Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) Sensory Experiences Regarding Five-dimensional Brand Destination
|
|
- Rosa Hodges
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Available online at ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) nd World Conference On Business, Economics And Management - WBEM 2013 Sensory Experiences Regarding Five-dimensional Brand Destination Mihail-Cristian Dițoiu a *, Andreea-Laura Căruntu b a The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Mihai Eminescu no , Bucharest , Romania b The Bucharest University of Economic Studies,Mihai Eminescu no , Bucharest , Romania Abstract Starting from the idea that the destination represents a complex product, seen as the sum of multiple products, the destination branding process should concentrate on developing sensory experiences. In the end, this could lead to a five-dimensional destination brand. The main objective of this article is to identify some of the experiences, which are liable to become sensory signatures of the destination. Taking into consideration the perceptual elements that the tourists rely on when evaluating the destination and their information sources concerning that particular place, marketers should capture in the online communication the essence of the destination s sensory experiences. Selection 2014 The and Authors. peer review Published under by responsibility Elsevier Ltd. of Open Prof. access Dr. Gülsün under CC A. BY-NC-ND Başkan license. Selection 2013 Published and peer by review Elsevier under Ltd. responsibility of Organizing Committee of BEM Keywords: Sensory dimensions, experiences, destination, sensory profile; 1. Introduction Due to our current technological evolution, products are becoming harder and harder to differentiate based on their characteristics. This is the reason why marketing is nowadays operating with experience-like products, this way managing to entertain the consumer. In order to supply memorable experiences, marketers must however impress each one of the consumer s senses, and sensory marketing is the background that offers this possibility. With the help of sensory marketing, a type of brands can be developed which can integrate all of the five sensory dimensions (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile). Instead of the usual two-dimensional flat brands, fivedimensional brands are emerging that represent holistic experiences for the consumer. In the tourism and hospitality industry, the sensory marketing perspective creates an ideal background for developing experiences, for quality perception by tourists and even for transforming services in something tangible. If in the case of the hospitality industry integrating the sensory dimensions into the product s brand platform is done with ease, in tourism, in the case of the destination which represents a complex product, made up, in its turn, of other products-, things get tricky. The destination as a sum of products must essentially offer the uniform experience on each sensory dimension, which must lead to the making of some powerful and unique association by the tourists * Corresponding Author: Mihail-Cristian Dițoiu. Tel.: address: cristian.ditoiu@mk.ase.ro The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of BEM doi: /j.sbspro
2 302 Mihail-Cristian Diţoiu and Andreea-Laura Căruntu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) with the destination brand. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile sensory experiences by the organizations, which deal with the destination s management and marketing. 2. Conceptual Framework Society has undergone a change in terms of the fact that the consumer s acquisitions are oriented towards experiences at the expense of goods and services (Morgan, Lugosi, & Ritchie, 2010). From the consumer s perspective, experiences are nice and captivating, becoming in the end memorable (Oh, Fiore, & Jeoung, 2007). Thus, experiencing the product s benefits leads to loyalty, this being more appealing to the consumer than the presentation of the product s characteristics (Sharma & Sharma, 2011). Seeing as in tourism the product can only be consumed when the tourist travels to the destination, presenting the product as an experience acquires an even more important role in influencing the decision to purchase the product. It is precisely the predominance of the emotional factor in the decision to purchase a touristic product (Stăncioiu, 2004) that makes a product which does not sensory stimulate the consumer cease to exist (Hill, 2010). A tourist s experience regarding a certain destination is closely linked to his senses (Markwell, 2001) because when visiting the destination, the tourist is nonetheless consuming that place s atmosphere (Echtner & Ritchie, 1993). Hence, the objective of a tourist destination, which seeks to obtain a link between the identity elements of the destination and the tourist s feelings, gaining at the same time a place in his mind, is to create experiences at the destination level by stimulating the consumer from a sensory point of view (Dițoiu, Stăncioiu, & Teodorescu, 2012). Knowing that the destination is a geographical space, such as a place, an area, a region or a country, where the tourist spends a period of time, the offer at the destination level comprises the tourist receiving units, the infrastructure and the tourist potential: natural, anthropic, cultural, including the inhabitants of that particular place, with their traditions and way of living. Thus, the destination can be seen as an umbrella (Buhalis, 2000) that provides an integrated experience of its components. The tourist forms his own image of the destination in terms of his perception of that particular place, namely through receiving, selecting, organizing and interpreting the information about the destination (Mayo & Jarvis, 1981). This image of the destination is in fact a reflection of the sensory and/or conceptual information (Stringer, 1984), that is to say an interpretation by the tourist of his own reality (Bigné, Sámchez, & Sánchez, 2011). The tourist is subjected to exterior stimuli, which leads to the making of some strong beliefs concerning the place s attributes at the crossroads between the destination s projection and individual needs, motives, preferences, as well as other intrinsic characteristics (Um & Crompton, 1990). The destination image is thus endowed with a holistic character by including the multi-sensory as a component element (Son & Pearce, 2005). The organizations that deal with destination management and marketing aim at building a strong destination brand. From the tourist s perspective, the destination brand represents a sum of perceptions, feelings and attitudes directed at that particular place (World Tourism Organization & European Travel Commission, 2009). This destination brand is very complex, since it must preserve the uniform experience at the level of the product, while at the level of the components it encompasses the experiences created by the suppliers which are competing against each other and which, in their turn, depend on the local access conditions, policies, culture, and other inseparable factors (Gartner, 2009). In order to guaranty a favourable brand image, the strong associations with the destination must be identified (Keller, 1993). The brands that contain more sensory dimensions gain in depth (Lindstrom, 2010). The emotional connection between the tourist and the destination is created in time and becomes even stronger with the help of destination branding by developing some unique markers (Blain, Levy, & Ritchie, 2005). During the branding process, marketing strategies are followed which lead to attaining the objectives at the destination level. The destination marketing strategies create a value proposition, which is superior to the
3 Mihail-Cristian Diţoiu and Andreea-Laura Căruntu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) competition, surpassing the functional aspects of the place (Hudson, 2008). The triumph of national brand strategies, for example, depends very much on the management of the most important touch points (Bulearca & Bulearca, 2011). In essence, the tourist s holistic experience with the destination can be resumed to the interaction with the place in the touch points, which presupposes that creating, communicating and providing proper experiences in these points would satisfy the consumer. In order to develop these experiences, sensory marketing strategies are followed, applied within the sensory marketing plans, for example, to the places and events (Rodrigues, Hultén, & Brito, 2011). The sensory strategies differentiate the brand, approaching the consumer s mind and senses both from a cognitive point of view, and from an emotional one (Hultén, 2011). In conclusion, the marketer projects an identity of the destination under the guise of a brand sensory profile, and the tourist forms his own brand image of the destination in terms of his own perception, that is, by experimenting the brand through all the five sensory dimensions. Thus, it is necessary to create the unique atmosphere at the level of the destination, to create/stimulate positive associations with the place, and at the same time to eliminate the negative ones (if they exist), to provide sensory experiences that can seduce the tourist s senses and to offer some souvenirs which can leave a visible mark of the destination, along with the overall memorable experience (Pine & Gilmore, 1998). 3. Operational Framework The present study is an exploratory research. It has been conducted between April 2012 and September 2012 on a number of 500 young people originating from Romania, with ages ranging from 20 to 24 years, holding a university degree or who were due to graduate from a university program. For the respondents the sources of information regarding the choosing of a destination where they had not previously been are represented by: specialized sites (51.5%), relatives and friends (30.7%), tourist guides (12%) and social networks (5.8%). They assess the destination based on the perceptive elements as follows: visual elements (98.2%), auditory elements (45.6%), gustatory elements (34.7%), olfactory elements (27.2%) and tactile elements (20%). In order to illustrate this, the sensory profile of a historical region from Romania named Banat-Crișana (made up of the counties Caraș-Severin, Timiș, Arad and Bihor) has been created, taking into consideration both perceptions (internal and external). Thus, the respondents perceive the following for the region Banat-Crișana: visual experiences (90.5%), auditory experiences (44.8%), olfactory experiences (35.8%), gustatory experiences (32.8%) and tactile experiences (32.3%). A sensory profile is created by starting from the forms of tourism practiced in the area (leisure, health spa tourism and cultural tourism) and the tourist attractions associated with the destination, which are interpreted as sensory experiences. At the level of the sensory experience, for every sensory dimension an element may be identified which may become in time the sensory signature of the destination by supporting it. In the present, the subjects were able to identify the following elements which may become sensory signatures: the visual signature Peștera Urșilor (Bears Cave), the auditory signature Festivalul Plai (The Plai Festival), the olfactory signature Parcul Rozelor (The Park of Roses), the gustatory signature Salamul Bănățean (Banatean Salami) and the tactile signature Băile Felix (The Felix Thermal Baths). Thus, the sensogram (sensory profile) of the destination Banat-Crișana was created, similar to the Martin Lindstrom model (Lindstrom, 2009). This sensory profile has the following absolute values for each sensory dimension: the visual dimension 4.06; the auditory dimension 3.02; the olfactory dimension 2.90; the gustatory dimension 2.89 and the tactile dimension 2.40 (where 0 = unfelt stimulus, and 5 = stimulus felt at a very high intensity). The stimulus may be a visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory or tactile experience.
4 304 Mihail-Cristian Diţoiu and Andreea-Laura Căruntu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) Discussion Figure 1. The sensory profile of the destination Banat-Crișana In Figure 1, it can be observed that the sensory profile of the destination Banat-Crișana is moderately developed. The positive aspects are given by the fact that the destination is not associated with any negative experience on none of the five sensory dimensions. However, for an increase in the number of positive experiences associated with the destination more than a simple supply of experiences is needed. In essence, these developed experiences should converge towards the sensory signatures determined at the destination level. This way every sensory signature for each dimension will be given support, and the experiences will have a common theme, the destination brand being able thus to become 5D. When the strategies are geared towards providing experiences as positive as possible, the tourist ends up revisiting the destination or recommending it, and this because the tourist chooses the destination and assesses his satisfaction based on his own pattern, which changes once he receives new information regarding the destination, that is to say, when he feels an input (Chi & Qu, 2008). Taking into consideration the fact that if more than one stimuli affect the consumer simultaneously, then the latter will remember a concept quicker (Kalkstein-Silkes, 2007), the sensory association with the destination reminds the tourist of the visited place and supports the destination brand. The tourist s experience forms itself during the process of prepping and planning the trip, during the trip and after it, the former representing a subjective assessment of an emotional, cognitive and behavioural nature of all the moods the tourist goes through during those three stages (Tung & Ritchie, 2011). The sensory experiences reach the rational part of the consumer s brain, as well as the emotional one (Hultén, Broweus, & van Dijk, 2009), thus becoming memorable. The intensity of these sensory experiences does not refer only to the number of sensory dimensions involved, but to the quality of every sensory channel as well (Hyun, Lee, & Bäck, 2009). Even if the aim of developing a five-dimensional destination brand remains that of obtaining a sensory signature for each sensory dimension, developing the experiences at the level of the destination, experiences which are to be
5 Mihail-Cristian Diţoiu and Andreea-Laura Căruntu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) consumed by the tourist during his trip, represents the supporting point for the brand. These experiences originate from stimuli such as the following: - Visual: form, colour, dimension, lighting, transparency, design, image, style. - Auditory: sound, tonality, rhythm, melody. - Olfactory: natural smell, artificial smell, aroma. - Gustatory: taste, flavour, gastronomy. - Tactile: texture, hardness, elasticity, temperature, pressure, comfort. Hence, starting from these stimuli experiences for tourists may be developed which can be memorable. Any tourist product that forms part of the destination can thus be transformed into an experience by engaging the tourist. During the experience, the consumer s role is double: that of tourist and that of staff (as part of the experience for the other tourists). The design of the experience directed towards the five sensory dimensions is important. Although the visual aspect is appreciated by the consumers and used at its maximum potential by the marketers, the other channels complete the experience. For example, smells remain a long period in the tourist s mind because they leave profound retrieval traces, which have the capacity to evoke situations, people, products, places already known (Trevisani, 2007, p. 86). Another example is that if the auditory dimension; thus, Disney World, using choreography sounds, creates new memories, conjures up the past and can transport us in no time in another space (Lindstrom, 2009, p. 108). Alongside the visual dimension, the other dimensions contribute to creating, communicating and supplying memorable experiences for the tourist. 5. Conclusions Tourism needs five-dimensional brands that can represent for the tourist real experiences. That is way the multisensory is an important aspect for tourism (Hirschman & Holbrook, 1982), because it offers the background needed for developing these experiences. Just like Sydney is immediately recognized for the roof of the Opera building, Paris for the Eiffel Tower or the Netherlands as being the Land of the Tulips, in the same way sensory signatures can be created for every destination, thus resulting five-dimensional brands and positioning that place in the tourist s soul and mind. The marketer identifies those elements, which will become in time sensory signatures of the destination, and where such signatures do not exist, he creates them. Once the design of the experience is made, the sensory profile of the destination is projected, and then the difference between this projection and perception is measured precisely in order to correct the profile according to the target-audience s perception. From a methodological point of view, the present exploratory research has its limits in the fact that it does not imply a neuromarketing analysis, since at a conscious level the tourist expresses with difficulty the sensations he went through. Moreover, every tourist s perception is partial, and hence the same experience means something else for every tourist. Future research studies are needed in order to build scales for each sensory dimension at the level of the general product, the same way, as they exist today for food products. The path that the marketer should follow is that of the design, communication and supply of place experience. If the results of the research study showing that the main source of information for tourists is the online environment are taken into consideration, then it becomes clear that the marketer must capture the essence of the developed experience and communicate it online as similar to reality as possible. The tourist experience starts with the online and it can ends with the online. Acknowledgements
6 306 Mihail-Cristian Diţoiu and Andreea-Laura Căruntu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) The authors would like to thank to PhD Professors: Aurelia-Felicia Stăncioiu and Nicolae Teodorescu. References Bigné, J. E., Sámchez, M. I., & Sánchez, J. (2011). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), Blain, C., Levy, S., & Ritchie, J. R. (2005). Destination branding: Insights and practices from destination management organizations. Journal of Travel Research, (43), Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, Bulearca, M., & Bulearca, S. (2011). Romania branding campaign - an IMC perspective. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), Chi, C. G., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, (29), Dițoiu, M. C., Stăncioiu, A. F., & Teodorescu, N. (2012). Sensory Dimensions of the Destination Bucharest from the Point of View of Young People. Revista Economică - Marketing, Commerce and Tourism and a New Paradigm of Change, Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, (31), Gartner, W. C. (2009). Deconstructing Brand Equity. In L. A. Cal, W. C. Gartner & A. M. Munar (Eds.), Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice - Tourism Branding: Communities in Action (pp ). UK: Emerald Group Publishing. Hill, D. (2010). Emotionomics: cum să căștigi inimile și mințile oamenilor. București: Publica. Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic Consumption: Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), Hudson, S. (2008). Tourism and Hospitality Marketing - A Global Perspective. London: Sage Publications. Hultén, B. (2011). Sensory Marketing: The Multisensory Brand Experience Concept. European Business Review, (3). Hultén, B., Broweus, N., & van Dijk, M. (2009). Sensory Marketing. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Hyun, M. Y., Lee, S., & Bäck, A. (2009). Mobile-mediated virtual experience in tourism: concept, typology and applications. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), Kalkstein-Silkes, C. A. (2007). Food and Food Related Festivals in Rural Destination Branding. (Doctoral dissertation). Purdue University. Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring and managing consumer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, (57), Lindstrom, M. (2009). Branduri senzoriale: Construiți branduri puternice folosind toate cele 5 simțuri. București: Publica. Lindstrom, M. (2010). Buyology: adevăruri și minciuni despre motivele pentru care cumpărăm. București: Publica. Markwell, K. (2001). 'An intimate rendezvous with nature'? Mediating the tourist-nature experience at three tourist sites in Borneo. Tourist Studies, Mayo, E. J., & Jarvis, L. P. (1981). The Psychology of Leisure Travel. Boston: CBI. Morgan, M., Lugosi, P., & Ritchie, J. R. (2010). The Tourism and Leisure Experience: Consumer and Managerial Perspectives. Bristol: Channel View. Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications. Journal of Travel Research, (46), Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review, 76(4), Rodrigues, C., Hultén, B., & Brito, C. (2011). Sensorial brand strategies for value co-creation. Innovative Marketing, 7(2), Sharma, R., & Sharma, V. (2011). Experiential marketing: a contemporary marketing mix. International Journal of Management and Strategy, II(3). Son, A., & Pearce, P. (2005). Multi-faceted image assessment: International students' views of Australia as a tourist destination. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 18(4), Stăncioiu, A. F. (2004). Strategii de marketing în turism. București: Economică. Stringer, P. (1984). Studies in the socio-environmental psychology of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, (11), Trevisani, D. (2007). Psihologia marketingului și a comunicării. București: Irecson. Tung, V. W., & Ritchie, J. R. (2011). Exploring the Essence of Memorable Tourism Experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, (17), World Tourism Organization & European Travel Commission. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destination Branding. Madrid: WTO & ETC.
Dimensions of the destination s sensory profile. Case study: Muntenia
Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume XXI (2014), No. 4(593), pp. 81-98 Dimensions of the destination s sensory profile. Case study: Muntenia Aurelia-Felicia STĂNCIOIU Bucharest University of Economic
More informationDESIGNING TOURISM PLACES: UNDERSTANDING THE TOURISM EXPERIENCE THROUGH OUR SENSES
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2015 ttra International Conference DESIGNING TOURISM PLACES:
More informationSensory Perceptions of Asian Destinations
Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings Volume 2017 Article 158 2017 Sensory Perceptions of Asian Destinations Virginia M.C. Lau Institution for Tourism Studies, virginia@ift.edu.mo Follow this and additional
More informationThe Impact of Visualization and Expectation on Tourists Emotion and Satisfaction at the Destination
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference The Impact of Visualization
More informationA Cluster Analysis of Senses Effects on Consumer Behavior. Lessons for Businesses
A Cluster Analysis of Senses Effects on Consumer Behavior. Lessons for Businesses Ioana-Octavia BRĂTULESCU Simona VASILACHE 1 Abstract The paper tests the correlation between sensorial marketing and consumer
More informationLearning Objectives. Learning Objectives 17/03/2016. Chapter 4 Perspectives on Consumer Behavior
Chapter 4 Perspectives on Consumer Behavior Copyright 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning
More informationThe Camera as an Educational Tool: Reflective Photography for Examining Impressions and Perceptions about a Destination
The Camera as an Educational Tool: Reflective Photography for Examining Impressions and Perceptions about a Destination Ana Isabel Rodrigues 1 1 Departamento de Ciências Empresariais, Instituto Politécnico
More informationA MODEL OF STUDENTS UNIVERSITY DECISION- MAKING BEHAVIOR
Ionela MANIU, George C. MANIU ASE researcher, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu A MODEL OF STUDENTS UNIVERSITY DECISION- MAKING BEHAVIOR Methodological articles Keywords Higher educational institutions
More informationImproving sound quality measures through the multifaceted soundscape approach
Improving sound quality measures through the multifaceted soundscape approach Brigitte SCHULTE-FORTKAMP 1 1 Technische Universität Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Soundscape research represents a paradigm shift
More informationThe Nature of the Nature Traveller. by Anne Kerr
The Nature of the Nature Traveller by Anne Kerr Anne Kerr 2001 The wildlife tourism market Figure 1: Wildlife Tourism: (Reynolds & Braithwaite, 2001) Human relations with animals Consumptive use of wildlife
More informationPerception. Sensation and Perception. Sensory Systems An Overview of the Perception Process
Perception Sensation and Perception Cross Cultural Studies in Consumer Behavior Assist. Prof. Dr. Özge Özgen Department of International Business and Trade Sensation: The immediate response of our sensory
More informationBeyond Tourism Destination Image: Mapping country image from a psychological perspective
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference Beyond Tourism Destination
More informationPSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II
PSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II Session 4 Background of Object Recognition Lecturer: Dr. Benjamin Amponsah, Dept., of Psychology, UG, Legon Contact Information: bamponsah@ug.edu.gh College of Education
More informationThe Effect of the Fulfillment of Hedonic and Aesthetic Information Needs of a Travel Magazine on Tourist Decision Making
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2011 ttra International Conference The Effect of the Fulfillment
More informationSocial Identity and gender. Counseling needs in adults
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012) 776 780 PSIWORLD 2011 Social Identity and gender. Counseling needs in adults Cristian Vasile a* a Petroleum Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucuresti
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 141 ( 2014 ) WCLTA 2013
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 141 ( 2014 ) 748 752 WCLTA 2013 Efficient Communication and Physical Exercise Means of Psycho- Social Recovery
More informationStudy on the Development Strategies of Changchun Movie Wonderland Based on Tourist Experience Chunyan Wang
International Conference on Education, Management and Computer Science (ICEMC 2016) Study on the Development Strategies of Changchun Movie Wonderland Based on Tourist Experience Chunyan Wang College of
More informationSoca Music: A competitive cultural tourism product?
Soca Music: A competitive cultural tourism product? Can the soca music cultural asset be transformed into an internationally competitive cultural tourism product? Presentation Outline Introduction/Background
More informationPaper Title: TECHNOLOGY OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Paper No.: 07 Paper Title: TECHNOLOGY OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS Module 34: Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products INTRODUCTION The sensory quality of food products has been considered an important factor
More informationBehaviorLens Behavior Pyramid
BehaviorLens Behavior Pyramid Revision: February 4, 2014 2013 InsightsNow, Inc. 1 Behavior Pyramid (Use Moments) Emotions Impact Pleasures/ Displeasures Benefits & Consequences Reinforcers & (, Product)
More informationSlide 2.1. Perception and interpretation
Slide 2.1 Perception and interpretation Slide 2.2 Perception defined Perception is the process by which physical sensations such as sights, sounds, and smells are selected, organised, and interpreted.
More informationRevising Importance-Performance Analysis combined with Regression Model: Applied to Seniors Travel Motivations
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference Revising Importance-Performance
More informationAre dimensions of psycho-social well-being different among Latvian and Romanian University students?
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (202) 855 859 PSIWORLD 20 Are dimensions of psycho-social different among and University students? Santa Vorone a,
More informationTHE DYNAMICS OF MOTIVATION
92 THE DYNAMICS OF MOTIVATION 1. Motivation is a highly dynamic construct that is constantly changing in reaction to life experiences. 2. Needs and goals are constantly growing and changing. 3. As individuals
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 180 ( 2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 180 ( 2015 ) 332 337 The 6th International Conference Edu World 2014 Education Facing Contemporary World
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 187 ( 2015 ) PSIWORLD Sumedrea Cristian Mihai a *, Mosoiu Corneliu a
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 187 ( 2015 ) 163 167 PSIWORLD 2014 Thematic correlations of the patients with severe depressive episode.
More informationMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
4 Perspectives on Consumer Behavior McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Consumer Behavior The process and activities people engage in when searching for, selecting,
More informationThe Impact of Cognitive Learning on Consumer Behaviour
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 44 ( 2012 ) 70 77 XI International Conference Service sector in terms of changing environment The Impact of Cognitive
More informationPERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND IMAGE IMPROVEMENT: A CASE OF INTERNSHIP STUDENTS
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND IMAGE IMPROVEMENT: A CASE OF INTERNSHIP STUDENTS Narumon chomchom Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail: *narumon.ch@ssru.ac.th ABSTRACT Personality development
More informationPerceptions of International Tourism Destinations
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2014 ttra International Conference Perceptions of International
More informationJohn Smith 20 October 2009
John Smith 20 October 2009 2009 MySkillsProfile.com. All rights reserved. Introduction The Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (ECQ) assesses your current emotional competencies and style by asking you
More informationServices Marketing Chapter 10: Crafting the Service Environment
Chapter 10: Crafting the Service Environment 7/e Chapter 10 Page 1 Overview of Chapter 10 What is the Purpose of Service Environments? Understanding Consumer Responses to Service Environments Dimensions
More informationSense-making Approach in Determining Health Situation, Information Seeking and Usage
DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR. 2013. V62. 16 Sense-making Approach in Determining Health Situation, Information Seeking and Usage Ismail Sualman 1 and Rosni Jaafar 1 Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Universiti
More information23C581 Consumer Behavior Introductory lecture 3 November 2016
23C581 Consumer Behavior Introductory lecture 3 November 2016 Introductory lecture Course practicalities Introduction to consumer behavior and course assignments Forming teams for the group assignments
More informationA Commentary on The Senses in Anthropological and Marketing Research: Investigating a Consumer-Brand Ritual Holistically
A Commentary on The Senses in Anthropological and Marketing Research: Investigating a Consumer-Brand Ritual Holistically Aradhna Krishna Malefyt (2014) has opened up a large field of study by highlighting
More informationKeywords: Intrinsic factors, education, purchase behavior, annual income, research, influence, significance.
Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2016 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Significance
More informationThe Tourist-based Formation of Destination Loyalty from the Perspective of Qualitative Research Approach
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2015 ttra International Conference The Tourist-based Formation
More informationPROFESSIONALISM THE ABC FOR SUCCESS
PROFESSIONALISM THE ABC FOR SUCCESS PROFESSIONALISM BOOKS CONTENTS What s it all About? 7 Choose Excellence 11 A for Attitude 19 B for Behaviour 33 C for Character 51 Make it Work for You 61 Guaranteed
More informationThe Standard Theory of Conscious Perception
The Standard Theory of Conscious Perception C. D. Jennings Department of Philosophy Boston University Pacific APA 2012 Outline 1 Introduction Motivation Background 2 Setting up the Problem Working Definitions
More informationPSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II
PSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II Session 6 Psychophysics Lecturer: Dr. Benjamin Amponsah, Dept., of Psychology, UG, Legon Contact Information: bamponsah@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationAssessment and Measurement of Destination Image: Mix of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Method
American Journal of Economics 2013, 3(5C): 137-142 DOI: 10.5923/c.economics.201301.23 Assessment and Measurement of Destination Image: Mix Jia Xiong *, Noor Hazarina Hashim Faculty of Management, Universiti
More informationTOURISTS' CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVATIONS IN ATTENDING FESTIVALS AND EVENTS: A STUDY IN TEXAS
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2007 ttra International Conference TOURISTS' CHARACTERISTICS
More informationStudy Factors Affecting Satisfaction of Tourists Traveling To Ba Ria - Vung Tau
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-issn: 2278-487X, p-issn: 2319-7668. Volume 20, Issue 10. Ver. II (October. 2018), PP 65-70 www.iosrjournals.org Study Factors Affecting Satisfaction
More informationThe power of cognitive interviewing
TNS Qualitative Qualitative 360 - Istanbul, February 19-20, 2014 The power of cognitive interviewing and what qualitative research can learn from Behavioural Economics Richard Gehling, Senior Director
More informationinternal information search consumer behavior external information search consumer decision-making process nonmarketing-controlled information source
consumer behavior internal information search consumer decision-making process external information search need recognition nonmarketing-controlled information source stimulus marketing-controlled information
More informationMeasuring the Love Feeling for a Brand using Interpersonal Love Items
Measuring the Love Feeling for a Brand using Interpersonal Love Items Noel Albert Wesford Business School, Grenoble, France Pierre Valette-Florence IAE Grenoble, France This manuscript focuses on efforts
More informationEXPERIENCE SCOTTSDALE PROMOTI NG SCOTTSDA LE TR AV EL & TOU R ISM
EXPERIENCE SCOTTSDALE PROMOTI NG SCOTTSDA LE TR AV EL & TOU R ISM WHO WE ARE Experience Scottsdale is the sole organization responsible for marketing the city as a premier travel and meetings destination
More informationSyllabus. Subject: Psychology and Motivation of leisure time. Credits: 6 ECTS. Program: Bachelor Degree in Tourism and Leisure
Syllabus Subject: Psychology and Motivation of leisure time Credits: 6 ECTS Program: Bachelor Degree in Tourism and Leisure Subject Typology: Compulsory Module: Fundamentals of Leisure Code: 2016_10_A_EN_190008
More informationMihaela Chraif a, Lavinia irig b, Mihai Ani ei c * PSIWORLD Introduction
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 78 ( 2013 ) 620 624 PSIWORLD 2012 Correlative study between counterproductive behaviour, ethical behaviour, physical
More informationConsidering residents level of emotional solidarity with visitors to a cultural festival
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference Considering residents level
More information3rd World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA-2012) Educating young people for quality of life improvement
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scienc es 93 ( 2013 ) 395 399 3rd World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA-2012)
More informationLesson 5 Sensation, Perception, Memory, and The Conscious Mind
Lesson 5 Sensation, Perception, Memory, and The Conscious Mind Introduction: Connecting Your Learning The beginning of Bloom's lecture concludes his discussion of language development in humans and non-humans
More informationIntercultural differences in frustration intolerance
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012) 583 587 PSIWORLD 2011 Intercultural differences in frustration intolerance Floare Chipea a, Diana Negruti a,
More informationMotivational Affordances: Fundamental Reasons for ICT Design and Use
ACM, forthcoming. This is the author s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version will be published soon. Citation:
More informationDemographic Variables and Loyalty Formation: A Systematic Examination
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track 2009 ICHRIE Conference Jul 31st, 1:45 PM - 2:45 PM Demographic Variables and Loyalty Formation:
More informationPostgraduate Diploma in Marketing December 2017 Examination Exploring Consumer Behaviour (ECB)
Postgraduate Diploma in Marketing December 2017 Examination Exploring Consumer Behaviour (ECB) Date: 18 December 2017 Time: 0830 Hrs 1130 Hrs Duration: Three (03) Hrs Total marks for this paper is 100
More informationAdvances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 186 15th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2018) Dark tourism marketing through experience visit at East Java
More informationTowards an Integrative Model of Destination Attachment: Dimensionality and Influence on Revisit Intention
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2013 ttra International Conference Towards an Integrative Model
More informationAn Exploratory Motivational Study of Japanese Adventure Based Tourism
Yuka Inui School of Travel Industry Management University of Hawaii at Manoa Jill K. Lankford Sustainable Tourism an the Environment Program (STEP) University of Northern Iowa Samuel V. Lankford School
More informationProcedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2010) WCPCG Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2010) 1236 1240 493 497 WCPCG-2010 Factors determining window display conveying merchandise s Positioning and style:
More informationThe Power of Feedback
The Power of Feedback 35 Principles for Turning Feedback from Others into Personal and Professional Change By Joseph R. Folkman The Big Idea The process of review and feedback is common in most organizations.
More informationInternational Consumption - Consumers perspective
International Consumption - Consumers perspective Consumer Behaviour 1 Internation Agrifood Economics MIBE 2 Materials Obligatory: slides published on the course website after the lessons (the only material
More informationObjectives. Positive First Impressions. Outline. Problem
Positive First Impressions Peter R. Kovacek, PT, MSA, DPT 2011 Objectives Articulate critical components of Positive First Impressions, Patient Satisfaction and Patient Loyalty Address Patient Financial
More informationMarketing Religion DAIANA KAPLAN
2015 Marketing Religion DAIANA KAPLAN Marketing Religion Abstract Religion has been marketed since the beginning of its existence and simply by considering how many different religions there are today
More informationEthical challenges in the workplace: Are these future engineers prepared?
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 40 ( 2012 ) 269 273 The 2012 International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation & Technology Management Ethical
More informationThe Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment in Taiwan Indigenous Cultural Park Experience as a Moderator
The Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment in Taiwan Indigenous Cultural Park Experience as a Moderator Yu-Chi Wu, Institute of Business and Management, National University
More informationAn Investigation of Creative Tourists Experience and Revisit Intention
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference An Investigation of Creative
More informationWorking Paper 8: Janine Morley, Interesting topics & directions for practice theories August 2014
Please Note: The following working paper was presented at the workshop Demanding ideas: where theories of practice might go next held 18-20 June 2014 in Windermere, UK. The purpose of the event was to
More informationSelf-congruity Influence on Tourist Behavior: Repeat Visitors versus Non-Visitors and First-Time Visitors
Self-congruity Influence on Tourist Behavior: Repeat Visitors versus Non-Visitors and First-Time Visitors M. Mithat ÜNER Gazi University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
More informationStudy Unit 3 -Part 2. Consumer Learning SIM University. All rights reserved. Introduction. In this presentation, you will learn:
Study Unit 3 -Part 2 Consumer Learning Introduction In this presentation, you will learn: Consumer learning process Various theories of learning Consumer Learning in Marketing Consumer learning is the
More informationTourism Website Customers Repurchase Intention: Information System Success Model Ming-yi HUANG 1 and Tung-liang CHEN 2,*
2017 International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Automation (AMMA 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-471-4 Tourism Website Customers Repurchase Intention: Information System Success Model Ming-yi
More informationPersonality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits,
Personality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits, and the person situation interaction. A person s general
More information24. PSYCHOLOGY (Code No. 037)
24. PSYCHOLOGY (Code No. 037) Psychology is introduced as an elective subject at the higher secondary stage of school education. As a discipline, psychology specializes in the study of experiences, behaviours,
More informationof note Sensory science addresses sugar reduction challenges
of note Sensory science addresses sugar reduction challenges Reduction and replacement of sugar is a complex matter for food and beverage manufacturers. Sugar substitutes, sweeteners and sweetness enhancers
More informationAnne Lise Kjaer, Kjaer Global Society Trends
Keynote presentations Introduction Anne Lise Kjaer, Kjaer Global Society Trends Anne Lise Kjaer is a leading global futurist, who pioneered the concept of Multidimensional Thinking developing future concepts
More informationPSIWORLD Mustata Andreea- Elena * Bucuresti University, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences,90 Panduri Avenue, Bucharest, Romania
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 127 ( 2014 ) 240 244 Abstract PSIWORLD 2013 The role of gender in the formation of vocational interests
More informationComparative aspects of sensory profiling and consumer tests for food and non-food products. Agnès Giboreau
Comparative aspects of sensory profiling and consumer tests for food and non-food products Agnès Giboreau a.giboreau@adriant.com Contents of the presentation Introduction Comparison of sensory use in Fd
More informationHoward Sheth Model. The model claims that a person s purchase decision is often influenced by more than one individuals.
Howard Sheth Model The Howard Sheth theory of buyer behaviour is a sophisticated integration of the various social, psychological and marketing influences on consumer. The model claims that a person s
More informationNational Culture Dimensions and Consumer Digital Piracy: A European Perspective
National Culture Dimensions and Consumer Digital Piracy: A European Perspective Abstract Irena Vida, irena.vida@ef.uni-lj.si Monika Kukar-Kinney, mkukarki@richmond.edu Mateja Kos Koklič, mateja.kos@ef.uni-lj.si
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 156 ( 2014 ) 83 87
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 156 ( 2014 ) 83 87 19th International Scientific Conference; Economics and Management 2014, ICEM 2014,
More informationYou may also find these links useful: Sensory Play.
You may also find these links useful: Sensory Play http://fis.torbay.gov.uk/kb5/torbay/fsd/advice.page?id=dv6cqhnfgtu https://www.sense.org.uk/get-support/information-and-advice/support-forchildren/play-toolkits/
More informationTHE ROLE OF A HOTEL WELLNESS CENTER IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series II: Forestry Wood Industry Agricultural Food Engineering Vol. 7 (56) No. 2-2014 THE ROLE OF A HOTEL WELLNESS CENTER IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNO
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Design 3.1. Research Framework Design 3.1.3 Research Instrument 3.1.4 Validity of Questionnaire 3.1.5 Statistical Measurement
More informationThe Design Factors of Cosmetic Packaging Textures for Conveying Feelings
Asian Social Science; Vol. 13, No. 10; 2017 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Design Factors of Cosmetic Packaging Textures for Conveying Feelings
More informationThe Influence of Hedonic versus Utilitarian Consumption Goals on the Compromise Effect. Abstract
The Influence of Hedonic versus Utilitarian Consumption Goals on the Compromise Effect Abstract This article reports the effects of hedonic versus utilitarian consumption goals on consumers choices between
More informationEMOTIONS, GENDER AND DESTINATION VISITATION INTENTIONS
EMOTIONS, GENDER AND DESTINATION VISITATION INTENTIONS Christopher J White Glion Institute of Higher Education Rue de l' Ondine 20 1630 Bulle Switzerland Tel: +41 26 919 7838 Fax: +41 26 919 7839 white@glion.ch
More informationIncreasing African-American Tourism in South Carolina. Simon Hudson
Increasing African-American Tourism in South Carolina Simon Hudson Agenda Background to study Methodology Key findings from focus groups and interviews Key findings from surveys Moving forward Background
More informationINFLUENCING FACTORS ON CREATIVE TOURISTS' REVISITING INTENTIONS: THE ROLES OF MOTIVATION, EXPERIENCE AND PERCEIVED VALUE
Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2013 INFLUENCING FACTORS ON CREATIVE TOURISTS' REVISITING INTENTIONS: THE ROLES OF MOTIVATION, EXPERIENCE AND PERCEIVED VALUE Lan-lan Chang
More informationDiscovering Diversity Profile Individual Report
Individual Report Respondent Name Monday, November 13, 2006 This report is provided by: Integro Leadership Institute 1380 Wilmington Pike, Suite 113B West Chester PA 19382 Toll Free (866) 468-3476 Phone
More informationThoughts on perfecting leisure and fitness service in Chinese urban communities Songbo He
4th International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (IEESASM 2016) Thoughts on perfecting leisure and fitness service in Chinese urban communities
More informationTwo Sides of the Coin. Lecture Preview. Is this an illusion? Why? Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 2/e
Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 2/e Scott O. Lilienfeld Steven Jay Lynn Laura Namy Nancy J. Woolf Chapter Four Sensation and Perception: How We Sense & Conceptualize the World Prepared by Caleb
More informationOur previous accounts of perceptual experience accepted the phenomenal principle:
PHL340 Handout 3: Representationalism 1 Representationalism and the Phenomenal Principle An experience s representational content is the way the world must be if the experience is to be veridical. Representationalism
More informationPSIWORLD Gina Chiriac a*
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 127 ( 2014 ) 902 906 PSIWORLD 2013 Relational perspective with regard to problem formulation Gina Chiriac
More informationBeyond the evidence of our senses: exploring the latest research in visual and tactile perception
Beyond the evidence of our senses: exploring the latest research in visual and tactile perception Tim Froggett Visiting Marketing Scholar, Anglia Ruskin University Chief Marketing Officer, PubLAB, www.publab.co.uk
More informationPalgrave Advances in Behavioral Economics. Series Editor John F. Tomer Co-Editor, Jl of Socio-Economics Manhattan College Riverdale, USA
Palgrave Advances in Behavioral Economics Series Editor John F. Tomer Co-Editor, Jl of Socio-Economics Manhattan College Riverdale, USA This ground breaking series is designed to make available in book
More informationTHE ROLE OF MOA FRAMEWORK ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TOURIST BEHAVIORAL INTENTION
THE ROLE OF MOA FRAMEWORK ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TOURIST BEHAVIORAL INTENTION Wann-Yih Wu Chinese Culture University / National Cheng Kung University 1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan. Phone:
More informationProposal for a cognitive model to the treatment of pathological gambling
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012) 742 746 PSIWORLD 2011 Proposal for a cognitive model to the treatment of pathological gambling Steliana Rizeanu a, b * a University of Bucharest, Faculty
More informationBodily Expression: Selfperception, internal and external effects and their meaning for communication and interaction
Bodily Expression: Selfperception, internal and external effects and their meaning for communication and interaction Dear audience, dear students and colleagues, In my lecture I shall introduce the complex
More informationCONCEPTS GUIDE. Improving Personal Effectiveness With Versatility
CONCEPTS GUIDE Improving Personal Effectiveness With Versatility TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction...1 The SOCIAL STYLE MODEL TM...1 Where Did Your Style Come From?...1 SOCIAL STYLE and Versatility Work...
More information