Lecturer Mrs Vimbayi Mafunda Room 4.4. Lectures 1 & 2: 27 February - 2 March 2012

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1 Research Methodology BTech Accounting 2012 Ms Mafunda Book chapters 1,2,3,4,5,7,9 Lectures 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9 Preparation for assessment 1 : September 2012

2 Lecturer Mrs Vimbayi Mafunda Room 4.4 Lectures 1 & 2: 27 February - 2 March

3 1. Which of the following statements is the least comprehensive definition of scientific research? a) The process in which scientific methods are used to expand knowledge in a particular field of study. b)a process that involves obtaining scientific knowledge by means of various objective methods and procedures. c) The collection of data. d)any form of disciplined inquiry that aims to contribute to a body of knowledge or theory. e) A scientific investigation and study aimed at reaching new conclusions. 2. Research is the mere transportation of facts from one location to another. True/False? 3

4 3. Research should contribute to the body of knowledge about a specific topic. Yes/No? 4. Replication of a previous research study in a new context is acceptable in scientific research. Yes/No? 5. The scientific community refers to the people who conduct research according to certain goals and rules, they recognise and apply the scientific way of creating knowledge; these researchers can only be Professors, lecturers and academics, not BTech students. True/False? 4

5 6. Which of the following is not one of the distinct characteristics of research as defined by Leedy and Ormrod? a. Research originates with a question or a problem. b. Research requires a specific plan for proceeding. c. Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable subproblems. d. Research is guided by the specific research problem, question or hypothesis. e. Research ends with the collection of data. 7. Positivist is the other name for which type of research qualitative or quantitative?. 5

6 8. Quantitative research is characterised by which of the following: a. Subjective data analysed using language. b. Flexible explorative methods in analysis. c. Analyses of large amounts of data using statistical analytical techniques and tools. d. Small detailed case studies. e. Emphasis on meanings and experiences related to a phenomenon. 9. Book Questions Question 1: 1.1;1.2;1.3;1.4 Question 2: 2.1 and 2.2 6

7 THE RESEARCH TOPIC, PROJECT TITLE & RESEARCH PROBLEM Ms Mafunda Room April 2012 Lecture 4 Chapter 2: Research Methodology: Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 7

8 1. List in order the 6 main steps of the research process as described by Welman and Kruger. 2. You want to conduct a study on the impact of punctuality on the productivity of SARS tax return assessors. What would your dependent variable be and what would your independent variable be? 3. Exploratory research is about predicting the impact of one variable on another variable. True/False? 8

9 4. Descriptive research is about describing a phenomena and its characteristics. True/False? 5. Predictive research is about describing the how, what, where and why of a phenomena. True/False? 9

10 6. You are conducting a research about the impact of a mothers weight gain during pregnancy on a child's birthweight. You do a literature review and find that in general mothers who gain more weight have children who have a higher birth weight. So you want to test the hypothesis that mothers who gain 10kgs or more during pregnancy have children who weigh over 4 kgs. So you design a questionnaire and go and collect data from 50 mothers at the Mowbray maternity clinic. Your data tells you that mothers who gain >10.1 kgs have children who are born at >4kgs. Is this an example of deductive or inductive research methodology? 10

11 7. Inductive research is a methodology where you begin with a single case and move to the general theory. True/False? 8. Book questions. Question 1: 1.1;1.2;1.3;1.4;1.5;1.6;1.7. Question 2: 2.1;2.2;2.3;2.4. Question3: 3.2;

12 Ms Mafunda Room 4.4 Week of 30 April 2012 Lecture 5 Chapter 3: Research Methodology, Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 12

13 1. Which of the following best describes what a literature review is? a. It is the process of reading,organising, and documenting pre-existing sources that are relevant to the topic in which you wish to conduct research. b. It is the process of looking up sources of literature using Google. 2. Which are the following are reasons why we conduct literature reviews a. Sum up the current state of knowledge to make informed decisions: practice, funding etc. b. Provide the context for research c. Justify new research d. To highlight gaps in the body of knowledge about a topic e. So that we have more than 5 references in our reference list. 13

14 3. Grey literature is a form of which type of literature: a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary 4. Examples of Boolean operators are a. AND, OR, NOT b. Telephone operators making calls for a telephonic survey 5. The Harvard referencing style is also known as the author date style. True/False. 6. What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? 7. Book questions Question 1: 1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.5

15 POPULATION AND SAMPLING Ms Mafunda Room 4.4 July 2012 Lecture 6 Chapter 4: Research Methodology: Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 15

16 1. In statistical notation what do N and n denote respectively? 2. What are the 4 main reasons why we use sampling? 3. What are the 4 main probability sampling techniques? 4. In which population would it be appropriate to use a 100% of the population as the sample size a population of 20 or a population of 200? 5. What is the formula for calculating the active response rate? 16

17 7. Book questions: Question 1: 1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.5 Question 2: 2.1; 2.2 Question 3: 3.2; 3.3;

18 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Mrs Mafunda Room 4.4 July 2012 Lecture 7 Chapter 5: Research Methodology: Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 18

19 1. What are the 3 different types of quantitative research design? 2. What is the purpose of a control group in experimental research? 3. What are the 3 main characteristics of true experimental research? 4. How do we manage the influence of nuisance variables? 5. What conditions must be met for there to be a causal relationship between variables? 6. What is the main difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study? 19

20 7. Book questions: Question 1: 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.7 Question 2: 2.1 Question 3: 3.1; 3.3;

21 DATA COLLECTING METHODS AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Ms Mafunda Room 4.4 August 2012 Lecture 8 Chapter 7: Research Methodology: Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 21

22 1. Classifying participants by gender, where female is coded as 1 and male is coded as 2, would mean that gender is what type of variable? 2. Accounting students at a University of Technology are categorized into 4 groups according to the qualification for which they are registered. Where 1=National Diploma 2=BTech3=MTechand 4=DTech, the rankings 1 to 4 represent increasing academic qualification. Qualification coded from 1 4 is what type of variable? 22

23 3. Construct validity refers to the degree to which diagnostic and selection measurement/tests correctly predict the relevant criterion. True/False 4. Criterion validity considers the extent to which the instrument used in a study measures what we want it to measure. True/False 5. Name the 6 response-based errors that can occur when information is collected by a rater or interviewer? 23

24 6. Are open ended questions the suitable style of questions for determining gender in a questionnaire? 7. Are open ended questions the suitable style of questions for determining the annual revenue of an SME in a questionnaire? 8. Is it necessary to get signed consent from an SME that has agreed to take part in your research study? 9. Book questions: Q1:1.2, 1.7, 1.9, 1.10 Q2:2.4, : Q3.1 24

25 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS Ms Mafunda Room 4.4 August 2012 Lecture 9 Chapter 9: Research Methodology: Welman, Kruger, Mitchell 25

26 1. In conducting research we often test a statistical hypothesis. What does the notation H o stand for in hypothesis testing? 2. When we reject a null hypothesis we are supporting the or hypothesis, which is given by the notation. 3. The t and F statistics are used to test a null hypothesis these statistics in broad terms measure the ratio of the: Within group variation Between group variation True /False? 26

27 4. For the above ratio the numerator is a measure of the error or variance which is caused by other variables, and the denominator is a measure of the variance in the dependent variable (True/False)? 5. The number of employees in a company is an example of what kind of variable a discrete or continuous variable? 6. The salary of a management accountant is an example of what kind of variable a discrete or continuous variable? 27

28 7. Is it possible to calculate a mean for nominal data? 8. Is it possible to calculate a mean for ordinal data? The gross monthly starting salaries for 5 BTechaccounting graduates are given as : R11,400 ; R11,400 ; R12,000 ; R12,200 ; R12,300 Calculate the following for the given data set of salaries: 9. Mode 10. Median 11. Mean 12. Book questions: Question 1: 1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8;1.9;1.10 Question 2: 2.3;

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