Visual Memory Any neural or behavioural phenomenon implying storage of a past visual experience. E n c o d i n g. Individual exemplars:

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1 Long-term Memory Short-term Memory Unconscious / Procedural Conscious / Declarative Working Memory Iconic Memory Visual Memory Any neural or behavioural phenomenon implying storage of a past visual experience. E n c o d i n g imagery Semantic: - multiple experience - association of features no associations nonvisual cue imagery Episodic: - single experience - association with time/place no context recall time/place RECOGNITION Familiarity Recollection R e t r i e v a l Animal Mammal Dog Terrier Categories Systems of categorisation: Facial expression Facial identity Colour Individual exemplars: - e.g. Jeremy Corbyn - e.g. Miley Cyrus - e.g. The Crimea - e.g. World Trade Centre Visual events - snapshots of scenes; - groupings of recognised items /people & place. photographic memory deja vu = episodic false familiarity Scottie red

2 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC e.g. Seman.c familiarity; learning individual faces familiarity recollec)on AM patch: View invariant Subject specific latency = 124 msec e.g. Friewald & Tsao (2010) Hierarchical model [Ref 3] AL patch: View symmetrical latency = 104 msec ML/MF patches: View selec)ve Subject inspecific latency = 88 msec e.g. Sigala & LogotheDs (2002)[Ref 2] Area TE neurons learning facial features Mean response of recorded populadon: best type of each feature: worst type of each feature: Eye separa.on Parametric face-space : - eye height - eye separation - nose length - mouth height The categorisation depends on two features only Eye height eye height nose length eye separa.on mouth height

3 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Woloszyn & Sheinberg (2012) [Ref 4] Neural encoding of familiarity v novelty familiarity recollec)on NOVEL V. FAMILIAR STIMULUS SETS Areas TEO & TE - known together as IT cortex (inferior temporal) broad spike = excitatory neuron narrow spike = inhibitory neuron Large stimulus set = 125 Large stimulus set = 125

4 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Woloszyn & Sheinberg (2012) [Ref 4] Neural encoding of familiarity v novelty familiarity recollec)on broad spike = excitatory neuron Familiar Novel narrow spike = inhibitory neuron

5 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Woloszyn & Sheinberg (2012) [Ref 4] Neural encoding of familiarity v novelty familiarity recollec)on broad spike = excitatory neurons Familiar Novel Neural population: Average response to best stimulus Average response to all stimuli narrow spike = inhibitory neurons Neural population: Average response to best stimulus Average response to all stimuli

6 Naya, Miyashita et al. ( ) Paired-associate task forma.on of visual seman.c memory in medial temporal lobe [refs 5-7] Paired-associate task: 1. Learn the specific pairings for 12 pairs of unfamiliar complex paherns; 2. Observe a single cue s.mulus (any one of the 24 items) e.g. item 5 ; 3. Recall associated item (item 5); 4. Select correct item from a choice of two (e.g. 5 & 8 ).

7 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Naya, Miyashita et al. ( ) Paired-associate task learning arbitrary associa.ons [5-7] familiarity recollec)on Area TE Inferotemporal cortex Area 36 Area 35 } Perirhinal cortex ECECEC Entorhinal cortex hc. DORSAL LATERAL area TE area 36 MEANING Firing rate transient representation of cue object sustained recall of target object longer latency; sustained activity Pair recall cue delay 0 area 36 area 35 MEANING best cue stimulus Paired associate of best cue stimulus representation of cue-target pair representation of cue-target pair Pair coding 0 0

8 Kasahara et al. (2011) [Ref 8] Colour or shape pair associates task n = 375 stimulus selective pair coding pair recall colour 19% 11% shape 30% 7.7 % colour shape Area 36 LATERAL MEDIAL colour shape PAIR CODING } colour pair } shape pair PAIR RECALL best colour paired assoc. colour best shape paired assoc. shape

9 Yamashita, Miyashita et al. (2009) Memory consolida.on in IT cortex (human fmri) Subjects required to learn 2 sets of pairings: remote learning = 8 weeks before scan recent learning = 30 minutes before scan [ref 9] Recent > Remote Hippocampus Remote > Recent Anterior IT cortex Average activation for group, n = 30

10 A B Pair associate recall hypothetical neural mechanism learnt pair cue visual representation TE A36 A35 Hippocampus RECENT LEARNING item A associate visual imagery Neural tuning A & B item B cue visual representation REMOTE LEARNING (as observed in highly trained macaques) visual imagery associate

11 A B Pair associate recall hypothetical neural mechanism (including display) learnt pair visual representation TE A36 A35 Hippocampus cue visual imagery choice ACHIEVES SELECTION

12 Ranganath et al. (2004) Pair Associate recall (human fmri) [ref 10] Task: 1. Pre scan: learn face-house pairs; 2. In scan: recall pair associate, OR Perform match to sample task. cue probe Delay period activation: cue probe Delay period activation: PPA PPA FFA PPA FFA PARAHIPPOCAMPAL PLACE AREA FUSIFORM FACE AREA match-to-sample task FFA pair associate task PPA Pair associates task v. Match-to-sample task 10-4 Caudate Nucleus Anterior Prefrontal Cortex p 10-3 Hippocampus

13 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Quiroga et al. (2009) Single unit recordings from human: familiarity recollec)on [ref 11] - left posterior hippocampus: Jennifer Aniston cell

14 SEMANTIC EPISODIC familiarity Quiroga et al. (2009) Single unit recordings from human entorhinal cortex: Saddam Hussein cell [ref 11] X recollec)on 40 spike/sec 1 sec

15 SEMANTIC X EPISODIC Quiroga et al. (2009) Single unit recordings from human: familiarity recollec)on [ref 11] - left anterior hippocampus: Oprah Winfrey cell

16 SEMANTIC EPISODIC familiarity X (X) recollec)on Quiroga et al. (2009) Single unit recordings from human [ref 11] - left amygdala: Arne (one of the research team) 40 spike/sec 1 sec

17 Quiroga et al. (2009) Single unit recordings from human entorhinal cortex [ref 11] Visual: (one picture only) Visual: invariant (several pictures) Auditory: vocal name Visual: text name

18 The hippocampus forms the curled-up, lateral rim of the cor.cal sheet Hippocampal learning: - Arbitrary associa.ons; - Mul.modal; - One shot; All episodic in character. Amygdala Hippocampus is La.n for sea-horse. Hippocampus

19 Coronal brain sec.on in nonhuman primate (Macaque monkey) Hippocampus

20 The Hippocampal Loop Dentate Gyrus CA3 Subiculum CA1 Entorhinal cortex

21 The hippocampal loop: circuitry Neocortex Parahippocampal cortex Perirhinal cortex ERC = Entorhinal Cortex DG = Dentate Gyrus CA = Cornu Ammonis Sub = Subiculum

22 The hippocampal loop: circuitry Recurrent collaterals of CA3 pyramids Ramon y Cajal (1911) Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés

23 SEMANTIC EPISODIC familiarity X recollec)on CA3 Hebb s Law: Cells that fire together, wire together An auto-association (or attractor) neural network theory of memory. ENCODING

24 SEMANTIC EPISODIC familiarity X recollec)on CA3 An auto-association (or attractor) neural network theory of memory. RETRIEVAL

25 Basal Ganglia Memory Short-term Memory Unconscious / Procedural Conscious / Declarative Working Memory Iconic Memory Inferotemporal & perirhinal cortex (& hippocampus) imagery Semantic: - multiple experience - association of features no associations nonvisual cue Visual Memory E n c o d i n g imagery Episodic: - single experience - association with time/place no context photographic recall time/place memory Hippocampus (& MTL) RECOGNITION Familiarity Recollection R e t r i e v a l Animal Mammal Dog Terrier Categories Systems of categorisation: Facial expression Facial identity Colour Individual exemplars: - e.g. Jeremy Corbyn - e.g. Miley Cyrus - e.g. The Crimea - e.g. World Trade Centre Visual events - snapshots of scenes; - groupings of recognised items /people & place. photographic memory deja vu = episodic false familiarity Scottie red VISUAL MEMORY: Any neural or behavioural phenomenon implying storage of a past visual experience.

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