UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level

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1 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level * * PSYCHOLOGY 9698/21 Paper 2 Core Studies 2 October/November 2013 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer both questions in Section A. Answer one question in Section B. 1 hour 30 minutes At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (AC) 59557/2 [Turn over

2 2 Section A (50 marks) Answer both questions in this section. 1 Bandura et al (aggression) conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the imitation of an aggressive role model in young children. An alternative way to investigate this would be to conduct a field experiment, for example, in a school. (a) Describe the laboratory experiment as a research method and outline how it was used in the Bandura et al study. [5] (b) Design an alternative study to the Bandura et al study using the field experiment method and describe how it could be conducted. [10] (c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying aggression in practical and ethical terms. [10] 2 Rosenhan (sane in insane places) carried out a participant observation in a mental institution. (a) What is meant by qualitative data? [2] (b) Describe one piece of qualitative data from the Rosenhan study. [3] (c) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of making generalisations from the study by Rosenhan. [10] (d) Compare and contrast the use of quantitative and qualitative data using Rosenhan s study as an example. [10] 9698/21/O/N/13

3 3 Section B (20 marks) Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Outline what is meant by the physiological approach in psychology. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) Demattè et al (smells and facial attractiveness) (b) Describe how the data were collected in each of these studies. [9] (c) What problems may psychologists have when they investigate the physiological approach? [9] 4 (a) Outline what is meant by the term psychometric test. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) Billington et al (empathising and systemising) (b) Describe the use of a psychometric test in each of these studies. [9] (c) What are the advantages of using psychometric tests? [9] 9698/21/O/N/13

4 4 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 9698/21/O/N/13

5 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level * * PSYCHOLOGY 9698/22 Paper 2 Core Studies 2 October/November 2013 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer both questions in Section A. Answer one question in Section B. 1 hour 30 minutes At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (AC) 59558/1 [Turn over

6 2 Section A (50 marks) Answer both questions in this section. 1 Billington et al (empathising and systemising) conducted a snapshot self report study to investigate cognitive style and entry into physical sciences and humanities. An alternative way to investigate this would be to conduct a longitudinal study of children and their eventual choice of subject at university. (a) Outline the snapshot method and describe how it was used in Billington et al s study. [5] (b) Design an alternative study to the Billington et al study using the longitudinal method and describe how it could be conducted. [10] (c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying empathising and systemising in practical and ethical terms. [10] 2 Schachter and Singer carried out a laboratory experiment on male university students to investigate the two factor theory of emotion. (a) What is meant by the term generalisations? [2] (b) Describe one control used by Schachter and Singer in their study. [3] (c) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of making generalisations from the study by Schachter and Singer. [10] (d) Discuss the extent to which the conclusions reached by Schachter and Singer are reductionist. [10] 9698/22/O/N/13

7 3 Section B (20 marks) Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Outline what is meant by nature and nurture in psychology. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Bandura et al (aggression) Held and Hein (kitten carousel) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) (b) Describe what each of these studies tells us about the importance of nurture to development. [9] (c) What are the problems for psychologists when investigating whether behaviour is due to nature or nurture? [9] 4 (a) Outline what is meant by the individual differences approach in psychology. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Rosenhan (sane in insane places) Veale and Riley (mirror gazing) Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) (b) Describe how the data were collected in each of these studies. [9] (c) What are the advantages of investigating individual differences? [9] 9698/22/O/N/13

8 4 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 9698/22/O/N/13

9 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level * * PSYCHOLOGY 9698/23 Paper 2 Core Studies 2 October/November 2013 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer both questions in Section A. Answer one question in Section B. 1 hour 30 minutes At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (AC) 59559/2 [Turn over

10 2 Section A (50 marks) Answer both questions in this section. 1 Demattè et al (smells and facial attractiveness) conducted a laboratory experiment on female college students. An alternative method to investigate this would be to conduct a field experiment, for example, at a social event. (a) Describe the field experiment as a research method. [5] (b) Design an alternative study to the Demattè et al study using a field experiment and describe how it could be conducted. [10] (c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying smells and facial attractiveness in practical terms rather than ethical terms. [10] 2 Maguire et al investigated the brain activity of taxi drivers using a PET scanner. (a) What is meant by the term physiological processes? [2] (b) Explain why Maguire et al s study is an example of the physiological approach. [3] (c) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the snapshot method to investigate brain activity. [10] (d) Compare and contrast the physiological testing approach as used by Maguire et al with other ways of gathering data. [10] 9698/23/O/N/13

11 3 Section B (20 marks) Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Outline what is meant by the term reductionism. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Tajfel (intergroup categorisation) Billington et al (empathising and systemising) Bandura et al (aggression) (b) Describe how the data were collected in each of these studies. [9] (c) What are the advantages of using a reductionist explanation for psychologists? [9] 4 (a) Outline what is meant by the term ethical guideline. [2] Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow. Milgram (obedience) Loftus and Pickrell (false memories) Nelson (children s morals) (b) Outline one ethical guideline. Explain how it was addressed in each of these studies. [9] (c) What problems do psychologists face when they try to create ethical studies? [9] 9698/23/O/N/13

12 4 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 9698/23/O/N/13

Student Worksheet 1: State the aim or hypothesis in each of the following studies.

Student Worksheet 1: State the aim or hypothesis in each of the following studies. AS Core study Thigpen and Cleckley Aim/Hypothesis Rosenhan Billington et al Veale and Riley Zimbardo et al Piliavin et