126,132, ] NMS 18 Strong evidence (+): motor function leg (synergy), muscle tone, muscle strength [63,71,126,136,137, , , ,157,158]

2 Strong evidence (=): active range of motion, gait speed, cadence, step length, symmetry gait, balance, walking ability, basic ADL EMG-NMS 2 Strong evidence (=): muscle tone, basic ADL [142,153] TENS 5 Strong evidence (+): muscle strength, walking ability Strong evidence (=): muscle tone, active range of motion ankle, gait speed, walking distance [132,143,148, ] Electromyographic biofeedback for the paretic leg /3//7/1 2-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 2-12 wk Strong evidence (=): range of motion, step length, gait speed, EMG activity 2 7 [14,137, ] +, significant positive SES; =, nonsignficant SES;, significant negative SES; ADL, Activities of daily living; C, Chronic phase; d, day(s); ER, Early rehabilitation phase; EMG, Electromyographic (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; min, minutes; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; mos, months; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; SES, Summary effect size; wk, week(s)

3 TABLE S1B. Summary of physical therapy interventions arm-hand activities Intervention Therapeutic positioning of the paretic arm Reflex-inhibiting positions and immobilization techniques for the paretic wrist and hand n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C/?) Intensity of intervention (ranges between studies given only) 5 14 /1/// 2-4 times/d, 2-3 min/session, 5-7 d/wk Main results meta-analyses Strong evidence (+): passive range of motion shoulder external rotation Strong evidence (=):passive range of motion shoulder internal rotation, contracture shoulder, pain (rest and movement), basic ADL Risk of bias References (PEDro) of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 6 7 [ ] /2/1/5/ 2-22h/d, 5-7 d/wk, 1-6 mos Strong evidence (=): muscle tone, pain, passive range of motion 3 8 [173-18] Air-splints around the paretic arm /3/1/1/ 3-45 min/d, 5-7 d/wk, 3-6 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle tone, 4 8 [ ] somatosensory function, pain, arm-hand activities Supportive techniques or devices for the prevention or treatment of glenohumeral subluxation and/or hemiplegic shoulder pain /3/// 4-6 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), pain 4 7 [ ] Bilateral arm training /3/1/18/ 2 min 6 h/d, 2-6 d/wk, 1-8 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm, muscle strength, arm-hand 2 8 [19-211] activities, self-reported arm-hand use in daily life, basic ADL (modified) Constraint-induced movement /11/3/27/ 2 8 [19,196,25,27,29, ] therapy Original CIMT //1// 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 2 wk Strong evidence (+): arm-hand activities, self-reported amount of arm-hand use in daily life, self-reported quality of arm-hand movement in daily life [225,226] High-intensity mcimt h/d, 1-7 d/wk, 2-8 wk Strong evidence (+): arm-hand activities, self-reported amount of arm-hand [196,27,212,216,217,223,224,227, ,238,24-242,245,249] use in daily life, self-reported quality of arm-hand movement in daily life Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), basic ADL Low-intensity mcimt 22 3 min 2 h/d, 3-7 d/wk, 2-12 wk Strong evidence (+): motor function arm (synergy), arm-hand activities, selfreported amount of arm-hand use in daily life, self-reported quality of armhand movement in daily life, basic ADL Strong evidence (=): arm-hand related quality of life Mitt use 2 2 wk [pooling not possible] [22,243] Robot-assisted arm training /8/1/13/ 2-12 min/d, 3-5 d/wk, 3-12 wk 4 8 [199,25-271] Unilateral shoulder-elbow robotics 15 Strong evidence (+): motor function arm proximal (synergy), muscle strength, muscle strength arm proximal, pain Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), motor function arm distal, muscle strength arm distal, muscle tone, arm-hand activities, basic ADL, quality of life Virtual reality training for the paretic arm /4/2/9/ 2-6 min/d, 3-7 d/wk, 1 d 7 wk Bilateral elbow-wrist robotics 2 Strong evidence (+): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength [256,268] Shoulder-elbow-wrist-hand robotics 2 Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength distal [259,264] Wrist robotics 2 [pooling not possible] [265,266] Wrist-hand robotics 1 [pooling not possible] [261] Mental practice with motor imagery /6//8/ 1-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 3-1 wk Strong evidence (+): arm-hand activities 4 7 [ ] Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength, basic ADL Mirror therapy for the paretic arm /1/2/4/ 3-6 min/d, 2-6 d/wk, 4-6 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle tone, pain, arm- 5 8 [278,285-29] hand activities Strong evidence (+): basic ADL Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), arm-hand activities Strong evidence ( ): muscle tone 3 8 [291-36] [19,25,28,29,211, ,218,219,221,222, ,237, ,244,246,248] [199,25, ,257,258,26,262,263,267, ] Electrostimulation of the paretic arm /23/6/19/1 2 min 8 h/d, 2-7 d/wk, 2 wk 5 mnd 3 8 [143,193,197,255,259,37-354] NMS wrist/finger extensors Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), active range of motion, muscle strength, arm-hand activities NMS wrist/finger flexors/extensors Strong evidence (+): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength Strong evidence (=): arm-hand activities NMS shoulder Strong evidence (+): subluxation Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), range of motion, pain EMG-NMS wrist/finger extensors Strong evidence (+): motor function arm (synergy), active range of motion, arm-hand activities Strong evidence (=): muscle strength, muscle tone EMG-NMS wrist/finger Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), arm-hand activities flexors/extensors TENS Strong evidence (=): muscle tone, basic ADL Electromyographic biofeedback of the /3/4/3/1 2-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 2-6 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), active range of motion, 2 7 [16, ]

4 paretic arm arm-hand activities Trunk restraint 4 86 ///4/ 4 min 6 h/d, 2-5 d/wk, 2-5 wk Strong evidence (=): active range of motion, arm-hand activities 4 8 [245, ] Strong evidence ( ): self-reported amount of arm-hand use in daily life Interventions for somatosensory functions of the paretic arm /3/4/5/ 3-18 min, 2-6 d/wk, 2 wk 3 mos Strong evidence (+):muscle tone, somatosensory functions Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength, pain, arm-hand activities, basic ADL 3 9 [134,182,183,185,315,316,328, ] +, significant positive SES; =, nonsignficant SES;, significant negative SES;?, unclear; ADL, Activities of daily living; C, Chronic phase; d, day(s); CIMT, Constraint-induced movement therapy; ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; min, minutes; mcimt, modified Constraint-induced movement therapy; mos, months; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; wk, week(s); SES, Summary effect size

5 TABLE S1C. Summary of physical therapy interventions physical fitness Intervention n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C) Strength exercises for the paretic leg Strength exercises for the paretic arm Cardiorespiratory exercises Mixed strength and cardiorespiratory exercises Intensity of intervention (ranges between studies given only) /6/2/ min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 4-16 wk Main results meta-analyses Strong evidence (+): muscle strength leg, muscle tone, spatiotemporal gait pattern parameters Strong evidence (=): motor function leg (synergy), comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, walking distance, aerobic capacity, heart rate work, workload, physiological cost index, walking ability, basic ADL, quality of life /3//6 5-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 2-6 wk Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength arm, pain, range of motion, arm-hand activities /4//9 1-6 min/d, 2-5 d/wk, 4 wk 6 mos /5/2/ min/d, 3-4 d/wk, 4-19 wk Strong evidence (+): aerobic capacity, workload, respiratory functions Strong evidence (=): motor function leg (synergy), muscle strength leg, comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, walking distance, heart rate rest, heart rate work, blood pressure rest, physiological cost index, body composition, blood variables, balance, walking ability Strong evidence (+): motor function leg (synergy), muscle strength leg, comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, walking distance, aerobic capacity, heart rate work, balance, physical activity, quality of life Strong evidence (=): motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength arm, physiological cost index, depression, walking ability, arm-hand activities, basic ADL, extended ADL Risk of bias (PEDro) References of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 2 8 [12, ] 2 7 [52,378,379,391, ] 4 8 [49,58,82-86,88,128,387,388,399-46] 3 8 [93,96,98,99,121,387,388,47-416] +, significant positive SES; =, nonsignficant SES;?, unclear; ADL, Activities of daily living; C, Chronic phase; d, day(s); ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; min, minutes; mos, months; SES, Summary effect size; wk, week(s)

6 TABLE S1D. Summary of physical therapy interventions activities of daily living Intervention n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C) Interventions for apraxia gestural training Intensity of intervention (ranges between studies given only) Main results meta-analyses Risk of bias (PEDro) References of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 4 5 [417,418] 2 46 ///2 5 min/d, 3 d/wk, 3-35 sessions Strong evidence (+): gesture comprehension Strong evidence (=): ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia Leisure therapy /3/1/2 3-6 min/d, <1 1 d/wk, 5 Strong evidence (+):leisure participation 4 7 [ ] wk 6 mos Strong evidence (=): depression, mood, quality of life +, significant positive SES; =, nonsignficant SES; C, Chronic phase; d, day(s); ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; min, minutes; mos, months; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; SES, Summary effect size; wk, week(s)

7 TABLE S1E. Summary of physical therapy interventions other Intervention n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C) Inspiratory muscle training Intensity of intervention (ranges between studies given only) Main results meta-analyses Risk of bias (PEDro) of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 2 66 //1/1 3 min/d, 5-7 d/wk, 6-8 wk Strong evidence (=): maximal inspiratory pressure 4 7 [425,426] =, nonsignficant SES; C, Chronic phase; d, day(s); ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; min, minutes; mos, months; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; SES, Summary effect size; wk, week(s) References

8 TABLE S1F. Summary of physical therapy interventions intensity of practice Intervention n RCTs N Patients Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C/?) Intensity difference between experimental and control group (mean) Main results meta-analyses Intensity of practice /48/5/21/3 17 h during 1 wk Strong evidence (+): motor function leg (synergy), motor function arm (synergy), muscle strength leg, comfortable gait speed, maximum gait speed, muscle tone, depression and anxiety, balance, basic ADL, quality of life Strong evidence (=): muscle strength arm, walking distance, mental health patient, falls-efficacy, walking ability, arm-hand activities, extended ADL, falls, mental health caregiver Risk of bias (PEDro) References of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) 2 8 [1,2,6,1-12,14,17,33,36-38,4,73,88,91,92,94,95,1,11,1 4,18,111,12,121,123,124,127,1 29,135,182,237,369,37,374,386, ,396,398,4-43,46-411,415,422, ]?, unclear; +, significant positive SES; =, nonsignficant SES; ADL, Activities of daily living; C, Chronic phase; ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; h, hours; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; SES, Summary effect size; wk, weeks

9 TABLE S1G. Summary of physical therapy interventions neurological treatment approaches Intervention n RCTs N Patients NDT versus another intervention NDT versus NDT + another intervention Augmented NDT versus NDT (intensity difference) Start study time poststroke, n RCTs ([H]AR/ER/LR/C/?) /16/3/17/1 strength training, training balance during various activities, training standing balance with biofeedback force and position feedback, overground walking, rhythmic auditory cueing, electromechanical-assisted gait training, mcimt, bilateral arm training, robotics, virtual reality training for the paretic arm, somatosensory training, EMG- BF, strength training, motor relearning programme, orthopaedic programme, movement science-based therapy or problem-willing oriented movement /19/7/8/1 NDT plus: training standing balance with biofeedback force and position feedback, training sitting balance, training standing balance, training balance during various activities, overground walking, community walking, rhythmic auditory cueing, treadmill training, BWSTT, electromechanical-assisted gait training, aerobic training, robotics, virtual reality arm, NMS, EMG-NMS, TENS, EMG- BF or passive movement of the wrist with an apparatus Control intervention Main results best-evidence synthesis Risk of bias (PEDro) of RCTs (ranges between studies given only) Strong evidence (=): muscle strength arm, depression Strong evidence ( ): motor function (synergy), walking speed, spatiotemporal gait parameters, kinematics arm, arm-hand activities, self-reported arm-hand activities in daily life, basic ADL, quality of life Moderate evidence (=): muscle strength leg, maximal weight bearing paretic leg, coordination, stability shoulder joint, shoulder pain, walking distance, health belief, balance Moderate evidence ( ): length of stay Insufficient evidence: grip strength, muscle tone, brain activity, walking ability, extended ADL Strong evidence (=): kinematics gait Strong evidence ( ): motor function (synergy), muscle strength arm, gait speed, spatiotemporal gait parameters, muscle tone, range of motion, balance, walking ability, arm-hand activities, basic ADL Moderate evidence (=): symmetry (sitting, standing, sit-to-stand and wile reaching), depression, stand-to-sit, sit-to-stand Moderate evidence ( ): muscle strength leg, walking distance, coordination, EMG contraction, shoulder subluxation, neglect, aerobic capacity /5///1 NDT Strong evidence (=): strength, walking ability, arm-hand activities, basic ADL, extended ADL Moderate evidence (+): motor function (synergy), range of motion Moderate evidence (=): pain, depression, balance, sit-to-stand, handicap, quality of life References 4 8 [5,35,64,71,19,19,195,196,198,1 99,22,25,28,21,211, ,235,244,246,247,253,262,268, 3,36,385,396,448, ] 2 8 [4,6,15,26,28,33,48,49,77,79,1,1 2,15,111,132,142,146,149,167,1 79,258,287,318,324,329,33,344,3 5,364,449,463,464] 6 8 [432,437,439,445,446,448] +, significant positive effect; =, nonsignficant effect;, significant negative effect;?, unclear; ADL, Activities of daily living; BWSTT, Body-weight supported treadmill training; C, Chronic phase; EMG-BF, Electromyographic biofeedback; EMG, Electromyograpic; EMG-NMS, Electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation; ER, Early rehabilitation phase; (H)AR, (hyper)acute rehabilitation phase; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; mcimt, modified Constraint-induced movement therapy; NDT, Neurodevelopmental treatment; NMS, Neuromuscular stimulation; RCTs, Randomized controlled trials; SES, Summary effect size; TENS, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

10 TABLE S2A. Summary of the evidence for physical therapy interventions gait and mobility-related functions and activities Intervention Pooling possible for: Outcome measures N (pooling) Type effects model SES (95%CI) Hedges g Heterogeneity I 2 (%) Early mobilization Sitting balance training *, only RCTs investigating reaching beyond arm s length while sitting Sit-to-stand training Standing balance training without biofeedback Standing balance training with biofeedback force and position feedback Balance training during various activities Body-weight supported treadmill training Electromechanicalassisted gait training *, only for dependent patients a. complications b. neurological deterioration early poststroke c. fatigue d. basic ADL e. discharge home a. symmetry while sitting b. symmetry while standing c. ground reaction force* d. hand movement time* e. sitting balance f. sitting balance* g. walking ability h. basic ADL a. body weight distribution b. sit-to-stand a. postural sway b. balance c. sit-to-stand d. walking ability a. motor function leg (synergy) b. comfortable gait speed c. cadence d. step length e. mono and bipedal phase f. postural sway phase: ER phase: C (n=1) g. balance h. walking ability i. basic ADL a. comfortable gait speed b. falls-efficacy c. balance d. walking ability e. basic ADL f. quality of life a. motor function leg (synergy) b. comfortable gait speed c. maximum gait speed d. walking distance e. cadence f. stride length g. aerobic capacity h. energy expenditure i. balance j. walking ability k. quality of life a. neurological functions b. motor function leg (synergy) c. muscle strength d. comfortable gait speed* phase: ER (dependent) phase: C (independent) Dependent & independent a. complications b. deterioration (5 d, -7d) c. Borg RPE d. mrs e. discharge home a. symmetry sitting b. symmetry standing c. GRF d. hand movement time reaching e. reach distance, sitting equilibrium test f. reach distance, sitting equilibrium test g. BI mobility, FAC h. BI, FIM a. BWD sitting, BWD rising, BWD sitting down b. STS a. posturography b. BBS, MAS* sitting c. MAS* STS, STS d. MAS* STS, RMI, RMA, RMA GF, TCT a. FMA, Brunnstrom stages b. 1MWT, WS c. gait analysis d. gait analysis e. DST, SST f. posturography g. BBS, FMA balance, PASS, standing affected leg, standing nonaffected leg h. FAC, FIM locomotion, stair climbing, walking, RMA GF, RMI, TUG i. BI, FIM, NEADL, FIM motor a. 1MWT, WS b. ABC, FES-I c. BBA, BBS, FR, LRT, static standing, step reaction time, ST, TIS d. MAS* walking, STS, stand-to-sit, stair climb, Tinetti gait, TUG e. BI, FIM f. NHP, QoL, SA-SIP3, SF-36 a. FMA b. 1MWT, WS c. 1MWT, WS d. 12MWT, 6MWT, walking distance e. gait analysis f. gait analysis g. VO 2 max h. O 2 -cost i. BBS, FMA balance j. FAC, FIM locomotion, FIM gait, RMA GF, RMA LT, RMI, TCT, TUG, SPPB k. AAP, SA-SIP3, SIS, LLFDI a. CNS, NIHSS b. FMA c. MI leg, MRC d. 1MWT, 8MWT, WS e. 1MWT, 5MWT, WS f. 3MWT, 6MWT g. gait analysis a. 21 b. 13 c. 13 d. 13 e. 13 a. 59 b. 59 c. 5 d. 5 e. 7 f. 5 g. 59 h. 59 a. 13 b. 5 a. 42 b. 149 c. 149 d. 148 a. 97 b. 184 c. 67 d. 67 e. 67 f g. 186 h. 251 i. 191 a. 88 b. 82 c. 397 d. 271 e. 211 f. 252 a. 448 b. 858 c. 179 d. 832 e. 56 f. 142 g. 32 h. 33 i. 54 j. 357 k. 514 a. 115 b. 53 c. 313 d a. b. c. d. e. a. b. c. Random d. e. Random f. Random g. h. a. Random b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Random i. a. b. c. Random d. e. f. a. b. Random c. d. Random e. f. g. h. i. Random j. k. a. Random b. Random c. d. Random a..9 (-.484,.663) b (-.828,.152) c..178 (-.24,.561) d..376 (-.71,.824) e..276 (-.216,.768) a (-.715,.433) b (-.911,.246) c (-.171, 8.532) d (1.114, 2.388) e (-.93, 3.546) f (.836, 4.18) g (-.617,.455) h (-.775,.3) a..264 (-.474, 1.2) b..45 (-.138,.948) a..225 (-.364,.815) b (-.444,.193) c..6 (-.259,.378) d..116 (-.23,.435) a..121 (-.269,.511) b (-.54,.63) c (-.511,.427) d..62 (-.47,.53) e (-.595,.353) f..366 (.49,.683).29 (-.14,.559) 1.9 (.339, 1.842) g (-.489,.72) h. -.1 (-.432,.413) i (-.328,.232) a..313 (-.1,.726) b..181 (-.247,.69) c..355 (.67,.642) d..137 (-.99,.374) e..383 (.113,.653) f (-.393,.96) a (-.387,.) b..468 (.17,.829) c..245 (-.41,.532) d..66 (.173, 1.39) e (-.793,.222) f..148 (-.173,.47) g..631 (-.51, 1.314) h..563 (-.12, 1.228) i..69 (-.118, 1.336) j..215 (.,.431) k..54 (-.126,.234) a..192 (-.492,.877) b..28 (-1.74, 1.129) c..29 (-.12,.429) d..261 (-.3,.821).983 (.319, 1.647) -.66 (-.547,.415).14 (-.826,.853) a. b. c. d. 4 e. a. 26 b. 38 c. 94 d. e. 9 f. 77 g. h. a. 77 b. a. 33 b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 6 i. 34 a. b. c. 51 d. 24 e. 48 f. 8 a. 12 b. 82 c. d. 87 e. 25 f. g. 4 h. i. 92 j. 42 k. a. 67 b. 73 c. 35 d. 58 Statistical power a..88 b..317 c..123 d..378 e..229 a..74 b..189 c. 1. d..996 e. 1. f. 1. g..58 h..119 a..391 b..359 a..99 b..12 c..62 d..134 a..81 b..248 c..53 d..56 e..72 f g..228 h..51 i..6 a..244 b..111 c..863 d..162 e..66 f..176 a..433 b. 1. c..298 d. 1. e..147 f..118 g..327 h..273 i. 1. j..422 k..83 a..144 b..51 c..358 d Difference between poststroke phases a. NA b. NA c. NA d. NA e. NA a. NA b. NA e. S = ER: beyond arm s length f. NS g. NA h. NA b. NA c. NA e. NS f. S g. NS h. NS i. NS a. NA e. NS f. NS e. NS f. NS g. NS h. NS i. NS j. NS k. NS a. NA d. S

11 Electromechanicalassisted gait training with functional electrostimulation * only early rehabilitation phase Speed dependent treadmill training (without body-weight support) Overground walking * independent patients ** dependent patients e. maximum gait speed f. walking distance g. cadence phase: ER phase: LR phase: C h. step length i. heart rate rest j. peak heart rate k. balance phase: ER phase: LR (n=1) phase: C l. walking ability* phase: ER (dependent) phase: LR (independent) phase: C (independent) m. basic ADL n. quality of life a. maximum gait speed phase: ER (dependent) phase: C (independent) b. balance c. walking ability* d. basic ADL a. comfortable gait speed b. maximum gait speed c. gait speed endurance d. walking distance e. cadence f. step width g. stride length h. aerobic capacity i. balance j. walking ability a. comfortable gait speed b. maximum gait speed c. walking distance phase: ER (dependent) phase: C (independent) d. cadence phase: LR phase: C (n=1) e. stride length phase: ER phase: LR (n=1) phase: C (n=1) f. stride time g. symmetry gait pattern h. number of falls* i. aerobic capacity** j. peak heart rate* k. diastolic blood pressure* l. systolic blood pressure* m. anxiety* n. depression* o. balance phase: LR (n=1) phase: C p. walking ability phase: ER phase: LR (n=1) phase: C q. basic ADL r. extended ADL h. gait analysis i. HR rest j. HR peak k. BBS, DB, SST affected leg, SB, Tinetti balance, ST l. EMS, EU walking scale, FAC, mefap, RMA GF, RMA LT, RMI, SAS disability, SPPB, TCT, TMS m. BI, FIM, FIM motor n. SF-36, LLFDI a. 1MWT, 5MWT b. BBS, DB, SB c. EMS, FAC d. BI, FIM a. 1MWT, WS b. 1MWT, WS c. 6MWT d. 6MWT, walking endurance e. gait analysis f. gait analysis g. gait analysis h. VO 2 max, VO 2 peak i. BBS, balance j. FAC, RMI, STS, S-test complex gait, gait a. 1MWT, 5MWT, WS b. 1MWT, 5MWT c. 6MWT, walking distance d. gait analysis e. gait analysis f. gait analysis g. gait analysis h. falls i. VO 2 max, VO 2 peak j. HR peak k. diastolic BP l. systolic BP m. HADS anxiety n. HADS depression o. BBS, DB, SB p. BI walking, FAC, FIM locomotion, RMA GF, RMA LT, RMI, STREAM mobility, TCT, TUG, ST q. BI, FIM r. AAP, FAI, mrs, NEADL e. 383 f. 394 g h. 68 i. 95 j. 95 k l m. 43 n. 112 a b. 12 c. 72 d. 12 a. 192 b. 34 c. 11 d. 213 e. 19 f. 82 g. 221 h. 178 i. 44 j. 133 a. 541 b. 159 c d e f. 5 g. 5 h. 256 i. 49 j. 49 k. 49 l. 49 m. 224 n. 224 o p q. 362 r. 391 e. f. g. Random h. i. j. k. Random l. Random m. n. Random a. Random b. c. d. Random a. b. c. d. Random e. f. g. h. i. j. Random a. Random b. c. d. Random Random e. Random f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. Random p. Random Random q. r. Random e..215 (.16,.413) f..246 (.51,.442) g (-.811,.695).43 (-.98,.94) (-1.654, -.388).68 (-.54,.676) h..177 (-.234,.589) i (-.719,.79) j..52 (.116,.923) k (-.63,.525).484 (.131,.836) (-2.519, ).4 (-.329,.336) l..186 (-.329, 1.333).421 (.237,.65) (-2.873, ) -.51 (-.428,.326) m..433 (.237,.63) n..122 (-.594,.838) a..496 (-.782, 1.774) 1.15 (.442, 1.857) (-.852,.543) b..397 (.8,.786) c. 1.6 (.57, 1.551) d..137 (-.669,.943) a. -.1 (-.292,.273) b..236 (.9,.462) c (-.47,.331) d..143 (-.126,.412) e..14 (-.184,.393) f..567 (.135,.999) g..234 (-.34,.52) h..243 (-.49,.536) i (-.899,.249) j..632 (-.126, 1.391) a..267 (-.19,.554) b..238 (-.74,.55) c. -.8 (-.23,.186) (-.71, -.47).278 (.15,.54) d..15 (-1.53, 1.264).646 (-.177, 1.469) (-1.779, -.168) e..588 (-.362, 1.538) (-.678,.255).986 (.18, 1.793) (.314, 1.957) f..39 (-.232,.85) g..374 (-.167,.916) h..52 (-.26,.364) i (-1.215, -.93) j (-1.84,.27) k (-.593,.49) l (-1.5,.13) m..356 (.93,.619) n..232 (-.29,.494) o..462 (-.261, 1.184) (1.333, 2.519).137 (-.141,.415) p..266 (-.171,.72) -.86 (-.664,.493) (1.348, 3.142).225 (.11,.439) q (-.282,.13) r (-.554,.9) e. f. 8 g h. i. j. k. 84 l. 82 m. 39 n. 71 a. 85 b. 44 c. d. 76 a. b. c. d. e. 9 f. g. 15 h. i. j. 73 a. 56 b. c. 38 d e. 82 f. g. h. i. 24 j. 14 k. l. 44 m. n. o. 86 p q. 41 r. 56 e..439 f..566 g h..18 i..48 j..869 k l m..96 n..87 a b..682 c..955 d..92 a..5 b..428 c..53 d..149 e..97 f..598 g..328 h..291 i..153 j..877 a..771 b..255 c d e f..16 g..213 h..65 i..513 j..369 k..53 l..286 m..63 n..323 o p q..96 r..588 e. NS f. NS g. S h. NS i. NA j. NA k. S l. S m. NS n. NS a. S c. NA c. NA e. NS f. NA g. NS h. NA i. NS j. NS c. S d. S e. S f. NS g. NS h. NS i. NA j. NA k. NA l. NA m. NA n. NA o. S p. S q. NS r. NS

12 Rhythmic gait cueing Community walking Virtual reality mobility training Circuit class training (gait and mobility-related functions and activities) Caregiver-mediated exercises (gait and mobility-related functions and activities) a. gait speed b. cadence c. stride length d. symmetry gait pattern a. maximum gait speed b. walking distance c. balance confidence a. comfortable gait speed b. maximum gait speed c. step length d. walking ability a. muscle strength b. gait speed c. walking distance d. number of falls e. falls-efficacy f. depression g. balance h. walking ability i. basic ADL j. extended ADL k. physical activity l. quality of life a. basic ADL b. extended ADL c. caregiver strain a. WS b. gait analysis c. gait analysis d. gait analysis a. 1MWT b. 6MWT c. ABC a. 1MWT, WS b. 1MWT, WS, top speed c. gait analysis d. FAC, WAQ, MMAS* walking, MMAS* balance and gait a. strength flexor/extensor: ankle, hip, knee b. 1MWT, WS c. 6MWT d. falls e. ABC, FES-I f. GDS-15, HADS depression g. BBS, FR, ST h. RMI, TUG i. BI, FIM j. FAI, NEADL k. PADS, PASIPD, activity monitor l. NHP, SF-36 a. BI b. NEADL, FAI c. CSI, CBS a. 118 b. 118 c. 118 d. 118 a. 64 b. 94 c. 55 a. 42 b. 58 c. 42 d. 3 a. 177 b. 181 c. 28 d. 82 e. 14 f. 99 g. 298 h. 259 i. 1 j. 1 k. 121 l. 147 a. 34 b. 34 c. 34 a. Random b. Random c. Random d. Random a. Random b. c. a. Random b. c. d. a. Random b. Random c. d. e. f. Random g. h. i. j. k. l. a. b. Random c. a..543 (-1.831, 2.918) b..633 (-1.799, 3.66) c..154 (-1.393, 1.7) d (-.98, 2.933) a..31 (-.824, 1.426) b..155 (-.243,.553) c..346 (-.173,.865) a (-1.348,.415) b..213 (-.284,.71) c..185 (-.42,.772) d..165 (-.514,.844) a..43 (-.7,.868) b..477 (-.6,.96) c..568 (.295,.841) d..65 (-.389,.518) e..316 (-.14,.646) f..239 (-.654, 1.132) g..299 (.75,.524) h..278 (.37,.52) i..139 (-.25,.527) j (-.284,.359) k..538 (.41,.758) l..38 (-.284,.359) a..389 (.135,.625) b..135 (-.441,.712) c..517 (.31,.732) a. 97 b. 97 c. 94 d. 96 a. 8 b. 13 c. a. 54 b. c. 31 d. a. 53 b. 58 c. d. e. f. 78 g. h. i. 27 j. k. l. a. b. 69 c. a..717 b..835 c..113 d..995 a..263 b..11 c..2 a..262 b..11 c..83 d..69 a..425 b..79 c..938 d..58 e..359 f..178 g..599 h..496 i..92 j..89 k..79 l..55 a..869 b..19 c..982 Orthosis for walking a. comfortable gait speed a. WS a. 111 a. Random a..596 (-.55, 1.742) a. 87 a..77 Water-based exercises a. muscle strength a. strength: knee, leg a. 32 a. a..779 (.89, 1.468) a. a..741 a. NA b. balance b. BBS b. 32 b. Random b..599 (-.622, 1.821) b. 67 b..529 b. NA Interventions for a. motor function leg (synergy) a. FMA, Brunnstrom stages a. 63 a. Random a (-.24, 2.58) a. 75 a..913 a. NA somatosensory functions b. gait speed b. 1MWT, WS b. 51 b. b (-.659,.45) b. b..68 of the paretic leg c. balance c. BBS c. 54 c. Random c (-.255, 2.741) c. 85 c..958 Electrostimulation of the paretic leg NMS a. motor function leg (synergy) b. muscle tone c. muscle strength d. active range of motion ankle e. active range of motion knee f. gait speed g. cadence h. step length i. symmetry gait j. balance k. walking ability l. basic ADL EMG-NMS a. muscle tone b. basic ADL TENS a. muscle strength b. muscle tone c. active range of motion ankle plantar flexion d. active range of motion ankle dorsiflexion e. gait speed f. walking distance g. walking ability Electromyographic biofeedback for the paretic leg a. range of motion ankle dorsiflexion b. range of motion knee flexion c. step length d. gait speed e. EMG activity a. FMA, Brunnstrom stages b. CSS, H-reflex, MAS, SI c. strength: flexion/extension knee, ankle d. ROM e. ROM f. 1MWT, 5MWT, EFAP floor, WS g. gait analysis h. gait analysis i. gait analysis j. BBS, balance k. EFAP up and go, FAC, MGH FAC, RMI, TCT, TUG l. BI a. SI, MAS b. BI, FIM a. strength: flexion/extension ankle, knee b. CSS, MAS c. ROM d. ROM e. WS f. 6MWT g. BI mobility, TUG a. ROM b. ROM c. gait analysis d. WS e. EMG registration a. 76 b. 259 c. 133 d. 112 e. 57 f. 215 g. 7 h. 77 i. 4 j. 125 k. 237 l. 114 a. 68 b. 68 a. 135 b. 178 c. 91 d. 91 e. 17 f. 79 g. 195 a. 13 b. 52 c. 87 d. 34 e. 5 a. b. c. d. e. Random f. Random g. h. i. j. k. Random l. a. b. a. b. Random c. d. Random e. f. g. a. b. Random c. d. Random e. a..448 (.4,.891) b..274 (.34,.514) c..384 (.45,.722) d..284 (-.88,.656) e..64 (-.891, 1.18) f..342 (-.82,.766) g..131 (-.34,.61) h (-.757,.146) i (-.671,.524) j..26 (-.14,.551) k..132 (-.33,.568) l..293 (-.68,.655) a..368 (-.11,.836) b..351 (-.118,.82) a..471 (.115,.827) b..357 (-.715, 1.43) c..245 ( ) d..53 (-.621,.727) e..232 (-.52,.516) f..451 (-.19,.921) g..616 (.32,.911) a (-.399,.376) b..192 (-.754, 1.138) c..416 (-.5,.838) d..514 (-.444, 1.472) e..268 (-.284,.821) a. b. 36 c. 28 d. e. 64 f. 59 g. h. i. j. 4 k. 65 l. 25 a. b. a. b. 86 c. d. 61 e. f. g. a. b. 61 c. d. 52 e. a..395 b..479 c..469 d..247 e..55 f..581 g..76 h..217 i..65 j..174 k..141 l..63 a..257 b..238 a..651 b..54 c..171 d..55 e..257 f..48 g..958 a..5 b..95 c.. d..247 e.. a. NA b. NA c. NA d. NA a. NA a. NA b. NA c. NA d. NA e. NS f. NA g. NS h. NS i. NS j. NA k. NS l. NS a. NA b. NA c. NA e. NA f. NS g. NS h. NS i. NS j. NS k. NS l. NA e. NS f. NA g. NS b. NA d. NA e. NS

13 1MWT, 1-meter walk test; 12MWT, 12-minute walk test; 3MWT, 3-minute walk test; 5MWT, 5-meter walk test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 8MWT, 8-meter walk test; AAP, Adelaide activities profile; ABC, Activities-specific balance confidence scale; ADL, Activities of daily living; BBA, Brunel balance assessment; BBS, Berg balance scale; BI, Barthel index; BP, Blood pressure; BWD, Body-weight distribution; C, Chronic phase; CI, Confidence interval; CSS, Composite spasticity scale; CNS, Canadian neurological scale; DB, Dynamic balance; DST, Double support time; EFAP, Emory functional ambulation profile; EMS, Elderly mobility scale; ER, Early rehabilitation phase; FAC, Functional ambulation categories; FAI, Frenchay activities index; FES-I, Falls-efficacy scale; FIM, Functional independence measure; FMA, Fugl-meyer assessment; FR, Functional reach; FSST, Four square step test; GDS-15, Geriatric depression scale - 15;GRF, Ground reaction force; HADS, Hospital anxiety and depression scale; HR, Heart rate; LLFDI, Late life function and disability instrument; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; LRT, Lateral reach test; MAS, Modified ashworth scale; MAS*, Motor assessment scale; mefap, modified Emory functional ambulation profile; MI, Motricity index; MMAS*, modified Motor assessment scale; MRC, Medical research council; mrs, modified Rankin scale; NA, Not applicable; NEADL, Nottingham extended ADL index; NHP, Nottingham health profile; NIHSS, National institutes of health stroke scale; NS, Not significant; PADS, Physical activity and disability scale; PASIPD, Physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities; PASS, Postural assessment scale for stroke; QoL, Quality of life; RMI, Rivermead mobility index; RMA, Rivermead motor assessment; RMA GF, RMA gross function; RMA LT, RMA leg and trunk; ROM, Range of motion; RPE, Rating of perceived exertion; S, Significant; SA-SIP3, Stroke-adapted 3-item version of the sickness impact profile; SAS, Stroke activities scale; SES, Summary effect size; SF-36, 36-Item short form health survey; SB, Static balance; SI, Spasticity index; SIS, Stroke impact scale; SPPB, Short physical performance battery; SST, Single-support time; ST, Step test; STREAM, Stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement instrument; STS, Sit-to-stand; TCT, Trunk control test; TIS, Trunk impairment scale; TMS, Toulouse motor scale; TUG, Timed up and go test; WAQ, Walking ability questionnaire; WD, Walking distance; WQ, Walking quality; WS, Walking speed gait analysis

14 TABLE S2B. Summary of the evidence for physical therapy interventions arm-hand activities Intervention Pooling possible for: Outcome measures N (pooling) Type effects model SES (95%CI) Hedges g Heterogeneity I 2 (%) Therapeutic positioning of the paretic arm Reflex-inhibiting positions and immobilization techniques for the paretic wrist and hand Air-splints around the paretic arm Supportive techniques or devices for the prevention or treatment of glenohumeral subluxation and/or hemiplegic shoulder pain Bilateral arm training a. passive range of motion shoulder external rotation b. passive range of motion shoulder internal rotation c. contracture shoulder d. pain (rest) e. pain (movement) f. basic ADL a. muscle tone b. pain c. passive range of motion a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle tone phase: ER phase: LR c. somatosensory function d. pain e. arm-hand activities a. motor function arm b. pain a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength c. arm-hand activities d. self-reported amount of arm-hand use daily life e. basic ADL (modified) Constraintinduced movement therapy Original CIMT a. arm-hand activities (n=1) b. self-reported amount of arm-hand use in daily life (n=1) c. self-reported quality of armhand movement in daily life (n=1) High-intensity mcimt a. motor function arm (synergy) phase: ER phase: C b. arm-hand activities c. self-reported amount of arm-hand use in daily life d. self-reported quality of armhand movement in daily life e. basic ADL Low-intensity mcimt a. motor function arm (synergy) phase: ER phase: LR phase: C b. arm-hand activities c. self-reported amount of a. ROM b. ROM c. ROM d. VAS e. VAS f. BI, mbi a. MAS, Tardieu, resistance b. pain c. ROM a. FMA b. MAS A, FMA d. VAS, FMA e. ARAT, TEMPA a. MAS* b. VAS, pain free days a. FMA, MSS b. GS, PS, strength: elbow, shoulder, WFMT weight c. ARAT, BBT, PPT, TEMPA, WMFT d. MAL e. FIM, BI, mbi a. WMFT b. MAL c. MAL a. FMA b. ARAT, WMFT c. MAL d. MAL e. FIM, mbi a. FMA b. ARAT, WFMT c. MAL d. MAL e. BI, FIM f. SIS a. 132 b. 72 c. 55 d. 6 e. 6 f. 49 a. 93 b. 62 c. 93 a. 25 b c. 41 d. 41 e. 18 a. 14 b. 13 a. 274 b. 163 c. 417 d. 241 e. 245 a. 222 b. 222 c. 222 a b. 348 c. 114 d. 187 e. 78 a b. 337 c a. b. Random c. d. Random e. Random f. a. b. Random c. a. Random b. Random c. Random d. Random e. a. b. Random a. Random b. c. d. Random e. a. b. c. a. Random Random b. c. Random d. e. Random a. Random b. c. Random a..171 (.31,.7) b (-1.97,.967) c..366 (-.153,.885) d..114 (-.869, 1.97) e (-1.67,.44) f (-.7,.388) a..89 (-.321,.499) b (-2.2, 1.37) c (-.523,.347) a..36 (-.496,.567) b (-.839,.632) (-.841, -.149).914 (.82, 1.746) c..35 (-1.78, 1.687) d (-1.431,.698) e..1 (-.296,.298) a (-.517,.145) b..274 (-.539, 1.86) a..194 (-.359,.746) b (-.321,.285) c..35 (-.157,.226) d. -.3 (-.418,.357) e (-.35,.197) a..538 (.271,.86) b..671 (.42,.941) c..87 (.534, 1.8) a..211 (-.763, 1.185) 1.32 (-.361, 2.425) (-1.351,.219) b..34 (.98,.511) c..727 (.51, 1.43) d..511 (.224,.797) e..62 (-1.54, 1.178) a..47 (.19,.623) (.73, 3.692) (-1.851, 1.42).394 (.17,.618) b..597 (.379,.815) c..764 (.452, 1.75) (3.68, 9.963) a. b. 69 c. d. 74 e. 54 f. a. b. 81 c. 34 a. 68 b. 79 c. 8 d. 67 e. a. 2 b. 67 a. 8 b. c. 4 d. 54 e. a. b. c. a b. 11 c. 66 d. 33 e. 83 a b. 41 c. 57 Statistical power a..135 b..57 c..218 d..67 e..198 f..82 a..67 b..57 c..66 a..56 b c..132 d..17 e..5 a..162 b..274 a..281 b..51 c..61 d..61 e..65 a..927 b..988 c..999 a b..676 c..898 d..856 e..57 a b..997 c Difference between poststroke phases a. NA b. NA c. NA d. NA e. NA f. NA b. NA c. NA b. S e. NA a. NA b. NA d. NA e. NS a. NA b. NA c. NA a. S e. S a. S c. S

15 Robotic-assisted arm training Unilateral shoulderelbow robotics Bilateral elbow-wrist robotics arm-hand use in daily life phase: ER phase: LR phase: C d. self-reported quality of armhand movement in daily life phase: ER phase: LR phase: C e. basic ADL f. arm-hand related quality of life a. motor function arm (synergy) b. motor function arm proximal (synergy) c. motor function arm distal (synergy) d. muscle strength e. muscle strength proximal f. muscle strength distal g. muscle tone h. pain i. arm-hand activities j. basic ADL k. quality of life a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength phase: ER phase: C a. FMA, CMMSA, MSS b. FMA, AMAT c. FMA, AMAT, CMMSA, MSS d. MP, MRC, strength: elbow, shoulder e. MP, MRC, strength: elbow, shoulder f. GS, MRC g. MAS h. Pain, FMA, CMMSA i. ARAT, WMFT, BBT j. FIM k. SIS a. FMA b. MRC d e. 233 f. 36 a. 327 b. 283 c. 224 d. 278 e. 147 f. 56 g. 326 h. 171 i. 261 j. 133 k. 198 a. 62 b d. Random e. f. a. b. c. d. e. f. Random g. Random h. i. j. k. a. b (.339, 2.57).651 (.453,.849) d..647 (.345,.949) (2.77, 6.424) (.322, 2.548).55 (.354,.746) e..449 (.192,.76) f (-.891,.368) a..195 (-.13,.44) b..339 (.115,.563) c..63 (-.188,.313) d..475 (.244,.76) e..641 (.312,.969) f..289 (-.544, 1.122) g (-.585,.415) h..397 (.91,.73) i..22 (-.22,.461) j..37 (-.279,.353) k..18 (-.98,.458) a..894 (.48, 1.381) b (.57, 1.574) (.891, 2.222).433 (-.332, 1.197) 35 d e. f. a. b. c. d. 42 e. 48 f. 6 g. 78 h. i. j. k. a. b d e..846 f..14 a..343 b..697 c..69 d..931 e..913 f..154 g..11 h..64 i..335 j..54 k..199 a..841 b d. S e. NS f. NS e. NS f. NA g. NS h. NS i. NS j. NS k. NA b. S Shoulder-elbow-wristhand robotics Mental practice with motor imagery Mirror therapy for the paretic arm Virtual reality training for the paretic arm Electrostimulation of the paretic arm NMS wrist/finger extensors a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength distal a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength c. arm-hand activities d. basic ADL a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle tone c. pain d. arm-hand activities phase: LR (n=1) phase: C a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle tone c. arm-hand activities (unilateral) d. arm-hand activities (bilateral) e. basic ADL a. motor function arm (synergy) b. active range of motion c. muscle strength d. arm-hand activities a. FMA, CMMSA b. GS a. FMA b. MI, GS, JTHFT, strength c. ARAT, AFT, JTHFT d. BI, FIM a. FMA b. MAS, Tardieu c. VAS d. ARAT, WMFT a. FMA b. MAS, spasticity c. WMFT, BBT d. ABILHAND, CAHAI e. BI, FIM a. FMA b. ROM c. GS, PS, MI d. ARAT a. 36 b. 36 a. 149 b. 149 c. 246 d. 151 a. 112 b. 76 c. 112 d a. 158 b. 44 c. 89 d. 38 e. 63 a. 49 b. 48 c. 69 d. 82 a. Random b. a. b. Random c. Random d. Random a. Random b. c. Random d. Random a. b. c. d. Random e. a. Random b. Random c. Random d. Random a..67 (-1.397, 1.531) b..57 (-.62, 1.22) a..174 (-.118,.466) b..778 (-.162, 1.719) c..553 (.11,.997) d..74 (-.244,.392) a..391 (-.146,.928) b..41 (-.35,.856) c..362 (-.245,.969) d..293 (-.727, 1.312) 1.57 (.931, 2.28) -.7 (-.55,.492) a..192 (-.1,.485) b (-1.159, -.124) c..162 (-.212,.535) d..472 (-.427, 1.37) e..81 (.293, 1.39) a..53 (-1.354, 1.461) b..822 (-.391, 2.36) c (-1.324,.465) d..148 (-.87, 1.13) a. 75 b. a. 29 b. 83 c. 63 d. a. 52 b. c. 52 d a. b. c. d. 5 e. 48 a. 84 b. 76 c. 71 d. 79 a..53 b..37 a..154 b..98 c..954 d..68 a..434 b..335 c..378 d a..183 b..421 c..98 d..248 e..735 a..53 b..918 c..321 d..9 b. NA d. S b. NA e. NS c. NA

16 NMS wrist/finger flexors/extensors a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength c. arm-hand activities NMS shoulder a. motor function arm (synergy) b. range of motion c. pain d. subluxation EMG-NMS wrist/finger extensors a. motor function arm (synergy) b. active range of motion c. muscle strength d. muscle tone e. arm-hand activities a. mfma b. JTHFT c. BBT a. FMA b. ROM c. VAS d. subluxation (x-ray) a. FMA, CMMSA b. ROM c. GP, MI, strength, GS, JTHFT d. MAS e. ARAT, BBT, JTHFT, 1CMT, FTHUE a. 41 b. 23 c. 41 a. 32 b. 58 c. 223 d. 19 a. 49 b. 61 c. 79 d. 28 e. 162 a. b. c. a. b. c. Random d. Random a. b. Random c. Random d. e. a..95 (.285, 1.525) b..878 (.46, 1.711) c..577 (-.27, 1.181) a..489 (-.185, 1.163) b (-.649,.346) c..94 (-.498,.687) d..579 (.151, 1.8) a..578 (.36, 1.119) b (.282, 2.3) c..58 (-.192, 1.28) d..518 (-.184, 1.221) e..718 (.47, 1.28) a. b. c. 13 a. 33 b. 18 c. 68 d. 5 a. b. 6 c. 6 d. e. 49 a..657 b..429 c..341 a..219 b..8 c..94 d..924 a..398 b..96 c..783 d..215 e..971 a. NA b. NA c. NA e. NS EMG-NMS wrist/finger flexors/extensors a. motor function arm (synergy) b. arm-hand activities TENS a. muscle tone b. basic ADL Electromyographic a. motor function arm biofeedback of the paretic (synergy) arm b. active range of motion c. arm-hand activities Trunk restraint a. active range of motion b. arm-hand activities c. self-reported amount of Interventions for somatosensory functions of the paretic arm arm-hand use in daily life a. motor function arm (synergy) b. muscle strength c. muscle tone d. somatosensory function e. pain f. arm-hand activities g. basic ADL a. FMA, AMAT b. WMFT, AMAT a. MAS b. BI a. FMA, Brunnstrom stages b. ROM c. UEFT a. ROM b. WMFT, BBT c. MAL a. FMA, Brunnstrom stages b. GS, PS, MI, grasping c. MAS A, FMA, sensory tests e. VAS, FMA f. ARAT, FMC g. BI, FE a. 31 b. 31 a. 14 b. 88 a. 69 b. 147 c. 12 a. 46 b. 58 c. 28 a. 17 b. 15 c. 65 d. 273 e. 41 f. 266 g. 168 a. b. a. Random b. Random a. b. c. a. b. c. a. Random b. c. d. e. Random f. g. Random a..617 (-.66, 1.31) b..578 (-.18, 1.263) a..47 (-.432, 1.372) b..972 (-.45, 2.394) a..39 (-.75,.856) b..269 (-.51,.589) c..211 (-.166,.587) a..69 (-.489,.626) b..66 (-.427,.559) c (-1.636, -.169) a..456 (-.28,.939) b..219 (-.88,.526) c..548 (.99,.997) d..358 (.115,.66) e (-1.431,.698) f..172 (-.62,.45) g..118 (-.426,.662) a. b. 22 a. 81 b. 89 a. b. c. a. b. c. a..315 b..284 a..536 b..962 a..282 b..286 c CMT, 1-cup moving test; ADL, Activities of daily living; AFT, Arm function test; AMAT, Arm motor ability test; ARAT, Action research arm test; BBT, Box and block test; BI, Barthel index; C, Chronic phase; CAHAI, Chedoke arm and hand activity inventory; CI, Confidence interval; CMMSA, Chedoke-McMaster stroke assessment; ER, Early rehabilitation phase;fe, Functional evaluation; FIM, Functional independence measure; FMC, Fine motor control; FMA, Fugl-meyer assessment; FTHUE, Functional test for the hemiplegic upper extremity; GP, Grip power; GS, Grip strength; JTHFT, Jebsen-Taylor hand function test; LR, Late rehabilitation phase; MAL, Motor activity log; MAS, Modified ashworth scale; MAS*, Motor assessment scale; mfma, modified Fugl-meyer assessment; MP, Motor power; MRC, Medical research council; MSS, Motor status scale; mbi, modified Barthel index; NA, Not applicable; NS, Not significant; NSA, Nottingham sensory assessment; PPT, Perdue pegboard test; PS, Pinch strength; ROM, Range of motion; S, Significant; SES, Summary effect size; SIS, Stroke impact scale; TEMPA, Test d evaluation des membres supérieurs de personnes agéés; UEFT, Upper extremity function test; VAS, Visual analogue scale; WFMT, Wolf motor function test a. 51 b. c. d. 47 e. 67 f. g. 55 a..55 b..56 c..55 a..716 b..224 c..474 d..731 e..17 f..38 g..12 a. NA b. NA c. NA e. NA f. NS g. NS