MATHEMATICS GRADUATES PERCEPTIONS ON SUITABILITY OF EMPLOYMENT USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION HEIRNIZAH MELATI BINTI JAMRI UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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1 MATHEMATICS GRADUATES PERCEPTIONS ON SUITABILITY OF EMPLOYMENT USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION HEIRNIZAH MELATI BINTI JAMRI UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

2 MATHEMATICS GRADUATES PERCEPTIONS ON SUITABILITY OF EMPLOYMENT USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION HEIRNIZAH MELATI BINTI JAMRI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Mathematics) Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2014

3 To my beloved family and friends iii

4 iv AKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this study. My supervisor, Dr. Zarina binti Mohd Khalid, who is tough very busy, took the pain of going through my report diligently and offering valuable comments and guidance. Without her continued support and motivation, this study would not have been the same as presented here. I owe my deepest gratitude for all her support from the initial until the final level that enabled me to develop an understanding of this study. My sincere appreciation to all my friends who willingly gave me a hand and have supported me in many ways when I encountered problems in order to finish this study. Thanks for the friendship and memories. I am also thankful for the underlying love, prayers and encouragement from my beloved family. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude and special thanks to all people who came forward to help me and also cooperated with me especially SSM and SSE students which graduated in October To those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you again for all your wonderful help and valuable information which undoubtedly enhance my knowledge and experiences in statistics.

5 v ABSTRACT The choice of a career is one of the important aspects for a graduate as it will determine their lifestyle and also plays an important role in the society and country. However, this selection becomes complicated due to the increasing number of graduates especially in mathematics field. Hence, this project aims to model the suitability of employment amongst mathematics graduates. Analysis was done by using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel Since the response variable for this study is of a binary nature which is appropriate or inappropriate of perceptions on suitability of employment, the logistic regression model was applied. The first analysis is based on Logistic regression which involved both SSM and SSE graduates. A total of 40 respondents were included. The second analysis is based on Logistic regression which involved only SSM graduates. A total of 33 respondents were included. In this project, it is concluded that cocurriculum and influence of institute was the significant factors that influenced the perceptions on suitability of employment among mathematics graduates for the logistic regression that involved both SSM and SSE programme while for the logistic regression that only involved SSM programme, it concluded that ethnic, CGPA, cocurrriculum and influence of institute was the significant factor that influenced the perceptions on suitability of employment among mathematics graduates.

6 vi ABSTRAK Pemilihan kerjaya merupakan salah satu aspek yang penting untuk kehidupan seseorang kerana ia akan menentukan gaya hidup mereka dan juga memainkan peranan penting dalam masyarakat dan negara. Walau bagaimanapun, pemilihan ini menjadi rumit disebabkan oleh peningkatan daripada graduan terutamanya dalam bidang matematik. Oleh itu, projek ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model bagi kesesuaian pekerjaan di kalangan graduan matematik. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 dan Microsoft Office Excel Oleh sebab pemboleh ubah bagi kajian ini adalah yang bersifat binari iaitu sesuai atau tidak sesuai kesesuaian pekerjaan, Logistik regresi telah digunakan untuk memdapatkan model. Analisis pertama adalah berdasarkan Logistik regresi yang melibatkan graduan daripada SSM dan SSE. Seramai 40 orang responden terlibat dalam analisis ini. Analisis kedua adalah berdasarkan pada Logistik regresi yang hanya melibatkan graduan SSM. Seramai 33 orang responden terlibat dalam analisis ini. Dalam projek ini, dapat disimpulkan bahawa kokurikulum dan pengaruh daripada institut merupakan faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kesesuaian pekerjaan di kalangan graduan matematik untuk Logistik regresi yang melibatkan SSM dan program SSE manakala bagi Logistik regresi yang sahaja melibatkan program SSM, dapat disimpulkan bahawa etnik, PNGK, cocurrriculum dan pengaruh daripada institut merupakan faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kesesuaian pekerjaan di kalangan graduan matematik.

7 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICES ii iii iv v vi vii x xii xiv xv 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction 1.2. Background of the Study 1.3. Statement of the Problem 1.4. Objectives of the Study 1.5. Scope of the Study 1.6. Significance of the Study

8 viii 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review on Suitability of Employment 2.2. Literature Review on Logistic Modelling METHODOLOGY Method of Data Collection 3.2. Method of Analysis Descrpitive Analysis of Response Variables and Predictors Variables Chi square Test of Association Logistic Regression Multicollinearity Univariable Analysis Variable Selection Goodness of Fit of the Model Establish Final Model 3.3. Modelling Technique RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction 4.2. Analysis of Logistic Regression based on SSM and SSE Graduates Descriptive Analysis of Response Variables and Predictors Variables Chi square Test of Association Logistic Regression Multicollinearity Univariable analysis Variable Selection Goodness of Fit of the Model

9 ix Establish Final Model 4.3. Analysis of Logistic Regression based on SSM Graduates Descriptive Analysis of Response Variables and Predictors Variables Chi square Test of Association Logistic Regression Multicollinearity Univariable analysis Variable Selection Goodness of Fit of the Model Establish Final Model CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclussions 5.2. Recommendations REFERENCES 59 Appendices A D 6386

10 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Description of variables Descriptive analysis of nominal variables Descriptive analysis of interval variables Test of association Correlation Analysis between independent variables Test of Multicollinaerity Univariable Analysis Multivariate Analysis Area Under the Curve (enter) Area Under the Curve (forward) Area Under the Curve (backward) Final Model by using Enter Logistic Regression Descriptive analysis of nominal variables Descriptive analysis of interval variables Test of association Correlation Analysis between independent variables 46

11 xi 4.16 Test of Multicollinaerity Univariable Analysis Multivariate Analysis Area Under the Curve (enter) Area Under the Curve (forward) Area Under the Curve (backward) Final Model by using Backward Logistic Regression 54

12 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 4.1 Pie chart of suitability of employment Bar charts of number of respondents based on gender Bar charts of number of respondents based on ethnicity Bar charts of number of respondents based on course taken Bar charts of number of respondents based on CGPA Histogram of interval variables ROC curve for enter ROC curve for forward ROC curve for backward Pie chart of suitability of employment Bar charts of number of respondents based on gender Bar charts of number of respondents based on ethnicity Bar charts of number of respondents based on CGPA Histogram of interval variables ROC curve for enter ROC curve for forward 52

13 4.17 ROC curve for backward 52 xiii

14 xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS SYMBOL DETAILS α Level of significance p β B Y X exp (.) SE OR CI VIF ROC Probability value Cooeficient or unknown parameter Estimated parameter Dependent variable Independent variable Exponential function Standard error Odds ratio Confidence Interval Variance inflation factor Receiver operating characteristic

15 xv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Questionnaires sample 68 B Data respondents for both SSM and SSE graduates 74 C SPSS Output based on both SSM and SSE Graduates 75 D SPSS Output based on both SSM Graduates 83