Consider the following aspects of human intelligence: consciousness, memory, abstract reasoning

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Consider the following aspects of human intelligence: consciousness, memory, abstract reasoning"

Transcription

1 All life is nucleic acid. The rest is commentary. Isaac Asimov Consider the following aspects of human intelligence: consciousness, memory, abstract reasoning and emotion. Discuss the relative difficulty of creating an artificial version of each in a computer. Consciousness, Memory, Abstract Reasoning and Emotion: Four of the pillars upon which we humans lay the foundations of the claim upon which we take so much pride, that we are sentient beings. We are able to remember what happened in the past, thus, to predict the outcome of an event on the basis of how similar ones developed previously, and that is an example of abstract reasoning. But more than that, perhaps even more a sophisticated type of thought, Emotion and Reasoning. What are emotions? Generations of philosophers, scientists, poets and psychologists have attempted finding an answer to the question, so as to that of Consciousness, but as of today, the question is still very much disputed, and no final answer has been found, or is close to having been found. Despite that, all agree that both consciousness and emotion are a fundamental constituent of any human being. This essay will first attempt to hypothesize how Memory and Abstract Reasoning could be implemented in a machine; It will explore some of the possibilities, and challenges which could be encountered in the process. Thereafter, we will move on to tackling Consciousness and Emotion, attempting, if not to define, at least to describe what these are and whether they could be reproduced on artificial foundations (computer hardware). 1

2 Memory, the ability to recall events which occurred in the past, but beyond that, also the ability to remember facts, information, experiences, feelings; Summarizing, the possibility of examining the trace that something which happened in the past left with us. Some may argue that present day machines do in fact possess memory, they can store and retrieve information rapidly and, possibly, more accurately than we can do. They can retrieve information about past events (Eg: A system crash, a user logging into a system) and even about the external world (Eg: Temperature monitoring of internal components, power loss ) and should, therefore, be considered capable of memory. However, a more in-depth reflection may encourage us to believe that memory goes beyond simply storing and retrieving information, and should include also other aspects to this related. As for one thing, whereas a computer will memorize all and only the information it is instructed to memorize (until it runs out of storage space), and retain it until instructed to do otherwise (or forced to, for example by a physical damage), the human mind s way of memorizing isn t exactly as straightforward. We could in fact say that our brain prioritizes certain memories over other ones, more easily retaining some specific memories, and more prone to fade out other ones. Exactly how this selection works is still mostly unknown, and it is not to be excluded that it may vary from person to person, but it is likely that aspects which are evaluated when considering a memory s importance include: Age of the memory, that is, how far back was the memory captured, more recent memories are more likely to be recalled than older ones. A possible explanation for this is that events which happened in the nearer past are more likely to be relevant to the present moment.; 2

3 Uniqueness of the memory, how many other memories has the mind already captured that are similar to this one? A possible explanation for this is that the mind clusters memories. By grouping together all the memories of bus trips in one month, it can recreate a memory of an average bus trip. Being there no particular reason to remember each individual trip, the average memory will suffice in providing coverage for that set of events; Emotional impact of the memory. In fact, we could almost think of memory competition, with different memories competing among each others to be stored. This leads to the final part of the discussion on memory, and that is, subjective preferences. Whereas age of memory and uniqueness of memory are mostly objective, the emotional impact is indeed subjective. Therefore, whether realizing it or not, humans would be probably be making an active decision in deciding which memories to promote retention for, and which, on the other hand, they are fine to forget. Whereas it may be possible to implement certain aspects of this type of memory in computers, we would first have to discuss whether it would be advantageous. Imagine a computer which deletes older bits of memories because they have not been used in some time. Imagine these bits being your files. True, some computers do optimize disk space by proceeding to the removal of older information, but these techniques are often very much limited to a well-defined set of information, and very hesitantly implemented as they increase the risk of eliminating important data. Imagine a computer creating an average representation document out of all your files. The key element here is that computers are not able to identify the significance of documents and files, therefore to decide which are ok to united in an average copy, which can be deleted, and which others must be preserved at all costs. 3

4 On the other hand, if a computer was able to evaluate the significance of a document, of a file, and of implementing a system of memory similar to that of the human mind, this would probably make the entire process of artificial information storage more efficient. This leads to the second aspect taken into analysis: Critical Thinking, or Abstract Reasoning. The two are linked it that it is difficult to imagine Critical Thinking possible without the ability to pursue Abstract Reasoning, therefore, if Critical Thinking could be implemented, it would follow Abstracted Reasoning had been implemented too. Again, it is hard to give the term Critical Thinking (CT from now) a clear and final definition; for the aim of this paper, however, we will content ourselves by saying that Critical Thinking is the ability to evaluate the best course of action needed to move from Condition A, the present state, to Condition B, the desired state. This should be done by taking into account limiting factors such as external impedances, physical limits, resource availability Therefore, CT is the ability to hypothesize a series of solutions to a problem, and to evaluate the best one. As stated earlier, the issue of implementing CT in a machine inherits all the issues which implementing a more advanced form of memory, a selective memory, already faced us with. The simplest form of machinery is that which, given an input, performs a series of pre-defined tasks upon/based on such input, consequently developing an output. However, this form of thought can by no means be defined as Critical Thinking as, in fact, the machine has no part in devising or the method, it simply executes a series of predefined instructions. The machine does not have to generate an algorithm to solve the problem, nor does it have to evaluate its efficiency and, in fact, this type of machine is the most likely to generate an error based upon an invalid input. We could summarize as follows: Critical Thinking could be defined as achieved when a machine was able to make a genuine attempt at understanding and solving an unforeseen problem. 4

5 Lacking a true CT mechanism, instances which required a simulation of such resolved to use a particular technique to emulate it; this, I will call exhaustion of cases, and involved the programmers enumerating all possible scenarios the program could have been faced with, therefore instructing the program on how to react to them. This could have been useful in projects which only had to give them impression of Critical Thinking, and which had a limited number of possible scenarios. (Eg: Artificial Intelligence in videogames.) Of course, the main weakness of such technique was that, in fact, no CT was actually involved, only an emulation of such. The second technique, which I will call trial and error, is more similar to the human way of learning. It involved the user submitting an input, and the software applying an operation to it, therefore returning an output. The user will then tell the software whether the output is correct or, preferably, whether the output is closer to the correct answer than the previous one was. This method assumes that by learning more and more about its environment, the machine would familiarize itself with the obstacles but it put forward, and therefore be able to derive solutions to them. This method may be helpful in controlled environments, such as teaching a computer the game of checkers, in that at each move the computer does we could tell it whether it is a valid move, and whether somebody has won the game, but it would be less useful in a full-world analysis where, to say, input comes from a webcam, a microphone, and various sensors (eg: gyroscope, proximity sensor) In this second case, many issues would arise: 5

6 How do I define Input? In a simulation of checkers, an input would be considered a move on my part. That is a discrete input. It has a beginning and an end, and can be easily defined. But what about if I wanted the computer to learn to recognize a gesture I make with my hand? How would the machine know that the input began or ended, or which part of the input to consider? (Eg: My hand, rather than a small insect flying in front of it.) The human brain acquires these abilities over the first few years of birth,, however, the way in which this is done is still largely unknown, and a better understanding of this would make it easier to simulate a similar process within machines, hence, making machine learning possible and, consequently, the development of CT. This leads, however, to the next question: A machine may be able to accurately and efficiently remember, it may be able to critically think and devise strategies to solve unforeseen problems, but why would it do this. A brief reflection, could easily allow us to see that computers will not do anything unless they are explicitly instructed to do so. This is quite different from living beings, which will perform several tasks/actions without the need of any superior guide. This self-motivation derives from the presence of stimuli, which in turn come from necessities. The most primordial: Food, Water, Shelter, Reproduction and all physiological ones, and more elaborate ones such as shelter, protection, love and self-realization. (See Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs) These are, of course, absent within a computer. One may argue that the reason for which they are absent is because a computer doesn t need food, water, reproduction etc. but the argument is, in fact, invalid. We could easily imagine other theoretical needs which would apply to a computer such as: Constant Electric Supply, Efficiency of Internal Components, Free-from-Corruption data, Internet Access 6

7 It can be noted that all these needs or stimuli appear to be aimed at one thing: Preservation. Living beings appear to have a want and a need to remain alive. Because of this, stimuli are enacted whenever a condition necessary to the continuation of life is lacking. Eg: Lack of water within body, thirst. Similarly, stimuli are also enacted to promote positive action. Eg: Sexual pleasure for reproduction. More complex beings also presented more elaborated forms of stimuli, which are commonly defined as emotions. These occur when the psychological aspect of the being is threatened, rather than the physical one. Breaking up from the loved person doesn t necessarily harm the body in a physical way, but will almost undoubtedly cause emotional pain. Similarly, an A* in an exam will just as much not affect you in a physical way, but will cause pleasure and excitement. The reason for this is probably that, as organisms become more and more complex, psychological balance becomes as important as physical one. Whereas it is unclear why we appear to be programmed for self-preservation (An answer to that would probably imply the answer to life ), it seems clear that these stimuli, which are often elaborate enough so as to be called emotions, have a fundamental role in instilling self-motivation within a machine. Following, just as memory implied the need for critical thinking, so do emotions imply the need for consciousness. The very expression, to feel pain/joy/etc states that you need to perceive the emotion acting upon yourself, to be aware of it, and the very moment you are aware of the emotion, you are aware of it affecting you, therefore, you are aware of yourself. We could therefore state that, once consciousness is recreated, and we can assume consciousness to be based on a biological structure, then by affecting such biological structure (Eg: Hormones on Receptors) we could recreate emotion. By appropriately administering emotions, or even better by creating an autonomous system which regulates them, we could recreate self-motivation, which could be fulfilled through the use of aspects such as the previously described memory and critical thinking. 7

8 The final question, therefore, remains that concerning how to implement consciousness. But, before answering that, a further questions demands answering: What is consciousness? The generally accepted definition of consciousness suggests that consciousness occurs when a being can not only analyse inputs from the external environment, but is aware of being doing so; that is do so, when the individual can look upon their own thoughts, can reflect upon the very fact it is reflecting, therefore is aware of its own existence. Whenever that occurs, seen the being is aware of itself, it may also decide upon what it wishes to do with/to itself, this possibility can be further promoted, as seen earlier, by enacting emotion. The question of how to recreate consciousness is, however, perhaps the most difficult of those analysed so far, as well as the most important, as memory, critical thinking and emotion relay on it. In truth, a full understanding of how consciousness works is still lacking. Neuroscientists have still been unable to recognize how consciousness works, or exactly which processes in the brain are responsible for its development. Moreover, contrarily to the other three aspects which, as we have seen, are advantageous for the survival and development of an individual, there appears to be no evident reason for which consciousness would give it any advantage. (Eg: A philosophical zombie appropriately programmed and built may be just as likely to survive.) 8

9 So far, lacking a consistent understanding or how consciousness works, or even fully of what consciousness is, it is probably too early to attempt devising plans of how to implement it within a machine. On the other hand, however, emotion and consciousness, which as we have seen should be the driving force for critical thinking, therefore memory, could be substituted for by simply hardwiring motivation into a machine, therefore forcing it to apply critical thinking in pursuing tasks, without it needing (or being able to) produce its own motivation. A combination of old school programming, hardwiring pre-constructed instructions within a machine, a AI school programming, involving critical thinking a the previously discusses concept of memory, could be implemented to create a hybrid AI/procedural machine. 9

10 Bibliography Cabanac, Michel. "What is emotion?." Behavioural processes 60.2 (2002): James, William. "II. WHAT IS AN EMOTION?." Mind 34 (1884): 188. "How Does Memory Work? The Plot Thickens." NIMH Â. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov Crick, Francis, and Christof Koch. "Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness." Seminars in the Neurosciences. Vol. 2. No Word Count: 2506 Words 10

Is integrated information theory viable as a theory of consciousness? George Deane

Is integrated information theory viable as a theory of consciousness? George Deane Is integrated information theory viable as a theory of consciousness? George Deane Reasonable Scope We want a theory of consciousness to have reasonable scope. A theory of consciousness that is too inclusive

More information

The Mind-Body Problem: Physicalism

The Mind-Body Problem: Physicalism The Mind-Body Problem: Physicalism Physicalism According to physicalism, everything that makes you up is physical, material, spatial, and subject to laws of physics. Because of that, we need not worry

More information

ID + MD = OD Towards a Fundamental Algorithm for Consciousness. by Thomas McGrath. June 30, Abstract

ID + MD = OD Towards a Fundamental Algorithm for Consciousness. by Thomas McGrath. June 30, Abstract ID + MD = OD Towards a Fundamental Algorithm for Consciousness by Thomas McGrath June 30, 2018 Abstract The Algorithm described in this short paper is a simplified formal representation of consciousness

More information

Assessing the Foundations of Conscious Computing: A Bayesian Exercise

Assessing the Foundations of Conscious Computing: A Bayesian Exercise Assessing the Foundations of Conscious Computing: A Bayesian Exercise Eric Horvitz June 2001 Questions have long been posed with about whether we might one day be able to create systems that experience

More information

2 Psychological Processes : An Introduction

2 Psychological Processes : An Introduction 2 Psychological Processes : An Introduction 2.1 Introduction In our everyday life we try to achieve various goals through different activities, receive information from our environment, learn about many

More information

COMP329 Robotics and Autonomous Systems Lecture 15: Agents and Intentions. Dr Terry R. Payne Department of Computer Science

COMP329 Robotics and Autonomous Systems Lecture 15: Agents and Intentions. Dr Terry R. Payne Department of Computer Science COMP329 Robotics and Autonomous Systems Lecture 15: Agents and Intentions Dr Terry R. Payne Department of Computer Science General control architecture Localisation Environment Model Local Map Position

More information

2017 Psychology. Higher. Finalised Marking Instructions

2017 Psychology. Higher. Finalised Marking Instructions National Qualifications 2017 2017 Psychology Higher Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 2017 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications

More information

AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS. What is an agent? ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS. Today. that environment in order to meet its delegated objectives.

AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS. What is an agent? ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS. Today. that environment in order to meet its delegated objectives. ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS Simon Parsons Department of Computer Science University of Liverpool LECTURE 16 comp329-2013-parsons-lect16 2/44 Today We will start on the second part of the course Autonomous

More information

1 What is an Agent? CHAPTER 2: INTELLIGENT AGENTS

1 What is an Agent? CHAPTER 2: INTELLIGENT AGENTS 1 What is an Agent? CHAPTER 2: INTELLIGENT AGENTS http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/ mjw/pubs/imas/ The main point about agents is they are autonomous: capable of acting independently, exhibiting control over their

More information

PSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II

PSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II PSYC 441 Cognitive Psychology II Session 4 Background of Object Recognition Lecturer: Dr. Benjamin Amponsah, Dept., of Psychology, UG, Legon Contact Information: bamponsah@ug.edu.gh College of Education

More information

Subliminal Programming

Subliminal Programming Subliminal Programming Directions for Use Common Questions Background Information Session Overview These sessions are a highly advanced blend of several mind development technologies. Your mind will be

More information

The Nature of Behavior. By: Joe, Stephen, and Elisha

The Nature of Behavior. By: Joe, Stephen, and Elisha The Nature of Behavior By: Joe, Stephen, and Elisha Genes- The Fundamentals Biology and its affects on us is most easily understood through starting small, molecular even, and working upwards until a whole

More information

Why is dispersion of memory important*

Why is dispersion of memory important* What is memory* It is a web of connections Research has shown that people who lose their memory also lose the ability to connect things to each other in their mind It is these connections that let us understand

More information

An Escalation Model of Consciousness

An Escalation Model of Consciousness Bailey!1 Ben Bailey Current Issues in Cognitive Science Mark Feinstein 2015-12-18 An Escalation Model of Consciousness Introduction The idea of consciousness has plagued humanity since its inception. Humans

More information

Phil 490: Consciousness and the Self Handout [16] Jesse Prinz: Mental Pointing Phenomenal Knowledge Without Concepts

Phil 490: Consciousness and the Self Handout [16] Jesse Prinz: Mental Pointing Phenomenal Knowledge Without Concepts Phil 490: Consciousness and the Self Handout [16] Jesse Prinz: Mental Pointing Phenomenal Knowledge Without Concepts Main Goals of this Paper: Professor JeeLoo Liu 1. To present an account of phenomenal

More information

Understanding Drug Addiction & Abuse

Understanding Drug Addiction & Abuse Understanding Drug Addiction & Abuse Original article found on YourAddictionHelp.com What is Drug Addiction? Is it a series of bad decisions? Negative environment? Or just plain bad luck? If you re reading

More information

Exam Review Day One. Please sign in up front!

Exam Review Day One. Please sign in up front! Exam Review Day One Please sign in up front! Today... We will be covering: Thinking and Problem Solving, Motivation, Emotion, and Intelligence. Thinking and Problem Solving Thinking and Problem Solving

More information

Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation

Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation It s that moment where you feel as though a man sounds downright hypocritical, dishonest, inconsiderate, deceptive,

More information

Perception LECTURE FOUR MICHAELMAS Dr Maarten Steenhagen

Perception LECTURE FOUR MICHAELMAS Dr Maarten Steenhagen Perception LECTURE FOUR MICHAELMAS 2017 Dr Maarten Steenhagen ms2416@cam.ac.uk Last week Lecture 1: Naive Realism Lecture 2: The Argument from Hallucination Lecture 3: Representationalism Lecture 4: Disjunctivism

More information

The Contribution of Neuroscience to Understanding Human Behaviour

The Contribution of Neuroscience to Understanding Human Behaviour The Contribution of Neuroscience to Understanding Human Behaviour Gail Tripp Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation Okinawa Japan Today

More information

David Ethics Bites is a series of interviews on applied ethics, produced in association with The Open University.

David Ethics Bites is a series of interviews on applied ethics, produced in association with The Open University. Ethics Bites Sex And Perversion Edmonds This is Ethics Bites, with me Edmonds. Warburton And me Warburton. Ethics Bites is a series of interviews on applied ethics, produced in association with The Open

More information

Representational Content and Phenomenal Character

Representational Content and Phenomenal Character By David Hilbert, Unversity of Illinois at Chicago, Forthcoming in Sage Encyclopedia of Perception QUALIA Perception and thought are often, although not exclusively, concerned with information about the

More information

"Games and the Good" Strategy

Games and the Good Strategy "Games and the Good" Hurka!1 Strategy Hurka argues that game-playing is an intrinsic good! He thinks game-playing as an intrinsic good is a "modern view value"! Hurka says he will "defend the value only

More information

P O D C A S T Transcript. Dr. Gary Small. Author of 2 Weeks to a Younger Brain

P O D C A S T Transcript. Dr. Gary Small. Author of 2 Weeks to a Younger Brain P O D C A S T Transcript Dr. Gary Small Author of 2 Weeks to a Younger Brain Dr. Small, what is your first memory of being interested in the subject of memory? Well, I think I got interested in it when

More information

Why do Psychologists Perform Research?

Why do Psychologists Perform Research? PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a

More information

The first step to managing stress is to understand its nature

The first step to managing stress is to understand its nature Excerpted from 5 Steps to Reducing Stress: Recognizing What Works Recognizing Stress The first step to managing stress is to understand its nature as well as your preferred way of initiating a relaxation

More information

SWINBURNE S NEW SOUL: A RESPONSE TO MIND, BRAIN AND FREE WILL

SWINBURNE S NEW SOUL: A RESPONSE TO MIND, BRAIN AND FREE WILL SWINBURNE S NEW SOUL: A RESPONSE TO MIND, BRAIN AND FREE WILL JAMES K. DEW, JR. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Richard Swinburne s recent book Mind, Brain, & Free Will is a welcomed addition

More information

Foundations for Success. Unit 3

Foundations for Success. Unit 3 Foundations for Success Unit 3 Know Yourself Socrates Lesson 1 Self-Awareness Key Terms assessment associate cluster differentiate introspection What You Will Learn to Do Determine your behavioral preferences

More information

Choosing Life: Empowerment, Action, Results! CLEAR Menu Sessions. Substance Use Risk 2: What Are My External Drug and Alcohol Triggers?

Choosing Life: Empowerment, Action, Results! CLEAR Menu Sessions. Substance Use Risk 2: What Are My External Drug and Alcohol Triggers? Choosing Life: Empowerment, Action, Results! CLEAR Menu Sessions Substance Use Risk 2: What Are My External Drug and Alcohol Triggers? This page intentionally left blank. What Are My External Drug and

More information

Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky Descent with modification Darwin

Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky Descent with modification Darwin Evolutionary Psychology: Emotion, Cognition and Intelligence Bill Meacham, Ph.D. APDG, 11 May 2015 www.bmeacham.com Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius

More information

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) FACTS Families and Carers Training and Support Programme

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) FACTS Families and Carers Training and Support Programme FACTS : Participants handouts Module 2 Mindfulness and Emotion Management Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) FACTS Families and Carers Training and Support Programme A short course for family members

More information

Stress is different for everyone While what happens in the brain and the body is the same for all of us, the precipitating factors are very

Stress is different for everyone While what happens in the brain and the body is the same for all of us, the precipitating factors are very 1 Stress is different for everyone While what happens in the brain and the body is the same for all of us, the precipitating factors are very individual. What one person experiences as stressful might

More information

In his essay The Truth in Psychological Egoism, Hugh Lafollette uses a modified version

In his essay The Truth in Psychological Egoism, Hugh Lafollette uses a modified version Ashton Payne 100832968 Moral Psychology: PHIL2550 July 25 th, 2014 Part I: In his essay The Truth in Psychological Egoism, Hugh Lafollette uses a modified version of psychological egoism (henceforth PE)

More information

What You Will Learn to Do. Linked Core Abilities Build your capacity for life-long learning Treat self and others with respect

What You Will Learn to Do. Linked Core Abilities Build your capacity for life-long learning Treat self and others with respect Courtesy of Army JROTC U3C1L1 Self-Awareness Key Words: Assessment Associate Cluster Differentiate Introspection What You Will Learn to Do Determine your behavioral preferences Linked Core Abilities Build

More information

Minds or Machines. John Beloff (1988) Intro to Philosophy Professor Douglas Olena

Minds or Machines. John Beloff (1988) Intro to Philosophy Professor Douglas Olena Minds or Machines John Beloff (1988) Intro to Philosophy Professor Douglas Olena The Computational Metaphor 415 The Strong Claim is the claim put forward by some proponents of artificial intelligence that

More information

Eliminative materialism

Eliminative materialism Michael Lacewing Eliminative materialism Eliminative materialism (also known as eliminativism) argues that future scientific developments will show that the way we think and talk about the mind is fundamentally

More information

Stress Prevention in 6 Steps S T E P 3 A P P R A I S E : C O G N I T I V E R E S T R U C T U R I N G

Stress Prevention in 6 Steps S T E P 3 A P P R A I S E : C O G N I T I V E R E S T R U C T U R I N G Stress Prevention in 6 Steps S T E P 3 A P P R A I S E : C O G N I T I V E R E S T R U C T U R I N G 6 steps overview 1. Assess: Raising Awareness 2. Avoid: Unnecessary stress; problem solving 3. Appraise

More information

The Cognitive Approach

The Cognitive Approach WJEC Psychology A-level The Cognitive Approach Notes Part 1 An Introduction to The Cognitive Approach A01 Introduction and Assumptions: Assumes that the scientific and objective study of internal mental

More information

Assignment 4: True or Quasi-Experiment

Assignment 4: True or Quasi-Experiment Assignment 4: True or Quasi-Experiment Objectives: After completing this assignment, you will be able to Evaluate when you must use an experiment to answer a research question Develop statistical hypotheses

More information

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Intelligent Agents Chapter 2 & 27 What is an Agent? An intelligent agent perceives its environment with sensors and acts upon that environment through actuators 2 Examples of Agents

More information

PST-PC Appendix. Introducing PST-PC to the Patient in Session 1. Checklist

PST-PC Appendix. Introducing PST-PC to the Patient in Session 1. Checklist PST-PC Appendix Introducing PST-PC to the Patient in Session 1 Checklist 1. Structure of PST-PC Treatment 6 Visits Today Visit: 1-hour; Visits 2-8: 30-minutes Weekly and Bi-weekly Visits Teach problem

More information

Intrinsic Motivation Workbook

Intrinsic Motivation Workbook Intrinsic Motivation Workbook You do not have resell rights to this ebook. All rights reserved. Unauthorised resell or copying of this material is unlawful. No portion of this ebook may be copied or resold

More information

Chapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles

Chapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles Chapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles For most people, the things they do their behavior are predictable. We can pretty much guess what someone is going to do in a similar situation in the future

More information

Subliminal Messages: How Do They Work?

Subliminal Messages: How Do They Work? Subliminal Messages: How Do They Work? You ve probably heard of subliminal messages. There are lots of urban myths about how companies and advertisers use these kinds of messages to persuade customers

More information

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ARTS & SCIENCE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ARTS & SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ARTS & SCIENCE www.ijarras.com Vol.4 Issue 1 A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY ENRICHMENT: AN OVERVIEW Mrs. Magdalene Sheeba Jacob Assistant Professor

More information

Artificial Doctors In A Human Era

Artificial Doctors In A Human Era Artificial Doctors In A Human Era The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) is overused today. Unfortunately, this often leads to a misunderstanding of what AI is. Artificial intelligence is an umbrella term

More information

Growing a Solid-Self-II Emotional Fusion Causes

Growing a Solid-Self-II Emotional Fusion Causes Growing a Solid-Self-II Emotional Fusion Causes 1 Thoughts from Last Week While Living Life from Inside Your Hula-Hoop this Past Week, did any Thought, Truth or Principle Stick in your Brain from Last

More information

Commentary on The Erotetic Theory of Attention by Philipp Koralus. Sebastian Watzl

Commentary on The Erotetic Theory of Attention by Philipp Koralus. Sebastian Watzl Commentary on The Erotetic Theory of Attention by Philipp Koralus A. Introduction Sebastian Watzl The study of visual search is one of the experimental paradigms for the study of attention. Visual search

More information

Integrating Community Youth (I.C.Y.) Work-Shop III

Integrating Community Youth (I.C.Y.) Work-Shop III Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services* Integrating Community Youth (I.C.Y.) Work-Shop III Composed by: Kevin A. Ashby, MSHS MBA I.C.Y. Coordinator at Argus Residence for Young People Objective:

More information

Study Guide for Why We Overeat and How to Stop Copyright 2017, Elizabeth Babcock, LCSW

Study Guide for Why We Overeat and How to Stop Copyright 2017, Elizabeth Babcock, LCSW Study Guide for Why We Overeat and How to Stop Copyright 2017, Elizabeth Babcock, LCSW This book can be discussed in many different ways. Whatever feels productive and enlightening for you and/or your

More information

3.1.2 Change, Loss, and Grief

3.1.2 Change, Loss, and Grief 46 The Cost of Emotions In The Workplace Do this: Anticipate that emotional spinning may happen in unexpected circumstances and create unexpected reactions. Don t: Try to predict the unpredictable. Just

More information

Understanding Addiction

Understanding Addiction Understanding Addiction How Addiction Hijacks the Brain Addiction involves craving for something intensely, loss of control over its use, and continuing involvement with it despite adverse consequences.

More information

Running Head: VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Running Head: VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Running Head: VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Visual Schedules for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Taylor Herback 200309600 University of Regina VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR

More information

The Brain Sell Interview Neuromarketing Growing Pains and Future Gains. Erwin Hartsuiker CEO of Mindmedia

The Brain Sell Interview Neuromarketing Growing Pains and Future Gains. Erwin Hartsuiker CEO of Mindmedia The Brain Sell Interview Neuromarketing Growing Pains and Future Gains. Erwin Hartsuiker CEO of Mindmedia Neuromarketing Growing Pains and Future Gains The Brain Sell interviews Erwin Hartsuiker CEO of

More information

Marshall High School Psychology Mr. Cline Unit One AA. What is Psychology?

Marshall High School Psychology Mr. Cline Unit One AA. What is Psychology? Marshall High School Psychology Mr. Cline Unit One AA What is Psychology? We are going to begin this semester with a little experiment You have each been provided with the same simple simple math problem

More information

CAN T WE ALL JUST GET ALONG?

CAN T WE ALL JUST GET ALONG? CAN T WE ALL JUST GET ALONG? Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to Improve Workplace Relations Sara Vancil and Janet Dodson, Fall 2013 RMASFAA Preferences Can you sign your name? What is a preference?

More information

Expert System Profile

Expert System Profile Expert System Profile GENERAL Domain: Medical Main General Function: Diagnosis System Name: INTERNIST-I/ CADUCEUS (or INTERNIST-II) Dates: 1970 s 1980 s Researchers: Ph.D. Harry Pople, M.D. Jack D. Myers

More information

Next Level Practitioner

Next Level Practitioner Next Level Practitioner - Fear Week 115, Day 3 - Dan Siegel, MD - Transcript - pg. 1 Next Level Practitioner Week 115: Fear in the Brain and Body Day 3: How to Work with the Brain and the Body to Relieve

More information

The Conscious Mind. - What is Mind? -No matter. -What is Matter? -Never mind. -Homer Simpson. Misha Sokolov B.A., M.Cog.Sci.

The Conscious Mind. - What is Mind? -No matter. -What is Matter? -Never mind. -Homer Simpson. Misha Sokolov B.A., M.Cog.Sci. The Conscious Mind - What is Mind? -No matter. -What is Matter? -Never mind -Homer Simpson Misha Sokolov B.A., M.Cog.Sci., PhD Candidate Overview Philosophical Framework Defining Consciousness The easy

More information

Sins of Omission. There are many parts of the brain that determine who a person truly is, but one of the

Sins of Omission. There are many parts of the brain that determine who a person truly is, but one of the Danielle Wickingson Psychology 1010 Dana Erskine Ph.D. 30 November 2012 Sins of Omission There are many parts of the brain that determine who a person truly is, but one of the most important is memory.

More information

Illusion of control is all about the relationship between the conscious and the sub-conscious mind.

Illusion of control is all about the relationship between the conscious and the sub-conscious mind. Illusion of control is the tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they demonstrably have no influence over Illusion of control is all about the relationship

More information

Name: Date: Period: AP Psychology Chapter 1 Study Guide

Name: Date: Period: AP Psychology Chapter 1 Study Guide Name: Date: Period: AP Psychology Chapter 1 Study Guide 1. What does Munchausen's syndrome involve? A psychological illness in which people fabricate or induce illness in themselves 2. What do the authors

More information

The 5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready to Quit Smoking

The 5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready to Quit Smoking The 5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready to Quit Smoking By Charles Westover Founder of Advanced Laser Solutions Copyright 2012 What you do before you quit smoking is equally as important as what

More information

The Fox and the Crow

The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Crow Roman Karl Seminar in Artificial Intelligence, November 2012 The fox and the crow is an old Greek fable. There are two characters, where both have a different behavior, which is caused

More information

Simple Pure Whole TM Wellness

Simple Pure Whole TM Wellness 2016 Jennifer Weinberg No part of this book, program or related materials and resources may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval

More information

Self-harm in social care: 14 key points

Self-harm in social care: 14 key points Mind the care 07872 102626 Self-harm in social care: 14 key points Working with people who hurt themselves can be confusing and bewildering. Staff are often at a loss to understand what drives their resident

More information

Following is a list of topics in this paper:

Following is a list of topics in this paper: Preliminary NTS Data Analysis Overview In this paper A preliminary investigation of some data around NTS performance has been started. This document reviews the results to date. Following is a list of

More information

The Power of Feedback

The Power of Feedback The Power of Feedback 35 Principles for Turning Feedback from Others into Personal and Professional Change By Joseph R. Folkman The Big Idea The process of review and feedback is common in most organizations.

More information

Chapter 12. The One- Sample

Chapter 12. The One- Sample Chapter 12 The One- Sample z-test Objective We are going to learn to make decisions about a population parameter based on sample information. Lesson 12.1. Testing a Two- Tailed Hypothesis Example 1: Let's

More information

Effective Intentions: The Power of Conscious Will

Effective Intentions: The Power of Conscious Will Book Review Effective Intentions: The Power of Conscious Will Alfred R. Mele Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009 Marco Fenici* fenici@unisi.it Mele s book is a concise analysis of much research in neurophysiology

More information

3 Need a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.

3 Need a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism. Human Behavior Ch. 11 Motivation and Emotion Notes 1 Motivation the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. Extrinsic

More information

KECERDASAN BUATAN 3. By Sirait. Hasanuddin Sirait, MT

KECERDASAN BUATAN 3. By Sirait. Hasanuddin Sirait, MT KECERDASAN BUATAN 3 By @Ir.Hasanuddin@ Sirait Why study AI Cognitive Science: As a way to understand how natural minds and mental phenomena work e.g., visual perception, memory, learning, language, etc.

More information

Computational Neuroscience. Instructor: Odelia Schwartz

Computational Neuroscience. Instructor: Odelia Schwartz Computational Neuroscience 2017 1 Instructor: Odelia Schwartz From the NIH web site: Committee report: Brain 2025: A Scientific Vision (from 2014) #1. Discovering diversity: Identify and provide experimental

More information

SUMMARY OF SESSION 6: THOUGHTS ARE NOT FACTS

SUMMARY OF SESSION 6: THOUGHTS ARE NOT FACTS SUMMARY OF SESSION 6: THOUGHTS ARE NOT FACTS Our thoughts can have powerful effects on how we feel and what we do. Often those thoughts are triggered and occur quite automatically. By becoming aware, over

More information

Stop Smoking Pre Session Guide. Helping YOU Successfully Stop Smoking For Good

Stop Smoking Pre Session Guide. Helping YOU Successfully Stop Smoking For Good Stop Smoking Pre Session Guide Helping YOU Successfully Stop Smoking For Good Important Note: This document and your appointment are not a substitute for appropriate medical advice. If you have concerns

More information

The 5 Key Ways Your Emotions Can Support (Or Damage) Your Fertility

The 5 Key Ways Your Emotions Can Support (Or Damage) Your Fertility The 5 Key Ways Your Emotions Can Support (Or Damage) Your Fertility by Sarah Holland, Fertility EFT Coach and creator of the Fertile Mindset Sanctuary www.fertilemindset.com When you had been trying to

More information

professor makes the individual believe it to be true.

professor makes the individual believe it to be true. Kevin Puszcz Professor Culik Outstanding introduction You clarify a genuine and point to the issues that will drive the paper Replaced: were Replaced: the Replaced: were Deleted: not credible but relevant

More information

Background. Learning outcomes

Background. Learning outcomes YOU BE THE JUDGE YOU INTRODUCTION BE THE JUDGE session 2 27 Background This session focuses on the sense of self-worth, and on the skills and attributes that contribute to a positive sense of self-worth.

More information

CHAPTER TWO. The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions

CHAPTER TWO. The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions CHAPTER TWO The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions The Philosophy Perspective Philosophy is the search for knowledge. The branch of metaphysics examines the nature of reality. The branch of epistemology

More information

Cognitive Neuroscience History of Neural Networks in Artificial Intelligence The concept of neural network in artificial intelligence

Cognitive Neuroscience History of Neural Networks in Artificial Intelligence The concept of neural network in artificial intelligence Cognitive Neuroscience History of Neural Networks in Artificial Intelligence The concept of neural network in artificial intelligence To understand the network paradigm also requires examining the history

More information

THE MAKING OF MEMORIES. November 2016

THE MAKING OF MEMORIES. November 2016 THE MAKING OF MEMORIES Contents 03 Remember me? Increasing customer preference by turning moments into memories. 04 Not all experiences are created equal 05 Thanks for the memory 06 What we can learn from

More information

ROBERT STERNBERG IN PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, CREATIVITY & INTELLIGENCE

ROBERT STERNBERG IN PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, CREATIVITY & INTELLIGENCE Doktorski studij na FSB: Uvod u znanstveno istraživački rad 2016/2017 Borna Doračić ROBERT STERNBERG IN PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, CREATIVITY & INTELLIGENCE Summary UDC 159.9:159.954 Essay There are various definitions

More information

Breaking Free of the Restless Mind. By Paul Bauer. Breaking Free Of The Restless Mind - By Paul Bauer

Breaking Free of the Restless Mind. By Paul Bauer.  Breaking Free Of The Restless Mind - By Paul Bauer Breaking Free of the Restless Mind By Paul Bauer www.dreamsalive.com Breaking Free Of The Restless Mind - By Paul Bauer www.dreamsalive.com 1 Did you ever have a challenge that was so hard to solve that

More information

A conversation with Professor David Chalmers, May 20, 2016 Participants

A conversation with Professor David Chalmers, May 20, 2016 Participants A conversation with Professor David Chalmers, May 20, 2016 Participants Professor David Chalmers Professor of Philosophy, New York University (NYU) Luke Muehlhauser Research Analyst, Open Philanthropy

More information

Chapter 11 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Steps in Nonexperimental Research

Chapter 11 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Steps in Nonexperimental Research Chapter 11 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research (Reminder: Don t forget to utilize the concept maps and study questions as you study this and the other chapters.) Nonexperimental research is needed because

More information

What role should heroes, saints and sages play within moral theory? While it would be unfair to

What role should heroes, saints and sages play within moral theory? While it would be unfair to Zagzebski. Linda Trinkaus. Exemplarist Moral Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017. Pp. 274. $69.00 (cloth). What role should heroes, saints and sages play within moral theory? While it would be

More information

Lesson 5 Sensation, Perception, Memory, and The Conscious Mind

Lesson 5 Sensation, Perception, Memory, and The Conscious Mind Lesson 5 Sensation, Perception, Memory, and The Conscious Mind Introduction: Connecting Your Learning The beginning of Bloom's lecture concludes his discussion of language development in humans and non-humans

More information

Indiana Academic Standards Addressed By Zoo Program WINGED WONDERS: SEED DROP!

Indiana Academic Standards Addressed By Zoo Program WINGED WONDERS: SEED DROP! Indiana Academic Standards Addressed By Zoo Program WINGED WONDERS: SEED DROP! Program description: Discover how whether all seeds fall at the same rate. Do small or big seeds fall more slowly? Students

More information

POWERFUL DEPTHS OF THE UNKNOWN

POWERFUL DEPTHS OF THE UNKNOWN (Courtesy of Brittany Jones. Used with permission.) Brittany A. Jones The Creative Spark Essay III/Draft3 December 10, 2004 POWERFUL DEPTHS OF THE UNKNOWN...for all the freedom of his life and the clarity

More information

Optimal Flow Experience in Web Navigation

Optimal Flow Experience in Web Navigation Optimal Flow Experience in Web Navigation Hsiang Chen, Rolf T. Wigand and Michael Nilan School of Information Studies, Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244 Email: [ hchen04, rwigand, mnilan]@mailbox.syr.edu

More information

Addressing the spectrum of human conflict

Addressing the spectrum of human conflict Addressing the spectrum of human conflict Revised February 2013 Acknowledgements In 2009, several experts in human conflict, including Dr. George Thompson, formed the Vistelar Group, a global speaking

More information

Perception Lie Paradox: Mathematically Proved Uncertainty about Humans Perception Similarity

Perception Lie Paradox: Mathematically Proved Uncertainty about Humans Perception Similarity Perception Lie Paradox: Mathematically Proved Uncertainty about Humans Perception Similarity Ahmed M. Mahran Computer and Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University,

More information

Materialism and the Mind and Body Problem:

Materialism and the Mind and Body Problem: Materialism and the Mind and Body Problem: A Critical Analysis SeanAgius The philosophy of mind has become dominated by the mind and body problem: the relation between the physical (the body) and the mental

More information

decisions based on ethics. In the case provided, the recreational therapist is faced with a

decisions based on ethics. In the case provided, the recreational therapist is faced with a Brackett 1 Kassie Brackett The Ethical Problem Professionals are faced with situations all the time that force them to make decisions based on ethics. In the case provided, the recreational therapist is

More information

Barriers to concussion reporting. Qualitative Study of Barriers to Concussive Symptom Reporting in High School Athletics

Barriers to concussion reporting. Qualitative Study of Barriers to Concussive Symptom Reporting in High School Athletics Barriers to concussion reporting Qualitative Study of Barriers to Concussive Symptom Reporting in High School Athletics Male soccer player: Well, like if you get a concussion. you bruised your brain and

More information

Mastering Emotions. 1. Physiology

Mastering Emotions. 1. Physiology Mastering Emotions Emotional mastery is the key to living a life that you direct. The ability to have absolute direct power over what you feel in every single moment no matter what happens around you is

More information

Writing Reaction Papers Using the QuALMRI Framework

Writing Reaction Papers Using the QuALMRI Framework Writing Reaction Papers Using the QuALMRI Framework Modified from Organizing Scientific Thinking Using the QuALMRI Framework Written by Kevin Ochsner and modified by others. Based on a scheme devised by

More information

2014 Philosophy. National 5. Finalised Marking Instructions

2014 Philosophy. National 5. Finalised Marking Instructions National Qualifications 2014 2014 Philosophy National 5 Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications

More information

Overcoming Subconscious Resistances

Overcoming Subconscious Resistances Overcoming Subconscious Resistances You ve previously learned that to become anxiety-free you want to overcome your subconscious resistance. This is important because as long as the subconscious mind the

More information

1. An Introduction to DISC. 2. Origins and Development

1. An Introduction to DISC. 2. Origins and Development 1. An Introduction to DISC Welcome! In this brief handbook, we ll be introducing you to an assessment tool called DISC. So, what exactly is DISC? At its most basic, it s a way of describing the patterns

More information