Exploring the 4 W s of self talk within elite level fast bowlers: Where, When, What and Why?

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1 Exploring the 4 W s of self talk within elite level fast bowlers: Where, When, What and Why? Adam Kelly and Matt Johnson Southampton Solent University

2 Aim To gain an understanding of the current self talk being used by elite level fast bowlers. Rationale Self talk widely being used within elite level sport Little literature in the area of self talk and fast bowling

3 Introduction to Self Talk Where do athletes use self talk? Competition and Training (Hardy et al 2001, Crust and Azadi 2010) When do athletes use self talk? Pre competition (Hardy et al 2001, Thomas et al 2007) During Competition (Hardy et al 2001, Gourzi et al 2007) During Training (Hardy et al 2001, Perkos et al 2002, Papaioannou et al 2004) What do athletes say to themselves? Structure (Johnson et al 2004, Theodorakis et al 2001) Task Instruction (Tod et al 2009, Edwards et al 2008, St Clair Gibson and Foster 2007) Nature (Van Raatle et al 2006, Harvey et al 2002, Peter and Williams 2006) Person (Lantolf 2006, Gammage et al 2001)

4 Introduction to Self Talk Why do athletes say this to themselves? Cognitive Skill Execution / Skill Development (Johnson et al 2004, Cutton and Landin 2007) Motivational Focus (Hatzigeorgiadis et al 2004) Self Confidence (Mamassis and Doganis 2004) Arousal (Conroy and Metzler 2004, Hatzigeorgiadis et al 2009, Crust and Azadi 2010) Drive (Hardy et al 2001, Kress and Statler 2007, Harwood et al 2004)

5 Participants Instrument Procedure Data Analysis Methodology (n=15) mean age 28.4 years old 8 ex-international and 7 county cricketers 207 Test wickets in 62 matches 3,971 1 st Class wickets in 1,334 matches Aim, Rationale of the study Consent form Brief client history Definition of self talk (Hardy et al 2005) 4 W s questionnaire (Hardy et al 2001) Semi Structured Interview Comfortable environment chosen by the participants Hierarchal trees and verified with another sport psychologist also a UKCC level 2 cricket coach Agreement had to be achieved before inclusion in the study

6 Where do athletes use self talk? Everywhere (4) Non sports related (18) Home (3) Gym (3) Where (49) Other (8) Competition (19) Sport Related (31) Training Ground (11) Subititues Bench (1)

7 When do athlete use self talk? All the time (2) Miscellaneous (3) Alone (1) When (62) Competition (37) Pre Competition (17) During Competition (19) Post Competition (7) analysing past events Pre Training (7) Training (24) During Training (10) Post Training (7)

8 What do athletes say to themselves? Perspective (6) Nature (29) Positive (12) Believe you are better Miscellaneous (2) Negative (11) Cue Words (20) Rubbish Relax Structure (69) Phrases (40) Top of off What (166) Sentences (9) Person (14) First Person (10) Second Person (4) I ll get this guy out Task Instruction (52) Specific (34) General (18) Get the yorker full

9 Why do athletes say this to themselves?

10 Why do athletes say this to themselves? Areas of interest Cognitive Specific - Skill Execution Knowing my game General - Performance Improvement little tool to help me keep it simple Motivational Mastery - Self Confidence reinforcement of my ability Drive - Increased Drive switch on

11 Conclusion Aim was achieved with an insight into the self talk being used Similar self talk usage to other sports Differences could be a result of unique demands of the sport and level Implications Educate fast bowlers on self talk Negative self talk to positive Increase the use of second person self talk Feedback from coaches to be positive

12 Any Questions?

13 Reference List CONROY. D.E and J.N.METZLER, 2004, Patterns of Self-Talk Associated With Different Forms of Competitive Anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26(1) CRUST.L., and K.AZADI, 2010, Mental Toughness and athletes use of psychological strategies, European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1) CUTTON.D.M. and D.LANDIN, 2007, The Effects of Self Talk and Augmented Feedback on Learning the Tennis Forehand, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(3) EDWARDS.C., D.TOD and M.MCGUIGAN, 2008, Self-talk influences vertical jump performance and kinematics in male rugby union players, Journal of Sports Sciences, 26 (13) HARWOOD.C., J.CUMMING and D.FLECTHER, 2004, Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16 (4) HARDY. J, K.GAMMAGE and C.HALL, 2001, A descriptive study of athlete self-talk, Sport Psychologist,15(3) HARDY.J, C.R.HALL and L.HARDY, 2005, Quantifying athlete self-talk, Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(9) HATZIGEORGIADIS.A., Y.THEODORAKIS and N.ZOURBANOS, 2004, Self-Talk in the Swimming Pool: The Effects of Self- Talk on Thought Content and Performance on Water-Polo Tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16 (2) HATZIGEORGIADIS.A., N.ZOURBANOS, S.MPOUMPAKI and Y.THEODORAKIS, 2009, Mechanisms underlying the self-talk performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety, Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10(1) HAVERY.D.T., J.L.VAN RAATLE and B.W.BREWER, 2002, Relationship between self talk and golf performance, International Sports Journal, 6 GAMMAGE, K.L., J.HARDY and C.R.HALL, 2001, A description of self-talk in exercise, Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 2 (4) GOURZI.M., K.FILIPPOU, I.KAGIOGI and N.ZOURBANOS, 2007, The Relationship Between Competitive State Anxiety and Self-Talk During Performance in Swimmers, Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education, 5 (1) JOHNSON.J.J.M., D.W.HRYCAIKO, G.V.JOHNSON and J.M.HALAS, 2004, Self-Talk and Female Youth Soccer Performance, Sport Psychologist, 18(1) KRESS.J.L. and T.STATLER, 2007, A Naturalistic Investigation of Former Olympic Cyclists' Cognitive Strategies for Coping With Exertion Pain During Performance, Journal of Sport Behavior, 30(4)

14 Reference List LANTOLF.J.P., 2006, Sociocultural theory and second language learning: recent advances, Oxford: Oxford University Press MAMASSIS.G. and G.DOGANIS, 2004, The Effects of a Mental Training Program on Juniors Pre-Competitive Anxiety, Self- Confidence, and Tennis Performance, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16 (2) PAPAIOANNOU.A., F.BALLON, Y.THEODORAKIS and Y.V.AUWELLE, 2004, Combined effect of goal setting and self talk in performance of a soccer shooting task, Perceptual and motor skills, 98 PERKOS.S., Y.THEODORAKIS and S.CHRONI, 2002, Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk, Sport Psychologist, 16(4) PETERS.H. and J.WILLIAMS, 2006, Moving cultural background to the foreground; An Investigation of self talk, performance and persistence following feedback, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3) ST CLAIR GIBSON.A and C.FOSTER, 2007, The Role of Self-Talk in the Awareness of Physiological State and Physical Performance, Sports Medicine, 37(12) THEODORAKIS.Y., S.CHRONI, K.LAPARIDIS, V.BEBETSOS and I.DOUMA, 2001, Self talk in a basketball shooting task, Perceptual and motor skills, 92 THOMAS.O., I.MAYNARD and S.HANTON, 2007, Intervening with Athletes During the Time Leading up to Competition: Theory to Practice II, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 (4) TOD.D.A., R.THATCHER, M.MCGUIGAN and J.THATCHER, 2009, Effects of Instructional and Motivational self talk on the vertical jump, Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(1) VAN RAATLE.J.L., A.E.CORENELIUS, S.J.HATTEN and B.W.BREWER, 2006, Self presentation effects of self talk on perceptions of tennis players, Hellenic Journal of psychology, 3

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