Sensing and Perceiving Our World

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1 PSYCHOLOGY: Perspectives & Connections 2 nd Edition GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG Sensing and Perceiving Our World Chapter Four Chapter Preview The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception Vision Hearing The Bodily Senses The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Synesthesia Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception 1

2 The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception Sensation A physical process Stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world Is a process of receiving information, not making sense of it The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception Perception A psychological process Act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience Making sense of what the sense organs have received Compares new stimuli to previous experiences 2

3 Basic Sensory Processes Sensory adaptation Process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses Allows us to be highly hl sensitive to changes in stimulation Transduction Conversion of physical into neural information The process that occurs between sensation and perception Principles of Perception Psychophysics The study of how we make psychological meaning of physical stimuli Absolute thresholds Signal detection Principles of Perception Difference thresholds JND Weber s Law Perceptual Set Do expectations influence our perception of physical events? 3

4 Vision Sensing Visual Stimuli Vision and the eye Cornea - Iris Pupil - Lens * Accommodation Sensing Visual Stimuli Retina Photoreceptors Rods Dark adaptation Cones Fovea 4

5 Vision and the Brain Optic nerve Ganglion cells Blind spot Optic chiasm Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus Vision and Vision-Specific Neurons Feature detectors Simple cells Complex cells Hypercomplex cells Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perceiving motion Apparent motion The brain inaccurately interprets the sensation of light on our retinas Real movement neurons Helps the brain distinguish between real and false movement 5

6 Perceiving Visual Stimuli Depth perception Binocular depth cues Binocular disparity Convergence Perceiving Visual Stimuli Depth perception Monocular depth cues Linear perspective Texture gradient Atmospheric perspective Interposition Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perceptual constancy Size constancy Shape constancy 6

7 Organizing Visual Information: Gestalt Laws of Grouping Gestalt form, pattern, or shape Similarity Continuity Proximity Closure Figure-ground Perceiving Visual Stimuli Bottom-up processing Perception is a process of building a perceptual p experience from smaller pieces Top-down processing Perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perception of color Trichromatic color theory (Young and Helmholtz) Color that we experience results from a mixing of three colors of light Afterimages are not explained by this theory 7

8 Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perception of color Opponent process theory (Hering) Cones linked together in three color pairs that oppose one another, so that activation of one in each pair inhibits activity in the other: Blue/yellow Red/green Black/white Which theory is right? Both! Perceiving Visual Stimuli Deficiencies in color vision True colorblindness is very rare Often involves colorspecific deficits Results from an inherited pigment deficiency in the photoreceptors Hearing 8

9 The Physics of Sound and the Psychology of Hearing Three physical properties Amplitude Reveals volume Frequency Reveals pitch Purity Reveals timbre The Ear Outer ear Pinnae Earlobes Auditory canal Tympanic Membrane Eardrum The Ear Middle ear Three tiny bones that vibrate and amplify sound Hammer Anvil Stirrup 9

10 The Ear Inner ear Semicircular canals Assist with balance Cochlea Basilar membrane Hair cells Hearing and the Brain Auditory nerve Inferior colliculus (Brainstem) Medial geniculate nucleus (Thalamus) Bodily Senses 10

11 Touch Mechanoreceptors Receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities Shape Grooves Vibrations Movement Pain Pain perception Nociceptive pain Pain perception can be affected by emotions Explaining pain Gate control theory Controlling pain Endorphins Analgesics The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 11

12 Smell (Olfaction) Olfactory sensory neurons Olfactory bulb Primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe) Secondary olfactory cortex (frontal lobe) Taste Papillae Taste buds Taste receptor cells Five basic taste qualities Bitter Sweet Salty Sour Savory ( umami ) Taste Experience of flavor results from the combination of taste plus smell When the nose is shut due to a cold, olfactory receptors in the passage that connects the oral and nasal cavities do not get stimulated What happens to taste when you have a bad cold and a stuffy nose? 12

13 Synesthesia Synesthesia Unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated May involve cross-activation of different areas of the brain Examples Seeing numbers or letters as colors Seeing sounds as colors Tasting shapes Bringing It All Together Making Connections in Sensation and Perception: Differences Across Cultures 13

14 Differences Across Cultures Variations in experience across cultures influence the way people see, smell, and feel pain 14

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