Personality. An individual s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

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1 Personality An individual s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

2 Psychodynamic Perspective In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. Sigmund Freud ( ) Culver Pictures

3 Psychodynamic Perspective Freud s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. Sigmund Freud ( ) Culver Pictures

4 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalysis Freud s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

5 Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

6 Unconscious Mind A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. In order to tap the unconscious Freud used free association to ask patients to say whatever came to their minds. Dream Analysis was a method to analyze the unconscious mind through interpretation of the manifest and latent contents of dreams.

7 Psychoanalysis The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

8 Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).

9 Personality Structure Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification THE ID ( It ): functions in the irrational and emotional part of the mind. At birth a baby s mind is all Id - want want want. The Id is the primitive mind. It contains all the basic needs and feelings. It is the source for libido (psychic energy). And it has only one rule --> the pleasure principle : I want it and I want it all now. In transactional analysis, Id equates to "Child".

10 Personality Structure Superego the part of personality that presents internalized ideals provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations Operates on the Morality Principle THE SUPEREGO ( Over-I ): The Superego is the last part of the mind to develop. It might be called the moral part of the mind. The Superego becomes an embodiment of parental and societal values. It stores and enforces rules. It constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far from reality or possibility. Its power to enforce rules comes from its ability to create anxiety. Superego too strong = feels guilty all the time, may even have an insufferably saintly personality

11 Personality Structure Ego the largely conscious, executive part of personality mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain THE EGO: ( I ): functions with the rational part of the mind. The Ego develops out of growing awareness that you can t always get what you want. The Ego relates to the real world and operates via the reality principle. The Ego realizes the need for compromise and negotiates between the Id and the Superego. The Ego's job is to get the Id's pleasures but to be reasonable and bear the long-term consequences in mind. The Ego denies both instant gratification and pious delaying of gratification. The term ego-strength is the term used to refer to how well the ego copes with these conflicting forces. To undertake its work of planning, thinking and controlling the Id, the Ego uses some of the Id's libidinal energy. In transactional analysis, Ego equates to "Adult". Ego too strong = extremely rational and efficient, but cold, boring and distant

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13 Personality Development Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id s pleasureseeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones. Children eventually learn to cope with threatening feelings by trying to become like the rival parent.

14 Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.

15 Oral Stage Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing.

16 Personality Development Oedipus Complex a boy s unconscious sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father-results in feeling guilt and fear of punishment Electra Complex a girl s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

17 Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms the ego s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

18 Defense Mechanisms Regression defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage (childlike behavior), where some psychic energy remains fixated

19 Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

20 Defense Mechanisms Projection defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Rationalization defense mechanism that offers selfjustifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one s actions

21 Defense Mechanisms Displacement defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet Shifting sexual impulses for all girls toward girlfriend

22 Defense Mechanisms Sublimation people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. Freud suggested that Leonardo da Vinci s painting of Madonna could be traced back to his desire for intimacy with his own mother.

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25 Freudian Dissenters Carl Jung ( ) - Analytic Psychology Alfred Adler ( ) - Individual Psychology Karen Horney ( ) Feminine Psychology Erik Erikson ( ) - Ego Psychology Harry Stack Sullivan ( ) Erich Fromm ( )

26 Neo-Freudians Accepted Freud s basic ideas: the personality structures of id, ego, and superego; the importance of the unconscious; the shaping of personality in childhood; and dynamics of anxiety and the defense mechanisms. But they veered away from Freud in two important ways. 1. They placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind in interpreting experience and coping with the environment. 2. They doubted that sex and aggression were allconsuming motivations. Instead, they placed more emphasis on loftier motives and on social interaction.

27 Carl Jung Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. Universality of themesarchetypes are inherited universal human concepts like mother or hero. Carl Jung ( ) Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron

28 Carl Jung Universality of themes- archetypes are inherited universal human concepts Mother Archetypes are primordial images inherited from our ancestors and include mother, father, God, death, snakes, animus/anima, the persona, the shadow, and the self. The animus is the masculine side of the female. The anima is the feminine side of the male.

29 Assessing the Unconscious Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one s inner dynamics

30 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

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32 Assessing the Unconscious Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify people s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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