Adolescent Physical Activity: Does Implementation Intention Have a Role?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Adolescent Physical Activity: Does Implementation Intention Have a Role?"

Transcription

1 Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2010, 7, Human Kinetics, Inc. Adolescent Physical Activity: Does Implementation Intention Have a Role? Vaughan Roberts, Ralph Maddison, Jane Magnusson, and Harry Prapavessis Background: The current study tested the utility of an integrated social cognitive model to predict physical activity (PA) intentions and behavior in New Zealand adolescents. Method: Seventy-two adolescents (mean age = 16.92, SD = 0.66) completed measures consistent with the integrated model (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control [PBC], goal intention, task-efficacy, barrier efficacy, and implementation intention). Pedometer data (Yamax SW200 pedometer) were collected for 7 days, and a self-report 7-day recall questionnaire was administered at the end of this week. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the contribution of the model to PA goal intention, implementation intention, self-reported and objective PA. Results: The integrated model accounted for 41% of goal intention, 33% of implementation intention, and 41% and 18% of subjectively and objectively measured PA, respectively. PBC had the strongest association with goal intention whereas attitude had the strongest association with implementation intention. Task-efficacy made the greatest contribution to objectively measured PA, whereas implementation intention had the strongest association with subjectively measured PA. Conclusion: These findings have implications regarding PA measurement in adolescent populations, and suggest that social cognitive variables play an important role in adolescent PA. Recommendations for future research are discussed. Keywords: youth, children, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory Despite the documented health benefits of regular physical activity (PA) 1 various international surveys have consistently found insufficient levels of PA among children and adolescents. 2,3 In New Zealand, only 11% of adolescents (12 18 years) meet physical activity guidelines (perform at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA daily). 2 Inactivity is particularly prevalent in boys and girls of Pacific Island ethnicity. 4 These alarming rates of youth inactivity have important short and long term health implications considering PA behavior patterns developed in childhood track into adulthood. 5 Promoting PA in youth may help diminish the growing inactivity rates in adulthood, enabling individuals to experience lifelong health benefits. To develop interventions to enhance PA participation research has focused on the determinants of PA, and in particular the psychosocial processes underlying the behavior. Various theoretical approaches have been developed and applied to understand the psychosocial factors related to PA. Of these, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 6 has received the most empirical scrutiny. Roberts and Maddison are with the Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Magnusson is with the Dept of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Prapavessis is with the School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. According to the TPB, goal intention (intent or drive to perform the behavior) and perceived behavioral control (PBC the control one has over the behavior and the extent that nonvolitional factors interfere with attempts to perform the behavior) are the proximal determinants of PA. Goal intention is predicted by attitude (the strength of an individual s beliefs about potential future outcomes and one s feelings, positive or negative, about the outcomes), 7 subjective norm (perceived expectations of significant others in regard to the behavior in question) and PBC. 6 Research has generally shown that the TPB variables predict PA goal intentions in adolescent populations. 8,9 Despite these findings, 8,9 goal intentions typically explain less than 10% of the variance of self-reported 10,11 and objectively measured PA. 12 In contrast, research in adults has generally supported a modest positive relationship between goal intentions and behavior, with TPB variables accounting for approximately 56% of the response variance in PA, with intention the strongest contributor. 13 It has been suggested that unlike adults, children and young adolescents may have difficulty translating goal intentions into behavior due to inexperienced self-regulation skills, greater external barriers, and less control over performing the behavior. 10,11 To improve the understanding and explained variance of PA, researchers have proposed integrating various social cognitive models. 14,15 This approach suggests that rather than pit one model against another, key 497

2 498 Roberts et al constructs from different social cognitive models should be considered together. 14,15 For instance, researchers have incorporated Self-Efficacy Theory, Self-determination Theory, and the Transtheoretical model into the TPB to study intention and PA behavior in adolescents The addition of self-efficacy in particular, increased prediction of goal intentions to be active and PA behavior. 19 Because of the conceptual similarities between PBC and self-efficacy researchers have argued against including both constructs within the same model. 20 This argument is based on the fact that both constructs include elements of control. However, others have argued that although PBC and self-efficacy are thematically similar constructs, they are nevertheless conceptually different and measure different aspects of control. 19,21 In terms of similarities, both self-efficacy and PBC have been theorized to incorporate elements of both internal and external control. For self-efficacy, internal control aspects have been labeled task efficacy, and defined as peoples beliefs in their capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to exercise control over task demands. 22 External control aspects have been labeled barrier, coping or self-regulatory efficacy, defined as peoples beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over events that effect their lives. 23 With respect to PBC, internal control represents the individual s own ability to exert control over the target behavior, while external control represents barriers to performing the target behavior that exist in the individual s environment. 21 In terms of differences, PBC items are general in nature, whereas self-efficacy items are more specific and precise. For instance, it has been recommended that the optimal measurement of internal (ie, task) self-efficacy should include an assessment of both the strength and the magnitude of the efficacious belief 13 (eg, How confident are you that you can complete 10 minutes of physical exercise at a light intensity level, 3 times next week ). Traditional PBC items posited to measure internal control such as, I believe I have the ability to regularly exercise in the next 2 weeks, do neither of these things. Given these conceptual differences, incorporating self-efficacy into an integrated TPB model has the potential to provide a more comprehensive understanding of PA intention and behavior. Overall, research has shown that self-efficacy has provided unique and additional amounts of explained variance in goal intentions and PA over that of the TPB variables. 21,24 Notwithstanding these previous findings, disparity still exists between goal intention and PA behavior. 25 Strong intentions to act do not necessarily translate to behavior. Implementation intention (specifying when, where, and how the behavior will be performed) has been proposed as the necessary link between goal intention and behavior. 26 Whereas goal intentions focus on the outcome and involve working toward a set end point, implementation intentions focus on the process of achieving the goal. 25 Researchers have examined both the moderating and mediating effect of implementation intentions on the goal intention-pa relationship in adult populations, with encouraging results; 27 however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the effect of implementation intentions on this relationship in an adolescent population. Therefore, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the contributions of variables from an integrated social cognitive model (Figure 1) on goal intention, implementation intention, and PA in NZ adolescents. The model being tested included both subjective and objective PA measures. Research is required to determine whether associations between social cognitive variables and PA behavior differ according to the PA measurement approach used. A secondary aim was to investigate the role of implementation intention on the goal intention-behavior relationship. Participants Method Participants were 72 adolescents (males = 34, 47%) from a high school in Auckland, NZ, aged between 16 and 19 years (mean = 16.92, SD = 0.66), and predominantly of Pacific Island (78%) and Māori (indigenous; 18%) ethnicity. According to the Cole 28 international cut off criteria, participants were overweight (BMI = 28.63kg/m 2, SD = 5.71, range kg/m 2 ). BMI did not differ by age, gender, or ethnicity. Measures of Integrated Model Variables All items were constructed to ensure suitability for an adolescent sample, and were tested for comprehensibility in a sample of 23 adolescents before use in this study. TPB-based items were developed according to Ajzen s recommendations, 29 while other items were adapted from previous TPB research. 8,9 As the items referred to regular physical activity, the following definition was provided. Regular physical activity involves frequent, preferably daily, participation in things like playing individual or team sports, cycling or walking to school, working out at the gym, for at least 60 minutes in total. When answering the following questions, consider only those activities that will make you sweat, increase your breathing rate, and make your legs feel tired. Attitude toward PA was assessed using 6 semantic differential scales, which included both instrumental (eg, harmful beneficial) and affective (eg, enjoyable nonenjoyable) components of attitude. The scales followed the statement For me to take part in regular PA during the next week is... and participants were instructed to tick 1 of 5 lines on each scale. The scale displayed a high degree of internal consistency (α =.86). Subjective norm was assessed using 6 items, which assessed both injunctive and descriptive norm domains. The injunctive norm items assessed one s perception

3 Figure 1 An integrated model: the TPB with self-efficacy, and proposed role of implementation intention. 499

4 500 Roberts et al of whether their social network approves/disapproves of the desired behavior (ie, People who are important to me want me to participate in regular physical activities over the next week ). The 3 descriptive norm items assessed whether important others (eg, mum and dad, grandparents, other family, friends, teachers etc) perform the behavior (eg, my mum/dad [or guardian] participate in physical activities regularly ). The scale displayed a good level of internal consistency (α =.78). Perceived behavioral control (PBC) was measured using 6 items that assessed both the external and internal aspects of PBC. The 3 external items assessed participant s appraisal of the amount of control they have over the behavior (eg, I have control over whether I do regular physical activities during the next week ). The 3 internal items reflected the participant s confidence to perform the behavior (eg, I would find it easy to take part in regular physical activities during the next week ). The internal consistency for this scale was acceptable (α =.75). Task-efficacy was assessed with 9 items, adapted from The Self-Efficacy Scale. 30 Participants rated their confidence to perform PA at increasing intensity levels (light, moderate, and vigorous) and increasing time periods (10, 30 and 60 minutes), on scales ranging from 0% ( I am not confident at all ) to 100% ( I am completely confident ). An example would be I am XX % confident that I can walk for XX minutes at a light intensity without stopping. Higher scores were indicative of greater self-efficacy to participate in PA at high intensity and duration. The task-efficacy scale displayed a high level of internal consistency (α = 0.97). Barrier efficacy was measured using 6 items, adapted from the Barrier Efficacy Scale. 30 Participants rated their confidence to perform PA in the face of certain barriers (eg, bad weather, tiredness), on a scale ranging from 0% ( I am not confident at all ) to 100% (I am completely confident ). An example would be that I am XX % confident that I could take part in regular physical activity even if I was tired. Higher scores indicated greater efficacy to participate in PA despite barriers. Internal consistency for barrier efficacy was high (α =.87). Goal intention was assessed using 4 items, which asked participants to rate their level of intent to perform PA in the following week (eg, I intend to take part in regular PA next week ) on 5-point Likert scales. Higher scores indicated greater intent to be physically active. The goal intention scale displayed a good level of internal consistency (α =.78). Implementation intention was assessed by 4 items, adapted from previous research. 31 Participants indicated the extent to which they had formed a detailed plan regarding when, where, how and how often to do PA in the next week, on Likert-type scales ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (completely). Higher scores indicated increased likelihood of a plan regarding PA in the next week. Internal consistency for implementation intention was high (α =.95). An overall measure of each integrated model variable was generated from the mean of its items. Physical activity behavior was assessed both objectively by pedometer and subjectively by self-report. The Yamax SW200 pedometer was used and has been identified as one of the most accurate pedometers available, measuring step counts within 1% of actual steps at walking pace. 32 Subjectively measured PA was assessed with the PA Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-A) 33, a selfadministered 7-day recall questionnaire intended to assess habitual moderate to vigorous PA in older children. The PAQ-A consists of 10 items which ask participants to rate the amount of PA performed over the previous week and has been used in adolescent PA research. 34 Internal consistency for the PAQ-A in the current study was high (α =.86). Procedures A convenience sample from a high school with a large Māori and Pacific Island population was recruited. This approach was taken because obesity/pa issues are a particular concern in NZ for these populations and there is a dearth of social cognitive research in these ethnic groups. All study procedures and related documents were approved by the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee. With consent from the school principal, a researcher made contact with the students via a designated teacher, and completed study procedures over 3 sessions, each 1 week apart. Session one involved providing written and verbal information and obtaining informed consent. In session two, participants completed measures of the integrated model (attitude, subjective norm, PBC, task and barrier efficacy, goal intentions, and implementation intentions), and received a Yamax SW200 pedometer, which they were instructed to wear on their right hip, during all waking hours over 7 days. Exceptions to this rule were (a) all water sports and showering and (b) playing rugby or rugby league (participants were encouraged to wear the pedometer when playing all other sports). Participants data were withdrawn from the analysis if the pedometer was worn for less than 3 days as previous research found reliable pedometer data from 3 days of recording. 35 Each pedometer was coded with a unique identification code and sealed to prevent tampering. Height and weight were measured. At session three, pedometer step counts were recorded, and participants completed the PAQ-A, 33 before being thanked and debriefed. Researchers administered all questionnaires and were available to assist students with completion as required. Descriptive Findings Results Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations for all variables are presented in Table 1. Mean values for goal intention, attitude, subjective norm, and PBC were high. Attitude and subjective norm were positively skewed, and subject to logarithmic transformation. 36

5 Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of All Variables of Interest Variable Mean SD 1. Attitude **.22.27*.24*.39**.30* Subjective norm 1.64**.47**.47**.17.28*.28* Perceived behavioral control 1.62**.52**.20*.29*.28* Goal intention 1.45** ** Self-efficacy 1.69**.48**.40**.33** Barrier efficacy 1.42**.36**.29* Implementation intention 1.60**.24* Subjective physical activity 1.35** Objective physical activity (counts per day) * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 501

6 502 Roberts et al Physical Activity Goal Intention A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis with goal intention as the dependent variable was conducted (Table 2). Consistent with the integrated model, variables were entered in the following manner: Step 1 PBC, attitude, and subjective norm; and Step 2 barrier efficacy and self-efficacy. Step 1 variables explained 39% of the variance in goal intention. The 2 efficacy measures did not significantly increase the response variance. When all variables were entered in the model, only PBC made a significant and unique contribution to goal intention. Physical Activity Implementation Intention A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was also conducted with implementation intention as the dependent variable (Table 3). Variables were entered in the following manner: Step 1 goal intention; Step 2 PBC, attitude, and subjective norm; and Step 3 barrier efficacy and self-efficacy. At Step 1 goal intention only explained 2% of the response variance. At Step 2, the 3 TPB measures contributed an additional 18% of response variance. At Step 3, the 2 efficacy measures contributed an additional 13% response variance. When all variables were entered in the model, only attitude made a significant and unique contribution to implementation intention. Physical Activity Behavior Two separate hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for subjective (see Table 4) and objective (see Table 5) measures of PA. To determine the direct effect of the social cognitive variables on behavior, the variables in the analyses were entered with the most Table 2 Linear Multiple Regression for Physical Activity Goal Intention Variables Beta t R R 2 F Sig. F change Step 1 Perceived behavioral control *** Attitude Subjective norm Step 2 Perceived behavioral control *** Attitude Subjective norm Barrier efficacy Task efficacy *** P <.001. Table 3 Linear Multiple Regression for Physical Activity Implementation Intention Variables Beta t R R 2 F Sig. F change Step 1 Goal intention Step 2 Goal intention Perceived behavioral control Attitude ** Subjective norm Step 3 Goal intention Perceived behavioral control Attitude ** Subjective norm Barrier efficacy Task efficacy ** P <.01.

7 Adolescent Physical Activity 503 Table 4 Linear Multiple Regression for Subjectively Measured Physical Activity Behavior Variables Beta t R R 2 F Sig. F change Step 1 Implementation intention *** Step 2 Implementation intention *** Goal intention * Step 3 Implementation intention *** Goal intention * Perceived behavioral control Step 4 Implementation intention *** Goal intention Perceived behavioral control Barrier efficacy Task efficacy *P <.05; ***P <.001. Table 5 Linear Multiple Regression for Objectively Measured Physical Activity Behavior Variables Beta t R R 2 F Sig. F change Step 1 Implementation intention * Step 2 Implementation intention Goal intention Step 3 Implementation intention * Goal intention Perceived behavioral control Step 4 Implementation intention Goal intention Perceived behavioral control Barrier efficacy Task efficacy * * P < proximal theoretical variables first: Step 1 implementation intention; Step 2 goal intention; Step 3 PBC; and Step 4 barrier efficacy and self-efficacy. Subjectively Measured Physical Activity. Implementation intention explained 35% of the variance in self-reported PA. The addition of goal intention significantly increased the amount of variance explained to 40%. PBC, self-efficacy, and barrier efficacy did not significantly increase the response variance (Table 4). When all the variables were entered in the model, only implementation intention emerged to make a significant and unique contribution to PA. Objectively Measured Physical Activity. Implementation intention explained 6% of the variance in objectively measured PA. The addition of goal intention and PBC did not significantly increase the response variance. Self-efficacy and barrier efficacy significantly increased the amount of variance in behavior explained to 18%.

8 504 Roberts et al When all variables were entered in the model, only task self-efficacy made a significant and unique contribution to objective behavior (Table 5). Additional regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of potential confounding variables, age, gender, and ethnicity. Variables were entered with age, gender, and ethnicity first, followed by the theoretical variables as described above. No confounding effects were found on any of the dependant variables. Test for Moderation To provide a full test of moderation separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were computed using subjectively and objectively measured PA, respectively as the dependent variables. The variables were entered into the regression model in the following order: Step 1 goal intention, Step 2 implementation intention, and Step 3 the interaction term of goal intention by implementation intention. The interaction term did not add to the prediction of objective [F(1, 68) =.66, P =.42] or subjective [F(1, 68) =.03, P =.86] PA, thus the moderator hypothesis 37 was not supported. Test for Mediation The researchers sought to examine whether implementation intention mediated the intention-pa relationship, however because goal intention did not predict the mediator variable (implementation intention; β =.15, P =.20), the first criterion as outlined by Baron and Kenny 37 for mediation could not be met. Hence, mediation was not supported. Discussion Consistent with previous research, 9 PBC made the strongest contribution to goal intention, which suggests that adolescents perceptions of control over their activity is an important factor in understanding their intent. Contrary to predictions, and previous research, 8 attitude was not associated with goal intention, whereas the effect of subjective norm on goal intention approached statistical significance. Most research with adolescent populations has established subjective norm as the weakest predictor of goal intentions in the TPB model, 8,9 however recent research has found support for the subjective norm-intention relationship. 10,38 Recent research 10 found subjective norm to be the strongest predictor of intention in a sample of African-American children (age 9 to 12), whereas others 38 found a stronger effect of subjective norm on intention than that of attitude in a sample of New Zealand 11 to 12 year olds. Given these findings, it is possible that the importance of social norms may differ by population. The current sample comprised of Māori and Pacific adolescents who both consider the family unit as more important than the individual. 39 The importance of social norms to other minority groups is worthy of future research. It is also possible that the relative contribution of social norms to intention may vary according to the age of the sample. For example, the effect of social norms may diminish as age increases, with children and younger adolescents more reliant on, and influenced by different social factors than older adolescents. 9 Contrary to prediction and previous literature, 11 task and barrier efficacy did not contribute to goal intention. However, recent research 37 found that these 2 self-efficacy variables were not strong predictors of goal intention, in a younger sample of NZ children. These results suggest that compared with PBC, neither task nor barrier efficacy were salient constructs for the formation of PA goal intentions. Again, the greater importance of external and social influences in Māori and Pacific cultures, and less emphasis on the self, may have influenced these findings. In this case, when perceptions of control were positive, the intent to partake in PA was also positive, regardless of self-efficacy levels. With respect to implementation intention, only attitude made a significant and unique contribution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show such an association in an adolescent population. According to Gollwitzer, 25 the strongest predictor of implementation intention is goal intention. However, in contrast to adult studies, 31,40 goal intention was not associated with implementation intention (β = 0.15, P =.20) in this study. This finding may reflect the different perceptions adolescents have compared with adult populations. Specifically, the implementation intention items asked participants about when, where, and how PA will be performed; however it is not clear what activities the participants considered when answering these questions. It is possible that they only considered more structured activities such as physical education, sports practices etc., rather than incidental activity (eg, walking to school, work after school etc.) as traditionally reported by adults. The former activities may involve intent but no volition; as opposed to the latter activities which include both. With respect to PA, differences were found between the self-reported and objectively measured behaviors. Implementation intention explained 30% of the 41% variance in self-reported PA, whereas implementation intention explained 6% of the variance in objective behavior. Both the self-efficacy variables added (12%) to the contribution of pedometer-derived activity, with task efficacy emerging as a unique contributor. I These findings suggest that different psychological constructs (eg, implementation intention, self-efficacy) may be salient dependant on the nature of the behavior being assessed. The PAQ-A asks participants to respond to frequency of moderate to vigorous PA, but does not capture time spent in light activity, whereas a pedometer captures all forms of ambulatory activity (irrespective of intensity) throughout the day. Moreover, much of the PA assessed using the PAQ-A could be considered structured either by time (ie, during PE class, straight after school) or by activity (ie, physical education, sports teams); therefore participants are more likely to remember and report such activities, and forget the spontaneous, unstructured activities in which they partake. This issue is further

9 Adolescent Physical Activity 505 underscored by the mild to moderate size correlation found between the PA measures (r =.35, P <.01). Given these differences in PA measurement, it is not surprising that different social cognitive variables correlate with different behavioral activities. The importance of implementation intentions and goal intention to understanding self-reported behavior may reflect the more structured or defined nature of PA assessed with the PAQ-A (ie, recess, lunch, after school, etc). In contrast, results suggest that adolescents with greater efficacious beliefs to perform incrementallevels of activity perform greater amounts of habitual PA (pedometer step counts). Such individuals are more likely to engage in PA in both structured and unstructured settings. Whereas the pedometer captures all activities, unstructured activities are less likely to be recalled by the PAQ-A. Consistent with previous research 38 task-efficacy made the strongest contribution to the variance of pedometer-derived activity. Previous research has shown that self-efficacy differentiated physical activity related energy expenditure in Canadian children. Specifically, children with higher efficacious beliefs performed more activity and expended more energy than their less efficacious counterparts. In contrast task-efficacy was unrelated to self-reported PA, which is inconsistent with previous adolescent research. 11 Interestingly, PBC was unrelated to the PA measures. These findings, taken in concert, provide further evidence for treating PBC and self-efficacy as thematically similar but nevertheless conceptually different constructs. Implementation intention had the strongest association with self-reported PA but was also related to objectively measured PA (albeit reduced when taskefficacy was included). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to provide support for the role of implementation intentions to PA among adolescents. Previous research found no direct effect of implementation intentions on smoking behavior in 12 to 13 year old adolescents. 41 Although this study was conducted in a NZ-specific minority population group, these findings suggest that older adolescents do make and implement plans to be active, and there is little reason to suggest that implementation intentions would not be salient in a general population. As well as the direct effect of implementation intention on PA, this study also sought to determine the moderating and mediating effect of implementation intention on the goal intention-behavior relationship. Unlike previous adult research 31,40 no evidence for either moderation or mediation was found. This is the first study to test goal intentions, implementation intentions, and PA in an adolescent population and it may be that the more volatile nature of adolescent cognitions, compared with adults, may decrease the likelihood of finding associations between variables otherwise considered to be linked. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between implementation intentions and PA in adolescent populations. Pedometer-derived daily step counts (mean = 9421, SD = 3615) in this study were considerably less than the recommendations of Tudor-Locke et al 42 for children, and the 10,000 steps typically referred to in adult studies. Participants were also on average overweight according to the Cole criteria, 28 which suggests participants may not be performing sufficient levels of PA. In NZ, Māori and Pacific Island youth are considered to be less active than their non-māori /non-pacific peers. Identifying correlates, and understanding the psychological processes associated with PA participation, is fundamental if effective interventions are to be developed; however there is a dearth of social cognitive research among Māori and Pacific populations. Findings indicate that TPB and selfefficacy variables are important in understanding PA in these groups. More research is needed to understand the impact of social and cultural values to participation in activities as well as the type of activities these groups participate in. Findings from this study should be interpreted with the following limitations in mind. First, the small sample size of the study was below the initial size targeted to achieve 80% power, and limits the study s ability to be generalized to other populations. Second, this is a crosssectional study and causation cannot be inferred. Third, the PAQ-A is a 7-day recall questionnaire and subject to recall bias and memory recall issues. 33 And finally, the pedometer was unable to capture PA during water activities and rugby or rugby league, and thus, objective data may underestimate PA for participants whose primary exercise involved such activities. In conclusion, the integrated model accounted for 41% of goal intention, 33% of implementation intention, and 41% and 18% of subjectively measured and objectively measured PA, respectively. Different integrated model variables were salient dependent on the method of physical activity assessment. Future research employing objective PA measures in combination with self-reported PA will provide a broader representation of adolescent PA, and enable more comprehensive understanding of the interaction between social cognitive variables and PA. Changes in these psychological processes may mediate interventions to increase PA and should be considered not only in the development of interventions but also in the measurement of outcomes. Notes I Previous authors have argued for the role of past behavior as a predictor of physical activity. Past behavior was examined in this study; however, as it is not a modifiable variable, and therefore cannot be a focus of future interventions, it was not included in the analyses. References 1. Faulkner GEJ, Taylor AH. Exercise, Health and Mental Health: Emerging Relationships. Oxon: Routledge; 2005.

10 506 Roberts et al 2. Adolescent Health Research Group. Youth 07: The Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand. Initial Findings. Auckland: The University of Auckland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Vol 55; SPARC. New Zealand sport and activity surveys. SPARC facts Accessed December, Gordon-Larsen P, Nelson MC, Popkin BM. Longitudinal physical activity and sedentary behaviour trends: adolescence to adulthood. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(4): Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In: Kuhl J, Beckamn J, eds. Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior. Heidelberg: Springer; 1985: Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50: Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle S, Orbell S. Antecedents of children s physical activity intentions and behaviour: predictive validity and longitudinal effects. Psychol Health. 2001;16: Mummery WK, Spence JC, Hudec JC. Understanding physical activity intention in Canadian school children and youth: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(2): Martin JJ, Kulinna PA, McCaughtry N, Cothran D, Dake J, Fahoome G. The theory of planned behaviour: predicting physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in African American children. J Sport Exer Psychol. 2005;27: Motl RW, Dishman RK, Saunders RP, et al. Examining social-cognitive determinants of intention and physical activity among black and white adolescent girls using structural equation modeling. American psychological Association. 2002;21(5): Trost SG, Saunders RP, Ward DS. Determinants of physical activity in middle school children. Am J Health Behav. 2002;26(2): Blue CL. Theory of planned behaviour and self-efficacy and exercise behaviour in blue-collar workers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 1997;57(11-B): Brawley LR. The practicality of using social psychological theories for exercise and health research and intervention. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1993;5: Maddux JE. Social cognitive models of health and exercise behavior: an introduction and review of conceptual issues. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1993;5: Norman P, Conner M, Bell R. The theory of planned behaviour and exercise: evidence for the moderating role of past behaviour. Br J Health Psychol. 2000;5: Courneya KS, Bobick TM. Integrating the theory of planned behavior with the processes and stages of change in the exercise domain. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2000;1(1): Hagger MS, Armitage CJ. The influence of perceived loci of control and causality in the theory of planned behaviour in a leisure-time exercise context. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2004;9(1): Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle S. A metaanalytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. J Sport Exer Psychol. 2002;24: Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company; Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle S. The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. J Sports Sci. 2001;19: Bandura A. Reflections on nonability determinants of competence. In: Sternberg RJ, Kolligran K, eds. Competence Considered. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1990: Bandura A. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psychol. 1989;44: Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle S. A metaanalytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. J Sport Exer Psychol. 2002;24(1): Gollwitzer PM. Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. American Psychological Association. 1999;54(7): Gollwitzer PM. Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In: Stroebe W, Hewstone M, eds. European Review of Social Psychology. Vol 4. Chichester, England: Wiley; 1993: Rise J, Thompson M, Verplanken B. Measuring implementation intentions in the context of the theory of planned behavior. Scand J Psychol. 2003;44: Cole TJ, Bellizzi M. C., Flegal, K.M., Dietz, W.H. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ. 2000;320(7244): Ajzen I. Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. oit.umass.edu/~ajzen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf. Accessed April, McAuley E, Mihalko SL. Measuring Exercise-Related Self- Efficacy. In: Duda JL, ed. Advances in Exercise Psychology Measurement. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. 1998: Norman P, Conner M. The theory of planned behaviour and exercise: evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behaviour relationships. J Sport Exer Psychol. 2005;27: Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Karabulut M, Bassett DR, Jr. Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy cost. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8): Crocker PRE, Bailley DA, Faulkner RA, Kowalski KC, McGrath R. Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29: Crocker PR, Eklund RC, Kowalski KC. Children s physical activity and physical self-perceptions. J Sports Sci. 2000;18: Treuth MS, Sherwood NE, Butte NF, et al. Validity and reliability of activity measures in African-American girls for GEMS. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(3): Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2001.

11 Adolescent Physical Activity Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51: Foley L, Prapavessis H, Maddison R, Burke S, McGowan E, Gillanders L. Predicting physical activity intention and behaviour in school-aged children. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2008;20: O Connor M, Macfarlane A. New Zealand Maori stories and symbols: family value lessons for western counselors. Interntion Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2004;24(4): Sniehotta FF, Scholz U, Schwarzer R. Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise. Psychol Health. 2005;20(2): Higgins A, Conner M. Understanding adolescent smoking: the role of the theory of planned behaviour and implementation intentions. Psychol Health Med. 2003;8(2): Tudor-Locke C, Pangrazi RP, Corbin CB, et al. BMIreferenced standards for recommended pedometerdetermined steps/day in children. Prev Med. 2004;38(6):

Psychological correlates of exercise behavior among adolescents

Psychological correlates of exercise behavior among adolescents Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2007 Psychological correlates of exercise behavior among adolescents Kevin C. Paul Louisiana State University and Agricultural

More information

Adolescent Regular Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity

Adolescent Regular Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Running Head: TPB and adolescent physical activity Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Self and Social Influences in Predicting Adolescent Regular Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity

More information

Motivating children in and out of school: Research findings and practical implications

Motivating children in and out of school: Research findings and practical implications Motivating children in and out of school: Research findings and practical implications The Question Does promoting motivation toward activities in school lead to increased motivation toward activities

More information

The moderating impact of temporal separation on the association between intention and physical activity: a meta-analysis

The moderating impact of temporal separation on the association between intention and physical activity: a meta-analysis PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH & MEDICINE, 2016 VOL. 21, NO. 5, 625 631 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1080371 The moderating impact of temporal separation on the association between intention and physical

More information

Testing the Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Strength Training in Older Adults

Testing the Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Strength Training in Older Adults Original Research Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 2006, 15, 1-12 2006, Human Kinetics, Inc. Testing the Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Strength Training in Older Adults Rachel

More information

Original Research. Planfulness moderates intentions to plan and planning behavior for physical activity

Original Research. Planfulness moderates intentions to plan and planning behavior for physical activity Original Research Journal of Behavioral Health www.scopemed.org DOI: 10.5455/jbh.20150213090349 Planfulness moderates intentions to plan and planning behavior for physical activity Chetan D. Mistry 1,

More information

EPHE 575. Exercise Adherence. To Do. 8am Tuesday Presentations

EPHE 575. Exercise Adherence. To Do. 8am Tuesday Presentations EPHE 575 Exercise Adherence To Do 8am Tuesday Presentations Quiz Find an article on exercise adherence and do an article summary on it. (If you have already checked it off, I will have one for you to fill

More information

Attitude = Belief + Evaluation. TRA/TPB and HBM. Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. TRA: Constructs TRA/TPB

Attitude = Belief + Evaluation. TRA/TPB and HBM. Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. TRA: Constructs TRA/TPB and HBM Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Both focus on rational, cognitive decision-making processes adds the social context to the basic ideas of the HBM 2 TRA: Constructs Behavioral Intention

More information

UNDERSTANDING EXERCISE INTENTIONS AMONG WOMEN EXERCISING IN FITNESS CLASSES: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR

UNDERSTANDING EXERCISE INTENTIONS AMONG WOMEN EXERCISING IN FITNESS CLASSES: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR #0# Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine : 41 47 DOI: 10.18276/cej.2018.1-05 UNDERSTANDING EXERCISE INTENTIONS AMONG WOMEN EXERCISING IN FITNESS CLASSES: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY

More information

Department of Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK

Department of Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK Obesity Volume 2012, Article ID 697563, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/697563 Research Article Functional Movement Is Negatively Associated with Weight Status and Positively Associated with Physical Activity

More information

Models for Involvement in Physical Activity

Models for Involvement in Physical Activity Models for Involvement in Physical Activity Why do people embrace or do not embrace a physical active lifestyle? 1 Typical Undergrad Complaints What s the point? Aren t these all the same? What does this

More information

Understanding Exercise Intention in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Postpartum Women. Danielle Symons Downs The Pennsylvania State University

Understanding Exercise Intention in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Postpartum Women. Danielle Symons Downs The Pennsylvania State University EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 2006, 28, 159-170 2006 Human Kinetics, Inc. Understanding Exercise Intention in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Postpartum Women Danielle Symons

More information

ISSN X (Print) Research Article. *Corresponding author P. Raghu Ramulu

ISSN X (Print) Research Article. *Corresponding author P. Raghu Ramulu Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS) Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(1B):133-137 Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources)

More information

Assessing Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Older Adults. Arunkumar Pennathur, PhD Rohini Magham

Assessing Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Older Adults. Arunkumar Pennathur, PhD Rohini Magham Assessing Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Older Adults BY Arunkumar Pennathur, PhD Rohini Magham Introduction Years 1980-2000 (United Nations Demographic Indicators) 12% increase in people of ages

More information

EXERCISING IN A STRUCTURED VERSUS AN UNSTRUCTURED SETTING: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR. A Thesis Submitted to the College of

EXERCISING IN A STRUCTURED VERSUS AN UNSTRUCTURED SETTING: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR. A Thesis Submitted to the College of EXERCISING IN A STRUCTURED VERSUS AN UNSTRUCTURED SETTING: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of

More information

The Roles of Behavioral and Implementation Intentions in Changing Physical Activity in Young Children With Low Socioeconomic Status

The Roles of Behavioral and Implementation Intentions in Changing Physical Activity in Young Children With Low Socioeconomic Status Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2010, 32, 359-376 2010 Human Kinetics, Inc. The Roles of Behavioral and Implementation Intentions in Changing Physical Activity in Young Children With Low Socioeconomic

More information

Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice

Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice 15 JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE APPLICATIONS & REVIEWS OF RESEARCH Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice Cynthia G.

More information

Measurement of Constructs in Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior. March 26, 2012 Neil Steers, Ph.D.

Measurement of Constructs in Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior. March 26, 2012 Neil Steers, Ph.D. Measurement of Constructs in Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior March 26, 2012 Neil Steers, Ph.D. Importance of measurement in research testing psychosocial models Issues in measurement of psychosocial

More information

2007 Alberta Survey on Physical Activity: A Concise Report

2007 Alberta Survey on Physical Activity: A Concise Report 2007 Alberta Survey on Physical Activity: A Concise Report Jenny Burgess, MA Research Coordinator, Alberta Centre for Active Living Tanya R. Berry, PhD Research Associate, Alberta Centre for Active Living

More information

Martin S. Hagger & Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis

Martin S. Hagger & Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis Transferring motivation from educational to extramural contexts: a review of the trans-contextual model Martin S. Hagger & Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis European Journal of Psychology of Education A Journal

More information

Colon cancer information as a source of exercise motivation

Colon cancer information as a source of exercise motivation Psychology and Health December, 2006; 21(6): 739 755 Colon cancer information as a source of exercise motivation STACEY P. GRAHAM 1, HARRY PRAPAVESSIS 2, & LINDA D. CAMERON 1 1 Department of Psychological

More information

active lives adult survey understanding behaviour Published February 2019

active lives adult survey understanding behaviour Published February 2019 active lives adult survey understanding behaviour Published February 2019 welcome Welcome to an additional Active Lives report. This is not one of our sixmonthly overviews of sport and physical activity

More information

Using the construct of perceived autonomy support to understand social influence within the theory of planned behavior

Using the construct of perceived autonomy support to understand social influence within the theory of planned behavior Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9 (2008) 27 44 www.elsevier.com/locate/psychsport Using the construct of perceived autonomy support to understand social influence within the theory of planned behavior

More information

Exploring the gap between healthy eating intentions and healthy eating behaviours using qualitative in-depth interviews

Exploring the gap between healthy eating intentions and healthy eating behaviours using qualitative in-depth interviews Exploring the gap between healthy eating intentions and healthy eating behaviours using qualitative in-depth interviews Paul Naughton, UCC, TFRC Ashtown Dr Sinéad McCarthy, TFRC Ashtown Dr Mary McCarthy,

More information

ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Konstantinos Alexandris & Vasilis Barkoukis & Charalampos Tsormpatzoudis

ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Konstantinos Alexandris & Vasilis Barkoukis & Charalampos Tsormpatzoudis Eur Rev Aging Phys Act (2007) 4:39 48 DOI 10.1007/s11556-007-0014-1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to

More information

Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise

Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise FALKO F. SNIEHOTTA 1,2, URTE SCHOLZ 2, & RALF SCHWARZER 2 I University

More information

The Prediction of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior in Elderly Male Residents of a Nursing Home: A Comparison of Two Behavioral Theories

The Prediction of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior in Elderly Male Residents of a Nursing Home: A Comparison of Two Behavioral Theories IJMS Vol 37, No 1, March 2012 Original Article The Prediction of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior in Elderly Male Residents of a Nursing Home: A Comparison of Two Behavioral Theories Leila Ghahremani

More information

Exploring the Utility of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework for School-Based Gambling Prevention Programs

Exploring the Utility of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework for School-Based Gambling Prevention Programs Exploring the Utility of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework for School-Based Gambling Prevention Programs Renée A. St-Pierre, Caroline E. Temcheff,, Jeffrey L. Derevensky, & Rina Gupta 16th

More information

Determinants of older adults intentions to vaccinate against influenza: a theoretical application

Determinants of older adults intentions to vaccinate against influenza: a theoretical application Journal of Public Health Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 139 144 doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdl008 Advance Access Publication 26 April 2006 Determinants of older adults intentions to vaccinate against influenza: a theoretical

More information

Meta-Analysis of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior 1

Meta-Analysis of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior 1 Meta-Analysis of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior 1 Running head: Meta-Analysis of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior A Meta-Analytic Review of the Theories of Reasoned

More information

NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Sex Transm Infect. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 June 21.

NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Sex Transm Infect. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 June 21. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Sex Transm Infect. 2012 June ; 88(4): 264 265. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050197. Advertisements promoting HPV vaccine for adolescent

More information

The Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in African American Children

The Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in African American Children Wayne State University Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies College of Education 10-1-2005 The Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in African American

More information

Title: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Texting While Driving Behavior in College Students MS # Manuscript ID GCPI

Title: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Texting While Driving Behavior in College Students MS # Manuscript ID GCPI Title: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Texting While Driving Behavior in College Students MS # Manuscript ID GCPI-2015-02298 Appendix 1 Role of TPB in changing other behaviors TPB has been applied

More information

The Needs of Young People who have a Sibling with Cancer.

The Needs of Young People who have a Sibling with Cancer. This research focussed on exploring the psychosocial needs of young people (aged 12-24) who have a sibling with cancer. The study involved interviewing young people to find out what their needs were and

More information

Self-efficacy and imagery use in older adult exercisers

Self-efficacy and imagery use in older adult exercisers European Journal of Sport Science, December 2006; 6(4): 197 203 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Self-efficacy and imagery use in older adult exercisers NATASCHA N. WESCH, MARCIA I. MILNE, SHAUNA M. BURKE, & CRAIG R.

More information

The Phenomena of Movement pg 3. Physical Fitness and Adolescence pg 4. Fitness as a Lifestyle pg 5. Physical Education and the Student pg 6

The Phenomena of Movement pg 3. Physical Fitness and Adolescence pg 4. Fitness as a Lifestyle pg 5. Physical Education and the Student pg 6 Introduction pg 2 The Phenomena of Movement pg 3 Physical Fitness and Adolescence pg 4 Fitness as a Lifestyle pg 5 Physical Education and the Student pg 6 The Program pg 7 Program Outline pg 8 Proposal

More information

The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people

The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people Journal of Sports Sciences, 2001, 19, 711-725 The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people MARTIN S. HAGGER, * NIKOS CHATZISARANTIS and STUART J.H.

More information

Ian M. Taylor, 1 Nikos Ntoumanis, 2 Martyn Standage, 3 and Christopher M. Spray 1

Ian M. Taylor, 1 Nikos Ntoumanis, 2 Martyn Standage, 3 and Christopher M. Spray 1 Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 010, 3, 99-10 010 Human Kinetics, Inc. Motivational Predictors of Physical Education Students Effort, Exercise Intentions, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity: A

More information

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Psychology of Sport and Exercise Psychology of Sport and Exercise 19 (2015) 23e32 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychology of Sport and Exercise journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychsport The Theory of Planned Behavior

More information

Investigating Motivation for Physical Activity among Minority College Females Using the BREQ-2

Investigating Motivation for Physical Activity among Minority College Females Using the BREQ-2 Investigating Motivation for Physical Activity among Minority College Females Using the BREQ-2 Gherdai Hassel a, Jeffrey John Milroy a, and Muhsin Michael Orsini a Adolescents who engage in regular physical

More information

The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Copyright 2015 Edizioni Luigi Pozzi. Archived with permission of the publisher.

The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Copyright 2015 Edizioni Luigi Pozzi. Archived with permission of the publisher. Title Author(s) Developing and evaluating utility of school-based intervention programs in promoting leisure-time physical activity: An application of the theory of planned behavior Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis,

More information

Diabetes & Exercise: The importance of regular physical activity for. Good Health, One Step at a Time. In this article:

Diabetes & Exercise: The importance of regular physical activity for. Good Health, One Step at a Time. In this article: Focus on CME at the University of Alberta Diabetes : Good Health, One Step at a Time By Rhonda C. Bell, PhD; and Catrine Tudor-Locke, PhD Presented at the Western Canada Nutrition Day, November 2, 2002

More information

Determinants of Oral Health Behavior in different cultures

Determinants of Oral Health Behavior in different cultures Determinants of Oral Health Behavior in different cultures Drs. Yvonne A.B. Buunk-Werkhoven Centre for Applied Research and Innovation in Health Care Studies and Nursing, Hanze University Groningen, University

More information

Abstract. Background: Research findings are equivocal on relations between the psychosocial

Abstract. Background: Research findings are equivocal on relations between the psychosocial Houdmont, J., Clemes, S., Munir, F., Wilson, K., Kerr, R., & Addley, K. (205). Psychosocial work environment and leisure- time physical activity: The Stormont Study. Occupational Medicine, 65, 25-29. doi:0.093/occmed/kqu208

More information

Theory of Planned Behavior: Item response sets and the prediction of physical activity

Theory of Planned Behavior: Item response sets and the prediction of physical activity Theory of Planned Behavior: Item response sets and the prediction of physical activity Edith Nault Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial

More information

Damien Tessier a *, Philippe Sarrazin a, Virginie Nicaise a,b and Jean-Philippe Dupont c. Downloaded by [Damien Damien] at 06:50 10 April 2015

Damien Tessier a *, Philippe Sarrazin a, Virginie Nicaise a,b and Jean-Philippe Dupont c. Downloaded by [Damien Damien] at 06:50 10 April 2015 Psychology & Health, 2015 Vol. 30, No. 5, 583 604, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.996564 The effects of persuasive communication and planning on intentions to be more physically active and on

More information

Impact of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control and intention on risky behaviour on Facebook: A regression analysis

Impact of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control and intention on risky behaviour on Facebook: A regression analysis Page 1 of 18 Impact of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control and intention on risky behaviour on Facebook: A regression analysis Merle Ruppenthal Supervised by: Dr Sara Waring April 2013

More information

An Empirical Study of the Roles of Affective Variables in User Adoption of Search Engines

An Empirical Study of the Roles of Affective Variables in User Adoption of Search Engines An Empirical Study of the Roles of Affective Variables in User Adoption of Search Engines ABSTRACT Heshan Sun Syracuse University hesun@syr.edu The current study is built upon prior research and is an

More information

Comparison of Self- Efficacy in Athlete and Non- Athlete Male Students of Iran and India

Comparison of Self- Efficacy in Athlete and Non- Athlete Male Students of Iran and India International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2014, Vol 1, No.3, 107-111. 107 Available online at http://www.ijims.com ISSN: 2348 0343 Comparison of Self- Efficacy in

More information

Tanya R. Berry, PhD Research Associate, Alberta Centre for Active Living

Tanya R. Berry, PhD Research Associate, Alberta Centre for Active Living Understanding Reported Rates of Physical Activity: Comparing the Results of the Alberta Survey on Physical Activity and Canadian Community Health Survey Tanya R. Berry, PhD Research Associate, Alberta

More information

HAVE YOUNG PEOPLES WEIGHT LOSS DESIRES CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS?

HAVE YOUNG PEOPLES WEIGHT LOSS DESIRES CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS? 7/8 School of Biosciences Wikimedia Commons HAVE YOUNG PEOPLES WEIGHT LOSS DESIRES CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE PAST 1 YEARS? by: David Johns Supervisor: Dr Judy Swift INTRODUCTION Obesity is a growing

More information

A Canonical Correlation Analysis of Physical Activity Parameters and Body Composition Measures in College Students

A Canonical Correlation Analysis of Physical Activity Parameters and Body Composition Measures in College Students American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 017, Vol. 5, No. 4, 64-68 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajssm/5/4/1 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.1691/ajssm-5-4-1 A Canonical Correlation

More information

Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise among Children. ERIC Digest.

Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise among Children. ERIC Digest. ERIC Identifier: ED416204 Publication Date: 1998-01-00 Author: Summerfield, Liane M. Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education Washington DC. Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise

More information

Effects of a Brief Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation

Effects of a Brief Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation 470 / Chatzisarantis and Hagger JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 2005, 27, 470-487 2005 Human Kinetics, Inc. Effects of a Brief Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Leisure-Time

More information

Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup

Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup August, 2002 Volume 4, Issue 2 Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup James Lowther Wimbledon Football Club Selhurst Park Stadium and Andrew Lane & Helen Lane School

More information

Can Exercise Enhance Smoking Cessation Outcomes? A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial (Fit2Quit Study)

Can Exercise Enhance Smoking Cessation Outcomes? A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial (Fit2Quit Study) Can Exercise Enhance Smoking Cessation Outcomes? A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial (Fit2Quit Study) Society for Clinical Trials, 23 May 2012 Dr Yannan Jiang University of Auckland, New Zealand Key

More information

Childhood Healthcare Experience, Healthcare Attitudes, and Optimism as Predictors of Adolescents Healthcare Behavior

Childhood Healthcare Experience, Healthcare Attitudes, and Optimism as Predictors of Adolescents Healthcare Behavior Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Psychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology 2008 Childhood Healthcare Experience, Healthcare Attitudes, and Optimism as Predictors

More information

Testing an extended theory of planned behavior to predict young people s intentions to join a bone marrow donor registry

Testing an extended theory of planned behavior to predict young people s intentions to join a bone marrow donor registry Testing an extended theory of planned behavior to predict young people s intentions to join a bone marrow donor registry Author K. Hyde, Melissa, M. White, Katherine Published 2013 Journal Title Journal

More information

A STUDY ON TEACHER CANDIDATES RECYCLING BEHAVIORS: A MODEL APPROACH WITH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

A STUDY ON TEACHER CANDIDATES RECYCLING BEHAVIORS: A MODEL APPROACH WITH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR ISSN 1308 8971 Special Issue: Selected papers presented at WCNTSE A STUDY ON TEACHER CANDIDATES RECYCLING BEHAVIORS: A MODEL APPROACH WITH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR a Ceren TEKKAYA, b Dilek S. KILIC

More information

Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents. Queen s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents. Queen s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada Diabetes Care In Press, published online May 29, 2007 Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents Received for publication 16 April 2007 and accepted in revised

More information

Explaining binge drinking among adolescent males using the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Explaining binge drinking among adolescent males using the Theory of Planned Behaviour Explaining binge drinking among adolescent males using the Theory of Planned Behaviour Dempster, M., Newell, G., & Marley, J. (2005). Explaining binge drinking among adolescent males using the Theory of

More information

Health-compromising behaviors such. Self-efficacy Moderates the Mediation of Intentions Into Behavior via Plans

Health-compromising behaviors such. Self-efficacy Moderates the Mediation of Intentions Into Behavior via Plans Self-efficacy Moderates the Mediation of Intentions Into Behavior via Plans Sonia Lippke, PhD; Amelie U. Wiedemann, Dipl-Psych; Jochen P. Ziegelmann, PhD; Tabea Reuter, Dipl-Psych; Ralf Schwarzer, PhD

More information

Exploring the Relationship Between Physical Activity Knowledge, Health Outcomes Expectancies, and Behavior

Exploring the Relationship Between Physical Activity Knowledge, Health Outcomes Expectancies, and Behavior Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2011, 8, 404-409 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Exploring the Relationship Between Physical Activity Knowledge, Health Outcomes Expectancies, and Behavior Katie M. Heinrich,

More information

EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR: MODERATION BY INTENTION STABILITY 1

EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR: MODERATION BY INTENTION STABILITY 1 Psychological Reports, 2010, 106, 1, 147-159. Psychological Reports 2010 EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR: MODERATION BY INTENTION STABILITY 1 GASTON GODIN Canada Research Chair

More information

Intention to consent to living organ donation: an exploratory study. Christina Browne B.A. and Deirdre M. Desmond PhD

Intention to consent to living organ donation: an exploratory study. Christina Browne B.A. and Deirdre M. Desmond PhD Intention to consent to living organ donation: an exploratory study Christina Browne B.A. and Deirdre M. Desmond PhD Department of Psychology, John Hume Building, National University of Ireland Maynooth,

More information

Motor coordination as determinant of phys ical activity in children: A 4- year follow-up (6 to 10 years of age)

Motor coordination as determinant of phys ical activity in children: A 4- year follow-up (6 to 10 years of age) Motor coordination as determinant of phys ical activity in children: A 4- year follow-up (6 to 10 years of age) Lopes 1, Vítor P.; Rodrigues, L. P. 2., Maia, J. A. R. 3 ; 1CIDESD, and Polytechnic Institute

More information

Associations between physical activity and weight status with grade-school performance

Associations between physical activity and weight status with grade-school performance Illinois State University ISU ReD: Research and edata Theses and Dissertations 3-19-2015 Associations between physical activity and weight status with grade-school performance Taylor Panfil Illinois State

More information

Cognitive and Motivational Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior:

Cognitive and Motivational Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior: AIMS Public Health, 3 (4): 956-984 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.956 Received date 31 May 2016 Accepted date 25 November 2016 Published date 28 November 2016 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/aimsph

More information

Implementation Intentions, Occupational Stress, and the Exercise Intention Behavior Relationship

Implementation Intentions, Occupational Stress, and the Exercise Intention Behavior Relationship Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2007, Vol. 12, No. 4, 391 401 Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 1076-8998/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.4.391 Implementation Intentions,

More information

Submitted by. Abdullah Alselaimi

Submitted by. Abdullah Alselaimi Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Investigate the Antecedents of Physical Activity Participation among Saudi Adolescents Submitted by Abdullah Alselaimi A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor

More information

System and User Characteristics in the Adoption and Use of e-learning Management Systems: A Cross-Age Study

System and User Characteristics in the Adoption and Use of e-learning Management Systems: A Cross-Age Study System and User Characteristics in the Adoption and Use of e-learning Management Systems: A Cross-Age Study Oscar Lorenzo Dueñas-Rugnon, Santiago Iglesias-Pradas, and Ángel Hernández-García Grupo de Tecnologías

More information

An Application of the Trans-Contextual Model of Motivation in Elementary School Physical Education

An Application of the Trans-Contextual Model of Motivation in Elementary School Physical Education The Physical Educator Vol. 72 pp. 123 141 2015 PEDAGOGY - ELEMENTARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION An Application of the Trans-Contextual Model of Motivation in Elementary School Physical Education Yannis Ntovolis,

More information

Development of a New Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale: Preliminary Results

Development of a New Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale: Preliminary Results Development of a New Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale: Preliminary Results Jodi L. Kamps, 1 PHD, Michael C. Roberts, 2 PHD, ABPP, and R. Enrique Varela, 3 PHD 1 Children s Hospital of New Orleans, 2 University

More information

Pedometers and Text Messaging to Increase Physical Activity: Randomized Controlled Trial of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Pedometers and Text Messaging to Increase Physical Activity: Randomized Controlled Trial of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online February 19, 2009 RAPT: Randomised Adolescent Pedometer Trial Pedometers and Text Messaging to Increase Physical Activity: Randomized Controlled Trial

More information

Daniel Boduszek University of Huddersfield

Daniel Boduszek University of Huddersfield Daniel Boduszek University of Huddersfield d.boduszek@hud.ac.uk Introduction to Multiple Regression (MR) Types of MR Assumptions of MR SPSS procedure of MR Example based on prison data Interpretation of

More information

What works in school based energy balance behavior interventions and what does not? A systematic review of mediating mechanisms

What works in school based energy balance behavior interventions and what does not? A systematic review of mediating mechanisms 4 What works in school based energy balance behavior interventions and what does not? A systematic review of mediating mechanisms Maartje M van Stralen, Mine Yıldırım, Saskia J te Velde, Johannes Brug,

More information

Predicting Behavioral Intentions and Physical Exercise: A Test of the Health Action Process Approach at the Intrapersonal Level

Predicting Behavioral Intentions and Physical Exercise: A Test of the Health Action Process Approach at the Intrapersonal Level Predicting Behavioral Intentions and Physical Exercise: A Test of the Health Action Process Approach at the Intrapersonal Level Urte Scholz, Roger Keller, and Sonja Perren University of Zurich Objective:

More information

Overweight/Obesity & Physical Inactivity. Healthy Kansans 2010 Steering Committee Meeting April 22, 2005

Overweight/Obesity & Physical Inactivity. Healthy Kansans 2010 Steering Committee Meeting April 22, 2005 Overweight/Obesity & Physical Inactivity Healthy Kansans 2010 Steering Committee Meeting April 22, 2005 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1991, 1996, 2003 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs overweight for

More information

Children's fitness testing: feasibility study summary

Children's fitness testing: feasibility study summary Loughborough University Institutional Repository Children's fitness testing: feasibility study summary This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation:

More information

SUMMARY chapter 1 chapter 2

SUMMARY chapter 1 chapter 2 SUMMARY In the introduction of this thesis (chapter 1) the various meanings contributed to the concept of 'dignity' within the field of health care are shortly described. A fundamental distinction can

More information

Health Behaviour Change: Applying Prochaska and DiClemente s Stages of Change Model

Health Behaviour Change: Applying Prochaska and DiClemente s Stages of Change Model Health Behaviour Change: Applying Prochaska and DiClemente s Stages of Change Model Image Sources http://www.clevelandseniors.com/forever/100 smoker.htm http://bacontoday.com/bacon flavored diet coke/

More information

Evaluation of the. Learn2Live Road Safety Intervention for Young People. Plymouth Pavilions event. 25 th November 2011.

Evaluation of the. Learn2Live Road Safety Intervention for Young People. Plymouth Pavilions event. 25 th November 2011. Evaluation of the Learn2Live Road Safety Intervention for Young People Plymouth Pavilions event 25 th November 2011 Research by Emma Dunnett, Amy Goodwin, Georgina Hobson, Claire Hubbard, Daniel Orton,

More information

Accelerometer Assessment of Children s Physical Activity Levels at Summer Camps

Accelerometer Assessment of Children s Physical Activity Levels at Summer Camps Accelerometer Assessment of Children s Physical Activity Levels at Summer Camps Jessica L. Barrett, Angie L. Cradock, Rebekka M. Lee, Catherine M. Giles, Rosalie J. Malsberger, Steven L. Gortmaker Active

More information

The Effect of Choice on Intention-Behavior Consistency

The Effect of Choice on Intention-Behavior Consistency The Effect of Choice on Intention-Behavior Consistency Robert Gillholm, Johan Erdeus and Tommy Gärling Department of Psychology Göteborg University Gillholm, R., Erdeus, J., & Gärling, T. The effect of

More information

School Climate and Indicators of Emotional Distress

School Climate and Indicators of Emotional Distress School Climate and Indicators of Emotional Distress Presented By: Sabena Thomas, MA, Shay M. Daily, MPH, MCHES, Alfgeir L. Kristjansson, PhD., Megan Smith, PhD., & Michael J. Mann, PhD. Introduction School

More information

Reflecting on Professional Practice: The Importance of Motivating Adolescent Girls in Physical Education

Reflecting on Professional Practice: The Importance of Motivating Adolescent Girls in Physical Education Reflecting on Professional Practice: The Importance of Motivating Adolescent Girls in Physical Education Lucy Crane, University of Bedfordshire Abstract According to Calderhead et al. (1993), being a reflective

More information

Attitudes and Beliefs of Adolescent Experimental Smokers: A Smoking Prevention Perspective

Attitudes and Beliefs of Adolescent Experimental Smokers: A Smoking Prevention Perspective Attitudes and Beliefs of Adolescent Experimental Smokers: A Smoking Prevention Perspective By: Min Qi Wang, Eugene C. Fitzhugh, James M. Eddy, R. Carl Westerfield Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C.*, Eddy, J.M.,

More information

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use: This article was downloaded by: [University of Cardiff] On: 3 March 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 906511392] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales

More information

Psychosocial Predictors and Exercise Intentions and Behavior Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

Psychosocial Predictors and Exercise Intentions and Behavior Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 2004, 21, 71 85 2004 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Psychosocial Predictors and Exercise Intentions and Behavior Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury Amy E. Latimer

More information

US Physical Activity Guidelines For Youth, Adults and Older Adults

US Physical Activity Guidelines For Youth, Adults and Older Adults US Physical Activity Guidelines For Youth, Adults and Older Adults Brief History of PA Guidelines in the USA The Guideline Development Process - Summary 2008 PA Guidelines

More information

REPORT ON GLOBAL YOUTH TOBACCO SURVEY SWAZILAND

REPORT ON GLOBAL YOUTH TOBACCO SURVEY SWAZILAND REPORT ON GLOBAL YOUTH TOBACCO SURVEY 2009 - SWAZILAND Introduction The tobacco epidemic Tobacco use is considered to be the chief preventable cause of death in the world. The World Health Organization

More information

Toward a Customized Program to Promote Physical Activity by Analyzing Exercise Types in Adolescent, Adult, and Elderly Koreans

Toward a Customized Program to Promote Physical Activity by Analyzing Exercise Types in Adolescent, Adult, and Elderly Koreans Journal of Human Kinetics volume 45/2015, 263-269 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0027 263 Section IV Behavioural Sciences in Sport Toward a Customized Program to Promote Physical Activity by Analyzing Types in

More information

Social Norms about a Health Issue in Work Group Networks

Social Norms about a Health Issue in Work Group Networks Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 11621-11639; doi:10.3390/ijerph120911621 Article International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph

More information

REDUCING FRIDAY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG MODERATE, WOMEN DRINKERS: EVALUATION OF A BRIEF EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTION

REDUCING FRIDAY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG MODERATE, WOMEN DRINKERS: EVALUATION OF A BRIEF EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTION Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 37 41, 2007 Advance Access publication 27 November 2006 doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl083 REDUCING FRIDAY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG MODERATE, WOMEN DRINKERS: EVALUATION

More information

Arizona health survey special Issue. Influence of Community, the Built Environment and Individual Behavior on Weight and Obesity among Arizona Adults

Arizona health survey special Issue. Influence of Community, the Built Environment and Individual Behavior on Weight and Obesity among Arizona Adults Arizona health survey special Issue Prepared by Li Zhu,Ph.D., Arizona State U nive rsity Influence of Community, the Built Environment and Individual Behavior on Weight and Obesity among Arizona Adults

More information

Lorem ipsum. Do Canadian Adolescents Meet their Nutrient Requirements through Food Intake Alone? Health Canada, 2009

Lorem ipsum. Do Canadian Adolescents Meet their Nutrient Requirements through Food Intake Alone? Health Canada, 2009 Health Canada, 2009 Lorem ipsum Cat. H164-112/2-2009E-PD ISBN. 978-1-100-13486-4 Do Canadian Adolescents Meet their Nutrient Requirements through ood Intake Alone? Key findings: Three in ten adolescents

More information

Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up

Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up Addictive Behaviors 32 (2007) 3060 3064 Short communication Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up Michael Ussher a,, Robert West

More information

Higher Psychology RESEARCH REVISION

Higher Psychology RESEARCH REVISION Higher Psychology RESEARCH REVISION 1 The biggest change from the old Higher course (up to 2014) is the possibility of an analysis and evaluation question (8-10) marks asking you to comment on aspects

More information

Reliability and Validity of a Brief Tool to Measure Children s Physical Activity

Reliability and Validity of a Brief Tool to Measure Children s Physical Activity Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2006, 3, 415-422 2006 Human Kinetics, Inc. Reliability and Validity of a Brief Tool to Measure Children s Physical Activity Shujun Gao, Lisa Harnack, Kathryn Schmitz,

More information