Signals of Reward and Non Reward

Transcription

1 Signals of Reward and Non Reward Signals of reward and non reward predict: Pleasure or disappointment Success or failure 1

2 Reward Training By definition, this means that the animal carries out a response/action in order to receive a reward and thus the behaviour pattern is strengthened Reinforcement Training Reinforcement occurs whilst the behaviour is being emitted not after Positive add something pleasant Negative take something unpleasant away REMEMBER! POSITIVE PUNISHMENT is not the opposite of positive reinforcement NON REWARD the removal of something pleasant IS! 2

3 Training using reinforcement methods If we need to reinforce a behaviour whilst it is happening we need to use something to SIGNAL to the animal he is doing something right this signal needs to have its own reinforcing properties So we use a SIGNAL OF REWARD What is a signal of reward? A conditioned/learned reinforcer Provides information about the availability of primary reinforcers Takes on the emotional properties of a primary reinforcer Evokes emotional arousal fear your dog (remember context and mood state) Training using non reward methods If we need to withdraw a reward for a behaviour whilst it is happening we need to use something to SIGNAL to the animal his behaviour will not result in the expected reward i.e. FAILURE this signal needs to take on its own non rewarding properties So we use a SIGNAL OF NON REWARD 3

4 What is a signal of non reward? Also known as negative punishment A conditioned/learned punisher Provides information about the availability of primary reinforcers Implies previous positive reinforcement Evokes emotional arousal Primary reinforcers Can call these natural rewards and environmental punishers OR unconditioned reinforcers as the animal does not need to be conditioned to them Defined by the fact that the animal does not have to be taught to obtain or avoid them Satisfy a biological need 4

5 5

6 Ruining food as a reward/reinforcer 6

7 What might an animal work to avoid? Secondary Reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers) Animals learn the significance of these after they have been paired with primary ones They are initially neutral (ie they have no They are initially neutral (ie they have no intrinsic meaning) however they become reinforcing through associative learning 7

8 Internal reinforcers Some behaviours are self reinforcing The performance of the behaviour reinforces the animal and no external consequences are necessary We can use this to our advantage HOW? Learning changes probability Effect of reinforcers vary over time vary according to the individual vary according to the behaviour you want Premack principle High probability behaviours can be used to reinforce low probability behaviours 8

9 Signals of reward (conditioned positive reinforcers) In humans In dogs In humans Signals of non reward In dogs Conditioned cues or discriminative signals Give information about what behaviours will give access to reinforcers i e.g. sit Take on their own reinforcing properties 9

10 Use of cues ABC of behaviour and training A = antecedent, the cue for the behaviour (can take on its own reinforcing properties) B = the behaviour pattern C = the consequence, what is maintaining the behaviour Establishing the behaviour 10

11 Establishing the clicker as a conditioned reinforcer When not to use a clicker Loading the clicker Establishing the behaviour Phasing out the clicker Why do we use signals of reward in training and behaviour modification? Shaping behaviours Stage One Stimulus/ Approach Desired Behaviour Reward. (Continuous Reinforcement programme CR). Stage Two Stimulus/ Approach Established Behaviour Non Reward frustration = increased vigour an Improved Behaviour Reward. (Partial Reinforcement PR) PROBLEM FRUSTRATION The behavioural effects of frustration Increased vigour Anger Rage Displacement behaviours Learned helplessness Resignation Withdrawal 11

12 Shaping behaviours Stage One Stimulus/ Approach Desired Behaviour Reward. (Continuous Reinforcement programme CR). Stage Two Stimulus/ Approach Established Behaviour Non Reward frustration = increased vigour an Improved Behaviour Reward. (Partial Reinforcement PR) Stage Three Stimulus/ Approach Anticipate Non Reward = Conflict (Approach/ Avoid) Stage Four Stimulus/ Approach conflict Clear signals of Reward = Conflict resolved = Relief = Persistence. Jackpots!!!! Is the dog learning what you think he is learning? 12

13 What is the dog learning? Why do we use signals of non reward in training and behaviour modification? To communicate to a dog that the behaviour it is displaying will not result in the normal outcome. (i.e. The expected reward for that behaviour will not occur.) 13

14 Non Reward to remove a reward that an individual is receiving at that moment, or anticipates receiving in the near future (often called response cost or non reward) to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated The emotions elicited by the withdrawal of a reward are analogous to those elicited by aversive stimulation Implies previous positive reinforcement of the behaviour Continued denial of an expected reward will induce release of serotonin Activation of the Behavioural Inhibition System Inhibition of the fight/flight system Withdrawal/Resignation What happens if we use punishment? Stage One Stimulus/ Approach Problem Behaviour Reward. Stage Two Stimulus/ Approach Established Problem Behaviour Non Reward frustration = increased vigour an Improved Problem Behaviour Reward. Stage Three Stimulus/ Approach Anticipate Non Reward = Conflict (Approach/ Avoid) = increased frustration POTENTIAL PROBLEM! 14

15 Frustrative non reward Increased vigour Anger Rage Displacement behaviours Learned helplessness Resignation Withdrawal Stage One Stimulus/ Approach Problem Behaviour Reward. Stage Two Stimulus/ Approach Established Problem Behaviour Non Reward frustration = increased vigour an Improved Problem Behaviour Reward. Stage Three Stimulus/ Approach Anticipate Non Reward = Conflict (Approach/ Avoid) = increased frustration Stage Four Stimulus/ Approach conflict Clear signals of NR = Conflict resolved = Relief = withdrawal. How do we use signals of non reward? Wrong that behaviour is not what I asked for Time Out signal of no attention Training discs a signal that the availability of a resource/reinforcer has been removed 15

16 Type Specific Responses Using training discs! 16