The Heritability of Introversion: Nature vs. Nurture. James T. Kashima DNA and Evolution 12:30 Section Spring 2014

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1 The Heritability of Introversion: Nature vs. Nurture James T. Kashima DNA and Evolution 12:30 Section Spring 2014

2 Abstract I tested whether the level of introversion was heritable by having 100 students take a survey asking them and their parents to rate themselves on their level of introversion. The results indicated that introversion was not a heritable trait, contradicting my hypothesis. However, the study had many confounds so more research should be done on the topic.

3 Numerous studies on mental health disorders have implicated a partial genetic basis; disorders such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are common amongst families and are thought to have a heritability of up to 76% (Farone et al., 2005). However, these professionally diagnosed disorders are often the result of a heritable genetic dysfunction of a key protein used in the body. The purpose of my study was to find if introversion between parents and offspring was heritable. The term introvert was popularized by Carl Jung along with the term extravert. Generally, introverts are more reserved and solitary whereas extraverts are outgoing and energetic. As far as I know, there is no dysfunction in a protein involved in the varying degrees of introversion. I hypothesized that introversion would be a heritable trait showing incomplete dominance meaning offspring would be a phenotypic mix of their parents. When I began thinking about my survey I looked at myself as an example, first thinking that I was a mix of my parents personalities. This was confirmed after I asked my parents to rate themselves for the survey. My study asked subjects to complete a four question survey on their and their parents level of introversion. Students were first asked to rate themselves on a scale of 1 to 10 on their level of introversion. They were then asked to ask their parents to rate themselves on their level of introversion. Finally, if they were unable to ask their parents, they were asked to indicate that they made their best possible guess. To compute heritability, I took the average value of the parents and compared it to the value of the offspring. If my hypothesis was correct, I would expect the offspring to have a level of introversion that is near the average of his/her parents level of introversion, as shown in Figure 1a. If my hypothesis was incorrect, I would expect to see no relationship between the offspring s introversion and the introversion of the parents, as shown in Figure 1b. The results of the full study can be seen in Figure 2a (n=100). With a slope of 0.15, these results indicate that there is no heritability of introversion. To further analyze the data, I took only responses where parents and offspring answered (n=11), the results of which can be seen in Figure 2b. Again, with a slop of -0.22, the results indicate that there is no heritability of introversion. Finally I looked to see if the offspring s score was within 1 of either of the parents scores but only in the group where offspring and

4 parents responded to help account for variability in self rating style. Less than half of the group responded similarly to their parents, as seen in Figure 2c. Taken together, the data indicate that the heritability of introversion is not strong or nonexistent, which goes against my hypothesis that it would be heritable. Although the data strongly indicates that there is no heritability to introversion, I think there are many other factors that could play a role in producing these specific results. Amongst these is that 89% of responses were generated by the student, meaning parents were not asked to rate themselves. For a trait like introversion, how an individual acts and thinks could be different depending on the situation, so getting a personal answer may be key in generating accurate data. Asking more people to ask their parents would mitigate this limitation. I also did not ask for ratings of siblings, which could have produced some mid-offspring scores. Also, because all offspring responses were from students in early adulthood, it could be argued that the responses generated from this survey could change in the future, whereas the responses for parental scores were generated from full-matured adults where changes in personality are less likely. Additionally, my survey asked a very broad question to reflect a very complex trait. More accurate data could have been generated by asking more specific, scenario-based questions of the type that are often seen in personality tests. However, I chose to go with a single broad question because I predicted that most students would not want to call up their parents to ask a series of semi-personal questions, and that a generalized guessed score of a parent s personality would be more accurate than a series of guesses on a spectrum of questions. To make a more robust study, I would take monozygotic twins separated at birth and ask them a series of scenario-based introversion-related questions and compare the results. Alternatively, I could ask parents to give their age and take a survey now and then test the offspring when they reach the age at which their parents took the test. I think either of these studies would yield more definitive results than the current study I performed. Although my current study s findings indicate no heritability of introversion, I think the number of confounds in the study negate the validity of that conclusion, and studies of diseases indicate a genetic role in personality so I would still predict that some heritability would arise in the levels of introversion between parents and offspring. This would be manifested by twins answering questions with the same answers or offspring

5 answering questions either like one of the parents or like a mix of the two parents answers. If my prediction was wrong, then there would be no relationship between the answers of twins or the answers of parents and offspring, and I could conclude that the variation seen in personality is due to the environment.

6 Figure 1a: Predicted results if the hypothesis that introversion is heritable. The slope is 1, indicating that the introversion of the parents will always determine the introversion of the offspring. The further from 1 the slope of the line of bet fit is, the less heritable the trait, meaning environmental factors make up most of the variation. Figure 1b: Predicted results if introversion is not heritable. The slope is very small, indicating that the variation seen in introversion has little to no genetic role.

7 Figure 2a: Results of the survey. The score of the offspring is plotted against the average score of the parents. The small slope indicates that the the variation seen has little to no genetic cause. Figure 2b: The results of the survey when parents also answered. There is little to no correlation, indicating that genetics has little to no role in the variation seen in introversion.

8 Figure 2c: Percentage of respondents who scored within 1 of either parent when parents took survey. About half the respondents scored closely to their parents.

9 Works Cited Faraone, Stephen V., et al. Molecular Genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005):

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