SCIENTIFIC VARIABLES

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1 SCIENTIFIC VARIABLES

2 What is an observation? OBSERVATION

3 OBSERVATION The act of noting or perceiving objects or events using the senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste)

4 OBSERVATIONS (CONTINUED) Quantitative observation: an observation involving numbers Qualitative Observation an observation involving descriptions

5 What is an inference? INFERENCE

6 DISTINGUISHING INFERENCES An inference is a conclusion drawn from observations that attempt to explain the observations

7 TWO TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS Two types of experiments will be used: To investigate relationships or effect How does volume affect pressure? How does reaction rate change with temperature? To determine a specific value What is the value of the gas law constant? What is the concentration of that salt solution?

8 VARIABLES A factor that can affect the outcome of the experiment

9 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The variable which the experimenter changes so he/she can observe the results of the experiment. There is only one independent variable in a good experiment. Placed on x-axis.

10 DEPENDENT VARIABLE The factor being measured in an experiment Placed on y-axis

11 VARIABLES depends on Independent Variable Controlled by you Dependent Variable You measure or observe Example: How does reaction rate change with temperature

12 VARIABLES depends on Independent Variable Controlled by you Dependent Variable You measure or observe Example: How does reaction rate change with temperature Temperature Reaction rate

13 VARIABLES Independent Variable Dependent Variable Example: What is the concentration of that salt solution?

14 VARIABLES Variables are not appropriate in specific value experiments Independent Variable Dependent Variable Example: What is the concentration of that salt solution? Not appropriate

15 CONSTANTS It s important to hold all variables other than the independent and dependent constant so that you can determine what actually caused the change! Constants Example: How does reaction rate change with temperature

16 CONSTANTS It s important to hold all variables other than the independent and dependent constant so that you can determine what actually caused the change! Constants Example: How does reaction rate change with temperature Concentrations of reactants Volumes of reactants Method of determining rate of reaction And maybe you thought of some others!

17 CONTROL GROUP A group in which the independent variable is not changed and it is used for comparison to the experimental groups.

18 Suzie Q wants to know the effect of different colors of light on the growth of plants. She believes that plants can survive best in white light. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are all approximately the same age and height. She places one in white light, one in blue light, one in green light, one in red light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle-Grow and given 20 ml of water once a day for 2 weeks. After the two weeks, Suzie observes the plants and makes measurements.

19 Hypothesis: If, then Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control Group: Experimental Group: Constants: What types of measurements can Suzie make on the plants to determine how they did in different types of light?

20 HYPOTHESIS If the ferns are grown in white light, then the plants will survive the best.

21 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Type of light (different colors)

22 DEPENDENT VARIABLE Survival of plant

23 Plant in closet CONTROL GROUP

24 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP Plants grown in light of different colors

25 CONSTANTS Same species of plant Same amount of water same age and size allowed to grow the same amount of time Miracle-Grow used in all plants.

26 WHAT TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS CAN SUZIE MAKE ON THE PLANTS TO DETERMINE HOW THEY DID IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT? Measure height

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