CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY CONTENTS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Attitude Measurement & its devices

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY CONTENTS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Attitude Measurement & its devices"

Transcription

1 102 CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Attitude Measurement & its devices Prior Scales Psychophysical Scales Sigma Scales Master Scales 3.3 Attitude Measurement Techniques Non-disguised-structured Non-disguised-non structured Disguised-non structured Disguised-structed The Method of Equal-appearing intervals The Method of paired comparisons The Method of Successive Intervals The Method of Summated Ratings 3.4 Comparision of Testing Techniques 3.5 Scalogram Analysis 3.6 Plan and Procedure Collection of the Statements Analysing the Statements Analysis of the Judges' Ratings Selection of the Final list of the Statements References

2 INTRODUCTION: It is being remarked that psychological measurement in general, and attitude measurement in particular, are not measurements in the true sense. Attitude measurement is a difficult task for a researcher as it involves collection and evaluation of appropriate statements. In practice, attitudes are associated with social stimuli and emotionally toned responses. Attitudes can be called as generalized ways of behaving and viewing situations which are inferred from the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of the individual. Attitude measurement refers to assigning numerals to persons according to a set of rules that created to attain a similarity between the assigned numerals and the person s attitude towards the object in question. Attitude being a complex affair cannot be wholly described by any single numerical index. The critical point is the measurement of the real attitudes of the individual, his verbal behaviour or his non-verbal overt behaviour. A question arises whether an individual is to be judged by his actions according to his words or according to his attitude scale scores. Sometimes a person's behaviour is not his real behaviour, sometimes he behaves in a particular situation to win the confidence and approval of society. Now to measure

3 104 a person's public attitudes and his private attitudes and how to find out the relationship between the two is a problem. Another difficulty in attitude research is whether the question should be specific or general questions are to be specific so as to make the items relevant to the respondents. But, if they are the specific, there is a danger of their becoming outdated with the lapse of time. The demand for evaluations and measures have been met, which are impersonal and have the general validity and objectivity of measures. For this there is the need for instruments which do not destroy the natural form of the attitude in the process of describing it. Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set up that its measurement has remained controversial. The rise of 'Psychometrics' provided enough instruments to construct psychological tools. Intelligence, qptitudes, interests, achievements were begun to be measured quantitatively through suitable tests. Psychometricians devised suitable techniques to measure attitudes also scientific treatment to attitudes requires quantification. Attitude scales began to be devised which could assess attitudes in a quantitative manner. The attitude scales may be classified according to methods of constructing attitude measuring devices which are as follows.

4 ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT AND ITS DEVICES: Priori Scales: The crudest method of measuring attitudes is that of the case method, closely followed by ballot counting, as exemplified in various public opinion polls. Such devices are in fact two-point "scales". The proportions of 'Yes' and 'No' votes are taken as an index of the existing social attitude for a given population Psychological Scales: The method of such scales consists of arranging a series of opinions relevant to a given attitude object, ranging all the way from most favourable to most unfavourable, in equally spacial, experimentally determined units along a continum Sigma Scales: These scales are constructed on the assumption that attitudes are distributed normally. The attitudes are measured using standard deviation units. The method is criticised on the ground that it makes the doubtful assumption of normality of distribution. And such findings do not warrant discarding the judging group, especially if measurement of individuals rather than groups is desired.

5 Master Scales: It is a device in which the statements of the scale do not refer to a particular attitude, object, but they are stated in a general form. Such scales are largely devised as they can be useful for various attitude objects. 3.3 ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES: Campbell (1950) has distinguished four types of instruments to measure attitudes Non-disguised structured: The classic attitude tests of Thurston Likert et.al Non-disguised - non-structured: The free response interview and questionnaire approaches, the Biographical and Essay Studies Disguised non-structured: The typical projective techniques, e.g. approaches based on the thematic apperception test. Doll-play technique, sentence completion tests and miscellaneous nonstructured techniques Disguised structured: Tests which approximate the objective testing of attitudes, e.g. information tests, estimation of group opinion and social norms, tests of ability to do critical thinking,

6 107 tests employing bias in perception and memory and such other tests. The Dictionary of Education (1959) defines an attitude scale as an attitude measuring instrument, the units of which have been experimentally determined and equated, designed to obtain quantitative evaluation of an attitude to be distinguished from attitude questionnaire in which there is no such rational equality of units. An attitude scale is based on three important assumptions: (1) The scale deals with a controversial question. (2) An individual's feelings and insights in regard to the question will determine his responses to the various statements that are made pro and con. (3) The statements can be scaled regarding the degree to which they favour or are opposed to the question under consideration. We find that the scale measures the positivity - negativity of the affective reactions. A scale used is to be carefully tested for validity and reliability. It should measure what it purports to measure and should yield consistent results when applied under the same conditions. The scales can be subsumed under different headings.

7 108 (1) Scales in which the items, scale values and other characteristics are largely determined by a panel of judges. Under this comes 'Thurstone Technique'. It is the adaptation of psychological methods to the qualification of judgement data. (2) Scales based on item analysis. The 'Likert Technique'. (3) Scales constructed in accordance with the 'scale analysis' techniques devised by Louis Guttman and his coworkers The Method of Equal - appearing intervals: The method of equal-appearing intervals as developed by Thurstone and his associates is derived from psychological techniques. It seeks to analyze people on a continuous scale having equal-appearing units. The procedure is as follows: There are three main steps in this technique: 1. Preparation of possible items 2. Sorting out by judges and 3. Testing for relevance. In the beginning a large number of simple statements which express some kind of opinion about the attitude objects under study are collected. Possible statements are obtained by collecting opinions from writers and laymen reflecting

8 109 all shades of belief. These items should cover the entire continuum of attitude toward the object in question, from extreme unfavourable on the one hand to extreme favourable on the other. Each item is placed on a slip of paper. The entire pack of slips is then given to a judge * who places the slips in eleven piles, ranging from one extreme to the other in approximately equal steps. This is the reason for the name "Method of equal-appearing intervals." The equal intervals are differences in attitude that appear equal to the judges. After a statement has been scaled by a number of judges, it is discarded if judges disagree markedly in sorting out it. For statements retained, the scale value is the median position assigned by the judges. To give an idea of the spread of the distribution about the scale value(s) the inter quartile range (G) is also calculated. This may be regarded as a measure of ambiguity of a statement and thus will give an objective criteria for eliminating unsuitable items. The statements chosen are then placed in a preliminary check list. This list is given to subjects as means of checking the relevance of items. The scores of those who check a given item are tabulated. Items which are frequently checked by people whose attitude score is far from the scale value of the item discarded.

9 110 The final scale consists of items which have passed, the tests for ambiguity and relevancy. Final items are selected to represent the entire range of attitudes The Method of paired comparisons: A particularly sound technique, the paired comparison method, has received less attention than it deserves. The subject is given the paired terms, each term being paired with another term. The subject marks the preferred member of each pair. From these judgements, one can reconstruct with great reliability the rank order of preferences one can determine a scale-value or acceptance score for each group. Paired comparisons have the advantage of being precise, free from response, sets and relatively hard to falsify, since each item demands a response. The weaknesses of the method are that it is time consuming and it does not measure what each person believes about each stimulus, as it measures relative preferences only. Suitable adaptation of the method might overcome this difficulty The Method of Successive Intervals: The method, like the method of equal-appearing intervals, requires but a single judgement from each subject for each statement to be scaled. It is, therefore a

10 Ill convenient method to use when the number of statements to be scaled is large. Any of the judging methods as described in the method of equal-appearing intervals may be used. Data will be in the same form. For each statement there will be a frequency distribution showing the number of time that the statement has been placed in each of the successive intervals. These frequencies may be cumulated, from left to right, and the cumulative frequencies may be expressed as cumulative proportions by multiplying each one by the reciprocal of the number of judges. The scale values of the statements may then be taken as the medicins of the corresponding cumulative proportion distributions. The further procedure is same as it is in the method of equal-appearing intervals The Method of Summated Ratings; This method generally associated with the work of Rensis Likert,is an application to attitude scaling of itemanalysis procedures borrowed from test-construction techniques. First of all as in the case of method of equal appearing intervals, a large number of statements relating to the attitude object in question are collected. These items are

11 112 to be carefully edited by the investigator to eliminate ambiguous irrelevant, and otherwise faulty items. The items are then drawn up in the form of a questionnaire or attitude test, each item being given multiple response categories of "strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree." The statements should be so constructed that for half of them an "agree" response represents a favourable attitude toward the attitude object in question, and for the other half a "disagree" response represents a favourable attitude. This experiment instrument is then administered to a reasonably large group of subjects and asked to indicate their own attitudes by checking the response to each item which most nearly expresses their feeling on that item. The subject indicates his reaction to each statement usually on a five point scale. These answers are credited 5,A,3,2 and 1 respectively for favourable statements and 1,2,3,A and 5 respectively for unfavourable statements. A favourable attitude is shown in a high score. A subjects score is the sum of the weights assigned to the responses which he has made. The items are then analysed for their discriminatory power with respect to measurement of the attitude in question, by any one of the several item-analysis procedures available. Perhaps, the simplest index is to take the top and bottom of

12 113 subjects on the distribution of total scores, and calculate the mean of the responses to each item for each of these groups separately. Those items are the most discriminating which show the greatest discrepancy in mean response between high and low extreme groups. The f1 ml attitude scale is then constructed by choosing from the total list which show the greatest discrimination. These items are used with the same five agree-disagree response categories, and scoring is done in the same way. 3.4 COMPARISON OF TESTING TECHNIQUES: Several investigators have tried to establish the comparative merits of the Thurstone and Likert techniques. Since corresponding scales of the two types have high correlations, there is little difference except in convenience. The time required to construct a Thurstone type scale is a drawback. Careful construction of a Likert type scale requires about half the time needed for the Thurstone procedure The factors which make for invalid self-repcrt are equally present in both tests. The Likert method permits response sets to influence the score, which might lcwer validity. Whereas directions for the Thurstone scale require one to check say, the six statements with which he most agrees, no response sets affect the score.

13 114 In equal-appearing interval scales, the attitude score obtained by a single subject has an absolute interpretation. That is because the attitude score is taken as the median of the scale values of the statements with which the subject agrees. Thus the interpretation of an attitude socre on an equal-appearing interval scale can be made independently of the distribution of scores for a particular group of subjects. Whereas, the interpretation of an attitude score on a summated rating scale cannot be made independently of the distribution of scores of some defined group. The summated rating score corresponding to zero or neutral point on a favourable unfavourable continum is not known; as it is assumed to be known in the case of equal-appearing interval scores. Nor is there any evidence to indicate that the neutral point on a summated rating scale necessarily corresponds to the mid-point of the possible range of scores, i.e. to the score of 50 on a 25 item scale. 3.5 SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS: It differs considerably from the methods of constructing attitude scales that have been previously described. In one sense, it is not a method for constructing or developing an attitude scale, although it has been referred to as such by other writers. It is referred as a Guttman scale or a Cumulative scale, as it is set forth in some detail by Guttman.

14 115 The question arises about a proper criterion for unidimensionality of a scale. Guttman, who is principally responsible for the theory and techniques of "scale analysis, has proposed the following. If a single quantitative score is to represent, without ambiguity, the behaviour of an individual on a large group of items, we must know the individual's score, to know his behaviour on each and every item in the group. Guttman has called this as the principle of reproductivity. 3.6 PLAN AND PROCEDURE: It is necessary to prepare an outline of the plan on which the whole investigation is to be based. The first phase of the investigation relates to the construction of the scale to measure the attitude the following are the major steps. 1. Framing and collection of items. 2. Editing the items. 3. Selecting a group of judges. 4. Analysis of the judges' ratings. 5. Preparation of the scale Framing and collection of items; The first step in the construction of attitude scale is to obtain statements depicting different degrees of attitudes, from most favourable to most unfavourable towards education. Some of the statements are prepared by the

15 investigator, others were obtained from parents, principals, students, Teachers and some educationists. The tool aims at measuring attitudes of parents towards following areas of Home Science education (i) Intelectuall (ii) Social (iii) Vocational aspects. For the preparation of attitude scale near about 500statement were collected from the different sources mention above Analysing the Statements: The statements collected were read carefully by the investigator. Those statements which represented identical ideas were grouped. Out of these simple and clear statements were chosen. All the other statements were studied and edited and a few more statements were added by the investigator. Special care was taken to ensure that the statements selected represent all shades of opinion from the most favourable to the most unfavourable. For statements to be included in Attitude Scales, Thurstone and others suggested a number of criteria as under. Statement that refers to past rather than to the present should be avoided. Those statements which are factual or capable of being interpreted as factual should be avoided. Statements which may be interpreted in more than one way should be avoided

16 117 Statements which are irrelevant to the psychological object under consideration should also be avoided. Statements those are likely to be endorsed by almost everyone or by almost none should be avoided. Statements, believed to cover the entire range of the affective scale of interest should be preferably selected The language of the statements should be simple, clear and direct. Statements should be short, rarely exceeding 20 words Each statement should contain only one complete thought. Statements containing universals such as all, always, none and never often introduce ambiguity and hence they should be avoided. Words such as only, just, merely and others of similar nature should be used with care and moderation in writing statements. Whenever possible, statements should be in the form of simple sentences rather than in the form of compound or complex sentences. The use of words that may not be understood by those who are to be given the completed scale should be avoided. The use of double negatives should be avoided.

17 118 According to these criterias statements were analysed carefully by the investigator. A statements which does not carry uniform meaning are eliminated Analysis of the Judges* Ratings: Team of judges were requested to judge these statements carefully. These judges were requested to rate these statements each of which expressed some kind of attitude towards Home-Science education on a nine point scale. Judges were persons who would give care to the task assigned to them. Professors from training colleges, professors from other colleges and prominent educationists worked as judges. The nine point scale was clearly explained to the judges and the list of statements regarding all the three areas of Home-Science education was also given to them. The judges were requested to rate each statement by giving numbers. The statement that represented the most unfavourable attitude was to be given the category 'one' and the statement that represented the most favourable attitude was to be given the category nine. The neutral statements were to be given the category 'five*. The data obtained frcm Team of judges were tabulated for each statement showing the frequency with which it was placed in each of the nine categories by the group of judges. The median of the distribution of judgements for each statement is taken as the scale value of the statement.

18 119 This parameters served as the criteria for building the attitude scale. The median scale value of each statement regarding all the three areas of Home-Science education is presented in the following tables. Median Value Tables; Statement No. Median Value Statement No. Median Value , V>i CD

19 120 Statement No. Median Value Statement No. Median Value

20 121 Statement No. Median Value Statement No. Median Value Selection of the Final List of the Statements: The data calculated for the distribution of each statement were tabulated and analysed carefully. A statement having the scale values more or less equi-spaced were selected for the final list. After the selection of statement they were scrutinize in three areas of Home-Science

21 122 education i.e. (I) Intellectual development (II) Social development (III) Vocational aspect. Total 122 statements were selected. 49 statements regarding Intellectual aspect 28 regarding social aspect and 45 regarding vocational aspect. The scale values of these statements were more or less equally spaced between one and nine to represent the entire range of attitudes. These final attitude scale were administered to 2000 parents of Kaira District whose children were studying in Home Science Branches. The scale is self admistering, hence no other instructions were necessary except those appearing in the scale itself.

22 123 Chapter - III References 1. Downie, N.M.: Fundamentals of Measurement Techniques and Practices: Now York, Oxford University Press, Ch.16, pp Edwards, A.L.: Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction: New York, Appleton-Century Crafts, Inc., Ch.II-VIII. 3. Guttman, Louis: A Basis for Scaling Qualitative Data : American Sociological Review, 1944, pp Remmers, H.H. and Gage, N.L.: Educational Measurement and Evaluation : New York, Harper and Brothers, 1955, Ch.XIV, pp

23 124 " Analysis and interpretation of the data is the heart of research report." J.W. Best

AND ITS VARIOUS DEVICES. Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set. up that its measurement has remained controversial.

AND ITS VARIOUS DEVICES. Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set. up that its measurement has remained controversial. CHAPTER III attitude measurement AND ITS VARIOUS DEVICES Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set up that its measurement has remained controversial. Psychologists studied attitudes of individuals

More information

Chapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1

Chapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1 Chapter 6 Methods of Measuring Behavior 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Tests and Their Development Types of Tests Observational Techniques Questionnaires 2009 Pearson Prentice

More information

ATTITUDE SCALES. Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri. M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal), M. Ed. Assistant Professor (Stage-3) / Reader

ATTITUDE SCALES. Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri. M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal), M. Ed. Assistant Professor (Stage-3) / Reader ATTITUDE SCALES Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal), M. Ed. Assistant Professor (Stage-3) / Reader Gandhi Centenary B.T. College, Habra, India, Honorary Researcher, Saha Institute

More information

CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE

CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE Previous chapter namely Review of the Literature was concerned with the review of the research studies conducted in the field of teacher education, with special reference

More information

Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram

Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram Page29 Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram ABSTRACT: Mary L. Renthlei* & Dr. H. Malsawmi** *Assistant Professor, Department

More information

Measurement and Scaling Techniques

Measurement and Scaling Techniques Measurement and Scaling Techniques 69 5 Measurement and Scaling Techniques MEASUREMENT IN RESEARCH In our daily life we are said to measure when we use some yardstick to determine weight, height, or some

More information

Attitude Measurement

Attitude Measurement Business Research Methods 9e Zikmund Babin Carr Griffin Attitude Measurement 14 Chapter 14 Attitude Measurement 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

More information

Bijay Lal Pradhan, M Sc Statistics, FDPM (IIMA) 2

Bijay Lal Pradhan, M Sc Statistics, FDPM (IIMA) 2 Bijay Lal Pradhan Measurement and Scaling 1) Definition of measurement and scale 2) Type of Physical scale i. Nominal Scale iii. Interval scale ii. Ordinal Scale iv. Ratio Scale 3) Need of scaling 4) Criteria

More information

Designing of Scale to Measure the Attitude of ARS Trainees towards FOCARS Programme of NAARM

Designing of Scale to Measure the Attitude of ARS Trainees towards FOCARS Programme of NAARM Journal of Extension Education Vol. 27 No. 2, 2015 Designing of Scale to Measure the Attitude of ARS Trainees P. Prashanth 1, P. Vijender Reddy 2 and V. Sudharani 3 ABSTRACT The psychological object for

More information

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SCALING METHODS FOR EVALUATING FACTORS IMPACT STUDENTS ACADEMIC GROWTH

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SCALING METHODS FOR EVALUATING FACTORS IMPACT STUDENTS ACADEMIC GROWTH International Journal of Innovative Management Information & Production ISME International c 2014 ISSN 2185-5455 Volume 5, Number 1, March 2014 PP. 62-72 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SCALING METHODS FOR EVALUATING

More information

Variable Data univariate data set bivariate data set multivariate data set categorical qualitative numerical quantitative

Variable Data univariate data set bivariate data set multivariate data set categorical qualitative numerical quantitative The Data Analysis Process and Collecting Data Sensibly Important Terms Variable A variable is any characteristic whose value may change from one individual to another Examples: Brand of television Height

More information

Construction and Standardization of Personality Hardiness Scale for Teachers

Construction and Standardization of Personality Hardiness Scale for Teachers Construction and Standardization of Personality Hardiness Scale for Teachers Harjeet Kaur & Dr. Ravinder Kaur *Assistant Professor, Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi Harjit arora1@yahoo.co.in

More information

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Design 3.1. Research Framework Design 3.1.3 Research Instrument 3.1.4 Validity of Questionnaire 3.1.5 Statistical Measurement

More information

DATA GATHERING. Define : Is a process of collecting data from sample, so as for testing & analyzing before reporting research findings.

DATA GATHERING. Define : Is a process of collecting data from sample, so as for testing & analyzing before reporting research findings. DATA GATHERING Define : Is a process of collecting data from sample, so as for testing & analyzing before reporting research findings. 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Measurement Measurement: the assignment

More information

CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN. This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good

CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN. This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good questionnaire which is able to meet its objective. Just like the thesis

More information

ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology

ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES (2018-19) PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER (i) Scientific Methods in Psychology -observation, case study, surveys, psychological tests, experimentation

More information

ADMS Sampling Technique and Survey Studies

ADMS Sampling Technique and Survey Studies Principles of Measurement Measurement As a way of understanding, evaluating, and differentiating characteristics Provides a mechanism to achieve precision in this understanding, the extent or quality As

More information

Basic SPSS for Postgraduate

Basic SPSS for Postgraduate Basic SPSS for Postgraduate Dr. Shamshuritawati Sharif School of Quantitative Science Email : shamshurita@uum.edu.my Office : +6049286336 Mobile :+60194248001 In the process of carrying out the research,

More information

Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing?

Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing? Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC How are we doing? Prepared by Maura McCool, M.S. Office of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Metropolitan Community Colleges Fall 2003 1 General Education Assessment

More information

Likert Scaling: A how to do it guide As quoted from

Likert Scaling: A how to do it guide As quoted from Likert Scaling: A how to do it guide As quoted from www.drweedman.com/likert.doc Likert scaling is a process which relies heavily on computer processing of results and as a consequence is my favorite method

More information

ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOPHYSICS Sections VII and XVI. Gustav Theodor Fechner (1860/1912)

ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOPHYSICS Sections VII and XVI. Gustav Theodor Fechner (1860/1912) ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOPHYSICS Sections VII and XVI Gustav Theodor Fechner (1860/1912) Translated by Herbert Sidney Langfeld (1912) [Classics Editor's note: This translation of these passages from Fechner's

More information

Funnelling Used to describe a process of narrowing down of focus within a literature review. So, the writer begins with a broad discussion providing b

Funnelling Used to describe a process of narrowing down of focus within a literature review. So, the writer begins with a broad discussion providing b Accidental sampling A lesser-used term for convenience sampling. Action research An approach that challenges the traditional conception of the researcher as separate from the real world. It is associated

More information

AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology

AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology 1. In the opening vignette, to what was Alicia's condition linked? The death of her parents and only brother 2. What did Pennebaker s study

More information

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ATTITUDE SCALE FOR HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ATTITUDE SCALE FOR HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ATTITUDE SCALE FOR HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS DR ARUNA DOGRA ASST.PROFESSOR SH.MADHORAO WANKHADE SHARIRIK SHIKSHAN MAHAVIDYALAYA,KAMPTEE DIST-NAGPUR (M.S) INDIA INTRODUCTION

More information

Chapter 4. The Validity of Assessment- Based Interpretations

Chapter 4. The Validity of Assessment- Based Interpretations Chapter 4. The Validity of Assessment- Based Interpretations contents What is validity? Its definition Its importance What are the sorts of evidence of validity? content-related evidence of validity Criterion-related

More information

UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS CSIS6813 MODULE TEST 2

UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS CSIS6813 MODULE TEST 2 UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS CSIS6813 MODULE TEST 2 DATE: 3 May 2017 MARKS: 75 ASSESSOR: Prof PJ Blignaut MODERATOR: Prof C de Villiers (UP) TIME: 2 hours

More information

Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview

Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What are five characteristics of an ideal scientist? 2) What are the defining elements of

More information

Study 2a: A level biology, psychology and sociology

Study 2a: A level biology, psychology and sociology Inter-subject comparability studies Study 2a: A level biology, psychology and sociology May 2008 QCA/08/3653 Contents 1 Personnel... 3 2 Materials... 4 3 Methodology... 5 3.1 Form A... 5 3.2 CRAS analysis...

More information

The Psychometric Principles Maximizing the quality of assessment

The Psychometric Principles Maximizing the quality of assessment Summer School 2009 Psychometric Principles Professor John Rust University of Cambridge The Psychometric Principles Maximizing the quality of assessment Reliability Validity Standardisation Equivalence

More information

Cohesive Writing Module: Introduction

Cohesive Writing Module: Introduction Cohesive Writing Module: Introduction Introduction In this module, we will examine elements of academic writing that contribute to making a piece of writing cohesive. When you are writing assignments at

More information

The State of the Art in Indicator Research

The State of the Art in Indicator Research International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS) The State of the Art in Indicator Research Filomena Maggino filomena.maggino@unifi.it The State of the Art in Indicator Research I 1. Developing

More information

MN 400: Research Methods CHAPTER 8. Survey Methods: Communication with Participants

MN 400: Research Methods CHAPTER 8. Survey Methods: Communication with Participants MN 400: Research Methods CHAPTER 8 Survey Methods: Communication with Participants 1 Interviewing for Statistical Production What is an Interview? Interviewing can mean a lot What do people think about

More information

THE MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDES TOWARD AFRICANS: A UNIDIMENSIONAL SCALE WITH HIGH DISCRIMINATING POWER. A. M. COLMAN 1 University of Cape Town

THE MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDES TOWARD AFRICANS: A UNIDIMENSIONAL SCALE WITH HIGH DISCRIMINATING POWER. A. M. COLMAN 1 University of Cape Town Reprinted from "Psycilologia Ajricallu." Volume 14. No. /. /971. 32 PSYCHOLOGIA AFRICANA. 1971, 14, 32-37 THE MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDES TOWARD AFRICANS: A UNIDIMENSIONAL SCALE WITH HIGH DISCRIMINATING POWER

More information

Chapter 2. The Data Analysis Process and Collecting Data Sensibly. Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Chapter 2. The Data Analysis Process and Collecting Data Sensibly. Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Chapter 2 The Data Analysis Process and Collecting Data Sensibly Important Terms Variable A variable is any characteristic whose value may change from one individual to another Examples: Brand of television

More information

Technical Specifications

Technical Specifications Technical Specifications In order to provide summary information across a set of exercises, all tests must employ some form of scoring models. The most familiar of these scoring models is the one typically

More information

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology explains the activity of research that pursuit, how it progress, estimate process and represents the success. The methodological decision covers the

More information

Interviewing, Structured and Unstructured

Interviewing, Structured and Unstructured Interviewing, Structured and Unstructured Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science 1 Participant Observation 2 Questionnaire Methods Recall-type Questions Evaluative Questions

More information

Cambridge International AS & A Level Global Perspectives and Research. Component 4

Cambridge International AS & A Level Global Perspectives and Research. Component 4 Cambridge International AS & A Level Global Perspectives and Research 9239 Component 4 In order to help us develop the highest quality Curriculum Support resources, we are undertaking a continuous programme

More information

Chapter 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing MULTIPLE CHOICE

Chapter 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing MULTIPLE CHOICE Chapter 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When you assert that it is improbable that the mean intelligence test score of a particular group is 100, you are using. a. descriptive

More information

Public Attitudes toward Nuclear Power

Public Attitudes toward Nuclear Power Public Attitudes toward Nuclear Power by Harry J. Otway An earlier article (Bulletin Vol. 17, no. 4, August 1975) outlined the research programme of the Joint IAEA/I I ASA Research Project on risk assessment

More information

Chapter 02 Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Chapter 02 Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior Chapter 02 Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. A theory is a(n): A. plausible or scientifically acceptable, well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the

More information

A Scale to Measure the Attitude of Farmers Towards Kisan Call Centre

A Scale to Measure the Attitude of Farmers Towards Kisan Call Centre Journal of Extension Education Vol. 27 No. 4, 2015 A Scale to Measure the Attitude of Farmers Towards Shely Mery Koshy 1 and N. Kishore Kumar 2 ABSTRACT is one of the active services provided by the Government

More information

Cohesive Writing. Unit 1 Paragraph Structure INDEPENDENT LEARNING RESOURCES. Learning Centre

Cohesive Writing. Unit 1 Paragraph Structure INDEPENDENT LEARNING RESOURCES. Learning Centre Cohesive Writing Unit 1 Paragraph Structure INDEPENDENT LEARNING RESOURCES Learning Centre Unit 1 PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE OBJECTIVES OF THIS UNIT After you have completed this unit, we hope you will be able

More information

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions Readings: OpenStax Textbook - Chapters 1 5 (online) Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 (online) Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods can - be associated

More information

Psychology and personality ASSESSMENT

Psychology and personality ASSESSMENT Reading Practice A Psychology and personality ASSESSMENT Our daily lives are largely made up of contacts with other people, during which we are constantly making judgments of their personalities and accommodating

More information

Chapter 3. Research Methodology. This chapter mentions the outline of research methodology and gives

Chapter 3. Research Methodology. This chapter mentions the outline of research methodology and gives Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter mentions the outline of research methodology and gives comprehensive explanations of research methods. This study comprises a review of methodology and its utilities.

More information

2 Critical thinking guidelines

2 Critical thinking guidelines What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory

More information

THE USE OF CRONBACH ALPHA RELIABILITY ESTIMATE IN RESEARCH AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA.

THE USE OF CRONBACH ALPHA RELIABILITY ESTIMATE IN RESEARCH AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA. Africa Journal of Teacher Education ISSN 1916-7822. A Journal of Spread Corporation Vol. 6 No. 1 2017 Pages 56-64 THE USE OF CRONBACH ALPHA RELIABILITY ESTIMATE IN RESEARCH AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

More information

SCALING TECHNIQUES IN SOCIO LEGAL RESEARCH

SCALING TECHNIQUES IN SOCIO LEGAL RESEARCH SCALING TECHNIQUES IN SOCIO LEGAL RESEARCH B.N. Ghosh" Introduction IN SOCIO-LEGAL research, it is sometimes very essential to make distinctions ofdegree rather than ofquality. The technique for registering

More information

Analysis of Environmental Data Conceptual Foundations: En viro n m e n tal Data

Analysis of Environmental Data Conceptual Foundations: En viro n m e n tal Data Analysis of Environmental Data Conceptual Foundations: En viro n m e n tal Data 1. Purpose of data collection...................................................... 2 2. Samples and populations.......................................................

More information

Paper 2: Essay Rubric (HL)

Paper 2: Essay Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Knowledge and understanding How much knowledge and understanding has student shown of part 3 works studied in relation to answered? Criterion B: Response to How well has student understood

More information

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions Readings: OpenStax Textbook - Chapters 1 5 (online) Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 (online) Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods can - be associated

More information

Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when.

Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when. INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS: Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when. Experimental research: treatments are given for the purpose of research. Experimental group

More information

STA630 Research Methods Solved MCQs By

STA630 Research Methods Solved MCQs By STA630 Research Methods Solved MCQs By http://vustudents.ning.com 31-07-2010 Quiz # 1: Question # 1 of 10: A one tailed hypothesis predicts----------- The future The lottery result The frequency of the

More information

UNIT 6 ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT AND SCALES

UNIT 6 ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT AND SCALES UNIT 6 ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT AND SCALES Objectives After reading this unit, you should be able to : describe the type of managerial research problems which utilise the tools of attitude measurement; discuss

More information

How Does Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) Improve Intelligence Analysis?

How Does Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) Improve Intelligence Analysis? How Does Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) Improve Intelligence Analysis? Richards J. Heuer, Jr. Version 1.2, October 16, 2005 This document is from a collection of works by Richards J. Heuer, Jr.

More information

Title: Ego Defense Mechanisms in Pakistani Medical Students: A cross sectional analysis

Title: Ego Defense Mechanisms in Pakistani Medical Students: A cross sectional analysis Author's response to reviews Title: Ego Defense Mechanisms in Pakistani Medical Students: A cross sectional analysis Authors: Maria B Afridi (maria_afridi1193@yahoo.com) Hina Majeed (hina_majeed@yahoo.com)

More information

Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 4 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Online readings: Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13

Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 4 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Online readings: Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 4 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Online readings: Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods

More information

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis procedure will be discussed in order to meet the objectives of the study.

More information

Lecturer: Rob van der Willigen 11/9/08

Lecturer: Rob van der Willigen 11/9/08 Auditory Perception - Detection versus Discrimination - Localization versus Discrimination - - Electrophysiological Measurements Psychophysical Measurements Three Approaches to Researching Audition physiology

More information

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity Reliability and Today s Objectives Understand the difference between reliability and validity Understand how to develop valid indicators of a concept Reliability and Reliability How accurate or consistent

More information

Personality Testing. Outline. In Search of Personality. Kimberley A. Clow. Types of Questions Forced Choice Free Response

Personality Testing. Outline. In Search of Personality. Kimberley A. Clow. Types of Questions Forced Choice Free Response Personality Testing Kimberley A. Clow kclow2@uwo.ca http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/257e-570 Outline Types of Questions Forced Choice Free Response Types of Personality Tests Maximal Performance Achievement

More information

PÄIVI KARHU THE THEORY OF MEASUREMENT

PÄIVI KARHU THE THEORY OF MEASUREMENT PÄIVI KARHU THE THEORY OF MEASUREMENT AGENDA 1. Quality of Measurement a) Validity Definition and Types of validity Assessment of validity Threats of Validity b) Reliability True Score Theory Definition

More information

Lecturer: Rob van der Willigen 11/9/08

Lecturer: Rob van der Willigen 11/9/08 Auditory Perception - Detection versus Discrimination - Localization versus Discrimination - Electrophysiological Measurements - Psychophysical Measurements 1 Three Approaches to Researching Audition physiology

More information

Introduction to Psychology. Lecture 34

Introduction to Psychology. Lecture 34 Lecture 34 GARDNER S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Given by Howard Gardner in 1985 He entirely disagreed with the theorists who gave importance to factor analysis, except one thing that is common and

More information

Year 8 History. Progression Content and concepts (depth of understanding and. Skills mastery

Year 8 History. Progression Content and concepts (depth of understanding and. Skills mastery Year 8 History Progression Content and concepts (depth of understanding and pathway application 7-9 Students must be able to start consider the relative impact of factors on the causes, consequences and

More information

Measuring the Impossible : Quantifying the Subjective (A method for developing a Risk Perception Scale applied to driving)

Measuring the Impossible : Quantifying the Subjective (A method for developing a Risk Perception Scale applied to driving) Title Page 1 Measuring the Impossible : Quantifying the Subjective (A method for developing a Risk Perception Scale applied to driving) Hector MONTERDE i BORT (Monterde-Bort H.) Universitat de València

More information

3/29/2012. Chapter 7 Measurement of Variables: Scales, Reliability and Validity. Scales. Scale

3/29/2012. Chapter 7 Measurement of Variables: Scales, Reliability and Validity. Scales. Scale Chapter 7 Measurement of Variables: Scales, Reliability and Validity Scales A scale is a mechanism or tool by which unit of analysis are distinguished on the variables of the interest of the study. Every

More information

OF AN ANNOYANCE SCALE FOR COMMUNITY NOISE ASSESSMENT

OF AN ANNOYANCE SCALE FOR COMMUNITY NOISE ASSESSMENT Page number: 1 VALIDATION OF AN ANNOYANCE SCALE FOR COMMUNITY NOISE ASSESSMENT Ubaldo Ayr, Ettore Cirillo, Francesco Martellotta Politechnic of Bari, Applied Physics Institute Via Orabona, 4 I-70125 Bat-i,

More information

CHAPTER 7 VALIDITY 7.1 INTRODUCTION THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY THE METHOD OF DETERMINING VARIDITY TYPE OF VALIDITY...

CHAPTER 7 VALIDITY 7.1 INTRODUCTION THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY THE METHOD OF DETERMINING VARIDITY TYPE OF VALIDITY... 235 CHAPTER 7 VALIDITY CONTENTS PAGE 7.1 INTRODUCTION... 236 7.2 THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY...236 7.3 THE METHOD OF DETERMINING VARIDITY...237 7.4 TYPE OF VALIDITY... 238 7.5 CONTENT VALIDITY... 241 7.6 CONSTRUCT

More information

Research Methodology in Social Sciences. by Dr. Rina Astini

Research Methodology in Social Sciences. by Dr. Rina Astini Research Methodology in Social Sciences by Dr. Rina Astini Email : rina_astini@mercubuana.ac.id What is Research? Re ---------------- Search Re means (once more, afresh, anew) or (back; with return to

More information

REPORT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE QUESTIONNAIRE: GENERAL

REPORT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE QUESTIONNAIRE: GENERAL REPORT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE QUESTIONNAIRE: GENERAL Name: Email: Date: Sample Person sample@email.com IMPORTANT NOTE The descriptions of emotional intelligence the report contains are not absolute

More information

Chapter 3-Attitude Change - Objectives. Chapter 3 Outline -Attitude Change

Chapter 3-Attitude Change - Objectives. Chapter 3 Outline -Attitude Change Chapter 3-Attitude Change - Objectives 1) An understanding of how both internal mental processes and external influences lead to attitude change 2) An understanding of when and how behavior which is inconsistent

More information

32.5. percent of U.S. manufacturers experiencing unfair currency manipulation in the trade practices of other countries.

32.5. percent of U.S. manufacturers experiencing unfair currency manipulation in the trade practices of other countries. TECH 646 Analysis of Research in Industry and Technology PART III The Sources and Collection of data: Measurement, Measurement Scales, Questionnaires & Instruments, Sampling Ch. 11 Measurement Lecture

More information

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Overall grade boundaries Grade: E D C B A Mark range: 0-7 8-15 16-22 23-28 29-36 The range and suitability of the work submitted In reading over the comments of examiners

More information

M2. Positivist Methods

M2. Positivist Methods M2. Positivist Methods While different research methods can t simply be attributed to different research methodologies - the Interpretivists would never touch a questionnaire approach - some methods are

More information

Importance of Good Measurement

Importance of Good Measurement Importance of Good Measurement Technical Adequacy of Assessments: Validity and Reliability Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos The conclusions in a study are only as good as the data that is collected. The

More information

What are Indexes and Scales

What are Indexes and Scales ISSUES Exam results are on the web No student handbook, will have discussion questions soon Next exam will be easier but want everyone to study hard Biggest problem was question on Research Design Next

More information

Perception-Based Evidence of Validity

Perception-Based Evidence of Validity Perception-Based Evidence of Validity Tzur M. Karelitz National Institute for Testing & Evaluation (NITE), Israel Charles Secolsky Measurement and Evaluation Consultant Can public opinion threaten validity?

More information

Measurement issues in the use of rating scale instruments in learning environment research

Measurement issues in the use of rating scale instruments in learning environment research Cav07156 Measurement issues in the use of rating scale instruments in learning environment research Associate Professor Robert Cavanagh (PhD) Curtin University of Technology Perth, Western Australia Address

More information

THE PROFESSIONAL BOARD FOR PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH PROFESSIONS COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA TEST DEVELOPMENT / ADAPTATION PROPOSAL FORM

THE PROFESSIONAL BOARD FOR PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH PROFESSIONS COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA TEST DEVELOPMENT / ADAPTATION PROPOSAL FORM FORM A THE PROFESSIONAL BOARD FOR PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH PROFESSIONS COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA TEST DEVELOPMENT / ADAPTATION PROPOSAL FORM This document consists of two sections. Please complete section 1 if

More information

THE EFFECT OF A REMINDER STIMULUS ON THE DECISION STRATEGY ADOPTED IN THE TWO-ALTERNATIVE FORCED-CHOICE PROCEDURE.

THE EFFECT OF A REMINDER STIMULUS ON THE DECISION STRATEGY ADOPTED IN THE TWO-ALTERNATIVE FORCED-CHOICE PROCEDURE. THE EFFECT OF A REMINDER STIMULUS ON THE DECISION STRATEGY ADOPTED IN THE TWO-ALTERNATIVE FORCED-CHOICE PROCEDURE. Michael J. Hautus, Daniel Shepherd, Mei Peng, Rebecca Philips and Veema Lodhia Department

More information

ISO 5495 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Sensory analysis Methodology Paired comparison test. Analyse sensorielle Méthodologie Essai de comparaison par paires

ISO 5495 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Sensory analysis Methodology Paired comparison test. Analyse sensorielle Méthodologie Essai de comparaison par paires INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5495 Third edition 2005-11-15 Sensory analysis Methodology Paired comparison test Analyse sensorielle Méthodologie Essai de comparaison par paires Reference number ISO 2005 Provläsningsexemplar

More information

CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the methodology employed in order to achieve the set objectives of the study. Details regarding sample, description of the tools employed,

More information

Best on the Left or on the Right in a Likert Scale

Best on the Left or on the Right in a Likert Scale Best on the Left or on the Right in a Likert Scale Overview In an informal poll of 150 educated research professionals attending the 2009 Sawtooth Conference, 100% of those who voted raised their hands

More information

A study of association between demographic factor income and emotional intelligence

A study of association between demographic factor income and emotional intelligence EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. V, Issue 1/ April 2017 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) A study of association between demographic factor income and emotional

More information

Understanding Central Tendency Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi

Understanding Central Tendency Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi Understanding Central Tendency Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi Abstract A measure of central tendency seems to be a frequently observed statistical method in research

More information

Background. Learning outcomes

Background. Learning outcomes YOU BE THE JUDGE YOU INTRODUCTION BE THE JUDGE session 2 27 Background This session focuses on the sense of self-worth, and on the skills and attributes that contribute to a positive sense of self-worth.

More information

Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science

Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science Ghali Hassan Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was

More information

Chapter 2--Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing

Chapter 2--Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing Chapter 2--Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing Student: 1. Statistical procedures that summarize and describe a series of observations are called A. inferential statistics. B. descriptive statistics.

More information

Instrumental activity in achievement motivation1. Department of Child Study, Faculty of Home Economics, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112

Instrumental activity in achievement motivation1. Department of Child Study, Faculty of Home Economics, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112 Japanese Psychological Research 1981, Vol.23, No.2, 79-87 Instrumental activity in achievement motivation1 MISAKO MIYAMOTO2 Department of Child Study, Faculty of Home Economics, Japan Women's University,

More information

computation and interpretation of indices of reliability. In

computation and interpretation of indices of reliability. In THE CONCEPTS OF RELIABILITY AND HOMOGENEITY C. H. COOMBS 1 University of Michigan I. Introduction THE literature of test theory is replete with articles on the computation and interpretation of indices

More information

Issues That Should Not Be Overlooked in the Dominance Versus Ideal Point Controversy

Issues That Should Not Be Overlooked in the Dominance Versus Ideal Point Controversy Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3 (2010), 489 493. Copyright 2010 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1754-9426/10 Issues That Should Not Be Overlooked in the Dominance Versus

More information

CHAPTER V. Summary and Recommendations. policies, including uniforms (Behling, 1994). The purpose of this study was to

CHAPTER V. Summary and Recommendations. policies, including uniforms (Behling, 1994). The purpose of this study was to HAPTER V Summary and Recommendations The current belief that fashionable clothing worn to school by students influences their attitude and behavior is the major impetus behind the adoption of stricter

More information

MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9699 SOCIOLOGY

MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9699 SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9699 SOCIOLOGY 9699/23

More information

How Do We Assess Students in the Interpreting Examinations?

How Do We Assess Students in the Interpreting Examinations? How Do We Assess Students in the Interpreting Examinations? Fred S. Wu 1 Newcastle University, United Kingdom The field of assessment in interpreter training is under-researched, though trainers and researchers

More information

MBA SEMESTER III. MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits. (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks)

MBA SEMESTER III. MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits. (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) MBA SEMESTER III MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions Q1. a. Differentiate between nominal,

More information

Is subjective shortening in human memory unique to time representations?

Is subjective shortening in human memory unique to time representations? Keyed. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 2002, 55B (1), 1 25 Is subjective shortening in human memory unique to time representations? J.H. Wearden, A. Parry, and L. Stamp University of

More information

Results & Statistics: Description and Correlation. I. Scales of Measurement A Review

Results & Statistics: Description and Correlation. I. Scales of Measurement A Review Results & Statistics: Description and Correlation The description and presentation of results involves a number of topics. These include scales of measurement, descriptive statistics used to summarize

More information

Theory and Methods Question Bank

Theory and Methods Question Bank Theory and Methods Question Bank Theory and Methods is examined in both the AS and the A Level. The AS questions focus mostly on research methods and at A Level include sociological debates, perspectives

More information