MSc Enterprise Security and Digital Forensics. Examinations for / Semester 1

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1 MSc Enterprise Security and Digital Forensics Cohort: MESDF/16B/PT Examinations for / Semester 1 MODULE: INFORMATION WARFARE AND SECURITY MANAGEMENT MODULE CODE: SECU5111C Duration: 3 Hours Reading time: 10 Minutes Instructions to Candidates: Answer ALL questions. Questions may be answered in any order but your answers must show the question number clearly Always start a new question on a fresh page Total marks 100. This question paper contains 5 questions and 5 pages. Page 1 of 5

2 Question 1 Read the following paper on Information Warfare and Deception and then answer the questions that follow. Information Warfare and Deception in Military Doctrine Information warfare is primarily a construct of a war mindset. However, the development of information operations from it has meant that the concepts have been transferred from military to civilian affairs. The contemporary involvement between the media, the military, and the media in the contemporary world of the War on Terrorism has meant the distinction between war and peace is difficult to make. However, below the application of deception in the military context is described but it must be added that the dividing line is blurred. Of course, deception has been an attribute of humans throughout history. Its informal use in war also has a history as long as war itself. However, only in the twentieth century with its formal use by governments and the military did the development of its theoretical base begin. The Soviet Union used Maskirovka (Russian military deception) to great effect during the Cold War and was first to develop it as an integrated part of normal diplomatic and military procedure. It also became a formal part of doctrine in Western militaries in that late twentieth century. The U.S. Joint Doctrine for Information Operations defines deception as: Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in manner prejudicial to his interests. However, the Joint Doctrine for Military Deception gives a fuller definition: Military deception is defined as being those actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary decision makers as to friendly military capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. A later doctrine from the US Air Force on information warfare (actually, information operations) refers to influence operations as one of the four major components of the information environment (network warfare operations, electronic warfare operations and integrated control enablers are the others). The components of influence operations are psychological operations, military deception, operations security, counter-intelligence, public affairs, and counterpropaganda. All of these activities have one aim: to influence the mind and behaviour of the adversary in ways beneficial to the perpetrator. As such, all involve deception to a greater or Page 2 of 5

3 lesser degree. This is in contrast to a decade earlier where the emphasis was on technology and its use. The objective of deception is to be used with the other tactics to gain information superiority where this is defined as the state that is achieved when a competitive advantage is derived from the ability to exploit a superior information position. It is attempting to get the adversary to believe what the deceiver wants them to believe for the advantage of the deceiver and the disadvantage of the deceived. It is truly using information as a weapon. Information superiority is the raison d être of information warfare Information Warfare and Deception. [ a. In the perspective of the US Joint Doctrine for Information Operations definition of deception, discuss some of the measures designed to mislead the enemy b. Much of the information gathered by a country prior to a mission comes from an area commonly known as Open Source (i) Define, giving examples, what you understand by the term Open Source (ii) Question 2 What goal does the country want to achieve in using intelligence gathered from Open Source and what processes are available in order to obtain intelligence from the Open Source? Business Continuity (BC) is defined as the capability of the organization to continue delivery of products or services at acceptable predefined levels following a disruptive incident. (Source: ISO 22301:2012) Disaster recovery (DR) involves a set of policies and procedures to enable the recovery or continuation of vital technology infrastructure and systems following a natural or humaninduced disaster. a. A Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BC&DR) plan consists, mainly, of a Network Disaster Recovery Plan and of several alternative recovery strategies which a company can use in order to provide continued service. (i) Discuss, very briefly some of these alternative recovery strategies (ii) A BC&DR usually contains five (5) phases for a proper implementation of the plan. Identify and critically discuss each of these 5 phases [15 marks] Page 3 of 5

4 Question 3 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission is a voluntary private sector initiative dedicated to improving organizational performance and governance through effective internal control, enterprise risk management, and fraud deterrence. The figure on the right gives a visual representation of COSO s Internal Control Integrated Framework (i.e., the updated COSO Cube). a. Describe briefly each of the four inter-related standards which fall under Control Environment b. Internal controls rely on the principle of checks and balances in the workplace. However, it can be expected to only provide reasonable assurance and not absolute assurance. Discuss some of these controls Question 4 A Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) is an agreement between two or more countries for the purpose of gathering and exchanging information in an effort to enforce public laws or criminal laws. Modern states have developed mechanisms for requesting and obtaining evidence for criminal investigations and prosecutions. a. Mention some mechanisms, other than MLATs, used by governments in order to facilitate cooperation between law enforcement across borders b. Discuss the challenges of using MLATs in Cybercrime Investigations c. India currently has an MLAT with the Republic of Mauritius. Discuss how such an MLAT may be beneficial to both countries Page 4 of 5

5 Question 5 On the brink of war, and in front of the whole world, the United States government asserted that Saddam Hussein had reconstituted his nuclear weapons program, had biological weapons and mobile biological weapon production facilities, and had stockpiled and was producing chemical weapons. All of this was based on the assessments of the U.S. Intelligence Community. And not one bit of it could be confirmed when the war was over. (Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, March 3 1, [ a. Given that any adaptive and viable government/organisation needs to possess some main functional areas, comment on the finding: And not one bit of it could be confirmed when the war was over. You are also required to analyse the Defensive and Offensive operations that the US could have used while dealing with computer systems? [15 marks] b. There are basically two fundamental aspects of the intelligence function. These are (i) Intelligence and (ii) Counter-intelligence. Explain, briefly each of these terms Page 5 of 5

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