Methodology & Research
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1 Methodology & Research
2 Scientific Methods Psychologists conduct studies to determine why people behave the way they do in different situations under different circumstances Psychological studies provide broad scientific information about what we do, why we do it, and what changes go on during the process. The goal of psychologists is to remain objective in their studies.
3 Purpose of Research Many studies investigate our perceptions and the different forces that shape them. Ex: stereotypes What is a stereotype? How do we form them? How can research help to dispel or perpetuate stereotypes?
4 Types of Research Experiments Survey Secondary analysis Case study Participant observation
5 Conducting an Experiment Experiments involve collection of data in a lab or controlled setting Data collected in a laboratory and/or controlled setting Advantages: research can be replicated variables can be controlled Disadvantages: Difficult to record authentic results Limited number of variables
6 Methodology Terms Placebo What is it? How does it work? KXBKk Double-blind study What is it? What is the purpose of doing it? Advantages/Disadvantages
7 Conducting an Experiment Formulating a Hypothesis What is it based on? Selecting Subjects Who are they? How are they selected?
8 Conducting an Experiment Variables What are they? What is a hidden variable How can they affect an experiment?
9 Conducting an Experiment Independent Variable= the factor that the experimenter manipulates or changes in a study Dependent Variable = the factor in a study that changes or varies as a result of changes in the independent variable.
10 Experimenting Outside the Lab Field Study Experimental group vs. control group What is the purpose of each
11 Survey Characteristics of survey research population group of people with certain characteristics sample group of people representing a population representative sample sample the accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole
12 Survey Characteristics of survey research Which is the best way to achieve a representative sample? A. random selection B. researcher choosing a sample that best represents the population C. having individuals volunteer to participate in the research
13 Survey Gathering information questionnaire written series of questions that participants answer themselves interview the researcher asks the participants the questions and records the answers
14 Survey Closed-ended questions a limited set of responses are given as answers to a question example: St. Viator does a good job in forming a student s faith strongly disagree strongly agree
15 Survey Open-ended questions the participant answers the question in her/his own words example: How well does St. Viator develop faith in its students?
16 Naturalistic Observation Occurs when researchers secretly observe the subjects of the study animal or human in daily activity carefully recording their behavior. Advantages? Disadvantages?
17 Interviews Research method where subjects are met with in person and asked questions Advantages? Disadvantages?
18 Case Study Developing information about a person s long-term background, in many cases for the purpose of psychological treatment. Gives psychologists an overall sense of how a person approaches problems and what his or her general feelings are Advantages? Disadvantages?
19 Psychological Tests Objective methods for observation and measurement of subjects in various areas, such as intelligence. IQ test Advantages? Disadvantages?
20 Secondary Analysis Using pre-collected data in your research Practical & time saving Examples: census numbers prison data attendance figures unemployment data
21 Case Study Thorough investigation of a specific group/incident Advantages: wealth of information better understanding of group behavior Disadvantages: Time results may not apply to similar groups hard to duplicate
22 Participant Observation Method where the researcher becomes a member of the group being studied group may or may not be aware of the researcher Advantages: first hand knowledge of group behavior Disadvantages: group may act different if aware of researcher depending on subject matter, researcher may be in danger
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