Human Abilities 2. How do people think? Universal Design

Transcription

1 Human Abilities 2 How do people think? Universal Design

2 Agenda ØRevisit Brainstorming ØMemory ØCognitive Processes v Implications ØUniversal Design ØRecap ØHomework and Project Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

3 Brainstorming ØWhen is it useful? v D1 v D2 Trying to think of potential user groups Interesting areas that haven t been explored Prototyping Possible solutions Chance to explore through Participatory Design Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

4 Overview I. Senses A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell? II. Information processing A. Perceptual B. Cognitive 1. Memory a. Short term b. Medium term c. Long term 2. Processes a. Selective attention b. Learning c. Problem solving d. Language C. Motor system III. Motor system IV. Motivations V. Social Attachments TODAY Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

5 II. Information Processing ØThree major systems of human information processing: v Perceptual (read-scan)-->memory v Cognitive (think) v Motor system (respond) Perception Info. Proc. Respond Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

6 Memory ØFour types v Perceptual buffers (e.g., chess) v Short-term memory Conscious thought, calculations v Intermediate Storing intermediate results, future plans v Long-term Permanent, remember everything ever happened to us Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

7 Perceptual Store ØVisual and auditory impressions v visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop ØVery brief, but veridical representation of what was perceived v Details decay quickly (~.5 sec) v Rehearsal prevents decay v Another task prevents rehearsal Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

8 Short-term memory ØUse chunks : 4-5 units (not 7 2!) ØDisplay format should match memory subsystem used to perform task ØNew info can interfere with old info Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

9 Chunking Examples ØCBNCBASBC? ASANSICIBFASN? ØCBSABCNBC? NSAFBICIANASA? v CBS ABC NBC v NSA FBI CIA NASA ØPhone numbers v vs v vs Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

10 Design Implications? ØMinimize pipeline between info presentation and taking action ØLarger intervals for complex info ØWhat about universal design? Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

11 Long-term Memory ØSeemingly permanent & unlimited v Access is harder, slower (Activity helps) ØEpisodic memory v Events & experiences in serial form Helps us recall what occurred ØSemantic memory v Structured record of facts, concepts & skills One theory says it s like a network Another uses frames & scripts Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

12 Recognition vs. Recall ØWhich is easier? v Acronym lists from earlier? v What color is this text? ØDesign implications? Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

13 Cognitive Processing ØFour main processes of cognitive system: v Selective Attention v Learning v Problem Solving v Language Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

14 Selective Attention ØWe can focus on one particular thing v Cocktail party chit-chat ØSalient visual/auditory cues facilitate this v Examples? Boldface, blinking and beeping ØVisual or Auditory Streams form after a few seconds Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

15 Learning ØProcedural Learning v How to do something ØDeclarative Learning v Facts about something ØInvolves v Memorization v Understanding concepts & rules v Acquiring motor skills v Automatization Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

16 Learning ØFacilitated v By analogy v By structure & organization v If presented in incremental units v Repetition ØUse user s previous knowledge in interface Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

17 Where should you put a menu? Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

18 People Ø Good v Infinite capacity LTM v LTM duration & complexity v High-learning capability v Powerful attention mechanism v Powerful pattern recognition Ø Bad v Limited capacity STM v Limited duration STM v Unreliable access to LTM v Error-prone processing v Slow processing Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

19 Waypoint I. Senses A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell? II. Information processing A. Perceptual B. Cognitive 1. Memory a. Short term b. Medium term c. Long term 2. Processes a. Selective attention b. Learning c. Problem solving d. Language C. Motor system III. Motor system IV. Motivations V. Social Attachments Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

20 IV. Motivations Ø Various and hierarchical motivations v e.g. Maslow s Hierarch of Human Needs v Consider all levels in your design Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

21 V. Social Attachments Ø Consider how humans form part of a group, society, club, culture, team, clique, family, peer group Ø How does technology fit into the culture or social fabric? Ø Understand the implications of this for design v Gold iphone? v Dressing up Roombas? Cute Roboraptors! v Movie viewing at home vs. on a plane? v Need to remain connected at all times? v Changes to manners/etiquette etc. Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

22 Recap Ø Know your user! I. Senses A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell? II. Information processing A. Perceptual B. Cognitive 1. Memory a. Short term b. Medium term c. Long term 2. Processes a. Selective attention b. Learning c. Problem solving d. Language C. Motor system Design Implications?! III. Motor system IV. Motivations V. Social Attachments Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS

23 Assignments Ø D1 v Questions? Ø Homework 1 Fall 2018 PSYCH / CS