EHF Scientific Conference 2011

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2 EHF Scientific Conference 2011 Science and Analytical Expertise in Handball (Scientific and practical approaches) November 2011 Vienna, Austria EUROPEAN HANDBALL FEDERATION

3 Editor (responsible for content): EHF Methods Commission (Frantisek Taborsky) Place of Publication: European Handball Federation, Hoffingergasse 18, A-1120 Vienna, Austria Co-ordination: Anna Psintrou, Helmut Höritsch Lay-out: Richard Turner Printed by: Druck Hofer GmbH, 2054 Haugsdorf, Leopold-Leuthner-Str.2, Austria; Josef Stöger Publication: November 2011 EHF

4 EXPERTISE EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL PROFICIENCY IN HANDBALL: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLAYING STATUS Luís Miguel MASSUÇA Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal ICPOL, Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security, Lisbon, Portugal Summary The aim of the present study was to analyse the performance of handball players (established on the basis of the subjective expertise assessment), in relation to playing status. In fact, it seems that the type of shots and the cognitive and game intelligence are discriminant variables of handball player proficiency. Keywords: Coaches, Evaluation, Handball-specific skills, Playing status Introduction In handball (HB), players performance is an important subject to experts and coaches (Ökrös, 2006). The varieties of movement structures make HB one of the most complex sport games (Rogulj, Srhoj & Srhoj, 2004) and, to study the efficiency in HB game (see Gruić, Vuleta & Milanović, 2006; Ohnjec, Vuleta, Milanović & Gruić, 2008; Prudente, Garganta & Anguera, 2004), the assessment are usualy based on: (1) evaluation sheets completed during matches (Taborky, 1991); or (2) video footage of the match (Vuleta, Milanović, Gruić & Ohnjec, 2005). According to Trininić and Dizdar (2000), the set of criteria for the actual quality or performance evaluation in HB should focus on: the assessment of the situation-related or game efficiency of a single player in relationship to the phases of the game. So, it seems important to determine the significance (weighting factors) of each criterion in the performance evaluation. In accordance, the present study was conducted to analyse the technical and tactical proficiency of adult male HB players from different Portuguese leagues (established on the basis of the subjective expertise assessment), and aim to identify the differences between playing status. Methods Study procedure and subjects Seventeen expert HB coaches and 235 male HB players (age, 23.5±5.3 years) participated in this study. HB players were divided into five groups according to competition contexts, i.e., HB playing status groups: (1) Top elite (TE, n=35; age, 25.9±5.0 years); (2) Moderate elite (ME; n=72; age, 26.3±4.9 years); (3) Sub elite (SE; n=53; age, 24.4±4.3 years); (4) Moderate trained (MT; n=40; age, 24.2±4.9 years); (5) Under 21 (Next21, n=35; age, 18.8±0.9 years). Significant differences were found between groups in the chronological age (F 4,223 =34.735, p<0.001), i.e., between under 21 all the other groups (all, p<0.001). All HB players were evaluated during the Portuguese handball season (2009, February and March). 282

5 Handball-specific skills evaluation criteria Despite the growing popularity and professionalism of HB in Portugal, the scientific literature, produced until this moment, does not include validated tools to assess the technical and tactical proficiency of HB athletes. So, was adopted the grid suggested by Blanco (2004)), and a set of ten criteria for evaluating handball-specific skills was used, namely: (1) Types of marking (TM); (2) Ability to retrieve balls (RB); (3) Ability to escape the opponent (D); (4) Pass and reception (PR); (5) Type of shots (R); (6) One vs one (1 vs 1); (7) Ability to create and fill up spaces (COE); (8) Offensive and defensive battle (MT); (9) Defensive collaboration (CD); (10) Ability to vary their actions (VA). All HB players were evaluated by coaches (on a Likert type scale ranging from very poor - 1 to excellent - 5). Complementarily, four scores were calculated: (1) technical skill (Sum (item 1 to 6)); (2) tactical skill (Sum (item 7 to 10)); (3) offensive skill (Sum (item 3 to 8 and 10)); and (4) defensive skill (Sum (items 1, 2, 9)). Statistical analyses All calculations were performed using the SPSS statistical package (SPSS Science Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Descriptive and comparative data of significant dependent variables were presented, and group data were expressed as means and standard deviations (M±SD). Two different sets of analyse were undertaken: (1) univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA One-Way) in which playing status was the between-participant variables (follow-up a multiple comparisons test, Tukey HSD Post Hoc); and (2) discriminant function analysis (Stepwise method) was used to determine which combination of measures best discriminated the playing status groups. For all analyses, 5% was adopted as the significance level. Results Significant difference were observed in: (1) type of shots (F 4,197 =4.266, p<0.001); (2) ability to escape the opponent (F 4,198 =3.825); (3) ability to create and fill up spaces (F 4,196 =4.065); (4) offensive and defensive battle (F 4,205 =4.874); (5) ability to vary their actions (F 4,206 =4.492, all p<0.01); (6) pass and reception (F 4,212 =3.256); (7) ability to retrieve balls (F 4,204 =3.013); and (8) one vs one (F 4,197 =3.267, all p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between playing status groups in: (1) types of marking (F 4,202 =1.073); and (2) defensive collaboration (F 4,209 =1.939). Tukey HSD Post-Hoc tests indicated that top elite were significantly better than: (1) moderate elite in the ability to escape the opponent (p<0.01), pass and reception (p<0.05), type of shots (p<0.001), one vs one (p<0.05) and in offensive and defensive battle (p<0.01); (2) moderate trained in the ability to escape the opponent (p<0.05), ability to create and fill up spaces (p<0.01), offensive and defensive battle (p<0.01) and in the ability to vary their actions (p<0.01). Also Next21 scored better than: (1) moderate trained in the ability to vary their actions (p<0.05), and (2) moderate elite in type of shots (p<0.05). All these findings are presented in Table-1. Complemetarily, (1) significant differences were found in technical (F 4,212 =3.771, p<0.01) and tactical (F 4,209 =4.827, p<0.01) scores, and (2) no significant differences were observed in offensive (F 4,230 =1.467, p=ns) and defensive (F 4,230 =1.020, p=ns) scores. Follow-up, Post-Hoc tests indicated significant differences between the status group in technical and tactical skills. These findings are presented in Figure

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7 A B Significant differences between TE and: SE (p>0.05) and ME (p<0.01). Significant differences between TE and: MT (p<0.01) and ME (p<0.01). Legend: Playing status: Next21, Under 21; MT, moderate trained; SE, sub elite; ME, moderate elite; TE, top elite. Variables: 1 vs. 1, one vs one; CD, defensive collaboration; COE, ability to create and fill up spaces; D, ability to escape the opponent; MT, offensive and defensive battle; PR, pass and reception; R, type of shots; RB, ability to retrieve balls; TM, types of marking; VA, ability to vary their actions. Figure 1. Scores on technical (A) and tactical (B) skills by playing status. Stepwise discriminant analysis Results showed that a combination of two variables successfully discriminated the playing status groups, i.e., type of shot and tactical skills. First function (Wilks Lambda=0.826; χ 2 (8)=37.458; p<0.001) discriminated the five groups and explain 54.9% of variance, and the second (Wilks Lambda=0.917; χ 2 (3)=16.970; p<0.01) explain 45.1% of variance. Classification results showed that 29.9% of original group cases and of cross-validated grouped cases are correctly classified. These findings are presented in Table-3 and Figure-2. Table 3. Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients, eigenvalues and variance, by playing position groups, do discriminate playing status groups. Variables Function 1 Function 2 Type of shots Tactical Skills Eigenvalue d d % of Variance d First 2 canonical discriminant functions were used in analysis. 285

8 286 Playing status: Next21, Under 21; MT, moderate trained; SE, sub elite; ME, moderate elite; TE, top elite. Variables: 1 vs. 1, one vs one; CD, defensive collaboration; COE, ability to create and fill up spaces; D, ability to escape the opponent; MT, offensive and defensive battle; PR, pass and reception; R, type of shots; RB, ability to retrieve balls; TM, types of marking; VA, ability to vary their actions. Figure 2. Canonical Discriminant Funcions (N = 235). Discussion The technical and tactical proficiency of adult male HB players from different Portuguese leagues were indirectly measure by handball experts and coaches, on the basis of a suggested set of criteria proposed by Blanco (2004). The results showed that there is a strong relation between technical and tactical proficiency with HB playing status. Furthermore, were found that two dimensions successfully discriminated between the five playing status groups, namely: (1) type of shots, and (2) cognitive and game intelligence. In other words, it seems that the tactical activity is a crucial feature of elite HB game. Defined by Rogulj, Srhoj and Srhol (2004) as a planned and premeditated management of all system dimensions to reach the goal (i.e., to win), within the frame of current conditions and opposed activity of the contestant, the tactical activity have as essence to usefully employ the potentials available. This is the main focus! However, remember that in this small study, the tactical skills score results from the sum of four items (only!). We believe therefore that must be studied and built a more complete instrument for this purpose. In my opinion, the assessment of an HB player proficiency is one of the most fundamental and responsible aspects of coaching. Moreover, its information can be used for the decision making when selecting players. Conclusion To the author knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive expertise evaluation of technical and tactical proficiency in Portuguese handball players and, this is one of the largest studies in regard to sample size (n=235). In conclusion, the type of shots and the cognitive and game intelligence are discriminant variables of handball player proficiency. Moreover, expertise evaluation of HB player is relevant to the teaching-learning process, because provides him (HB player) the opportunity to be faced with features of his game and, will inspire players' and coaches reflection. luis.massuca@gmail.com

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