Descriptive Research Methods. Depending on the type of question researchers want answered, will depend on the way they investigate it

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1 Descriptive Research Methods Depending on the type of question researchers want answered, will depend on the way they investigate it

2 Naturalistic Observation Method that measures people (organisms), in their natural environment Example: Gorillas in the Mist (Diane Fossey)

3 Advantages Naturalistic Observation Use the Unobtrusive Method (sometimes) Do not interfere with the natural environment (don t let people know you are watching) Example: well-worn carpet indicates the most popular exhibit in the museum.mechanics check radio dials in every car so dealerships know where to invest its advertising money

4 Naturalistic Observation Disadvantages Observer Effect People or animals who know they are being watched and do not behave normally Observer Bias Person doing the observing has a particular opinion about what he or she is going to see or expects to see Setting Each is unique and unlike any other Observations that are made at one time in one setting may not hold true for another time

5 Laboratory Observation Method in which subjects are in a controlled environment where they can be readily observed and where the effects of specific conditions can be recognized Advantages: Controlled Environment Disadvantages: Artificial situation can lead to artificial behavior

6 Case Studies Information we collect about individuals and small groups Obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests Used to investigate rare occurrences (p.44) Used in psychological consultation Very effective- first hand information

7 Problems with Case Studies We only see what we want to see Gaps in memory People distort their past to please the interviewer (or they want to remember things a certain way) Interviewer may have certain expectations Limits research to only one person at a time

8 The Survey A way to learn about behavior and mental processes that cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied experimentally A large sample of people answer questions about their attitude or behavior Questionnaires, public records, interviews Easiest to complete, but not always accurate

9 Problems with the Survey Method People may recall behavior inaccurately People may answer in what they think is socially desirable (socially desirability effect) People may not trust interviewer and therefore not be truthful

10 Psychological Tests Tests to measure various traits and characteristics in a population Intelligence, aptitude, personality Must be reliable and valid

11 Reliability Psychological Test A measure of its consistency.a test must produce similar results under different testing situations every time it is given (different schools, different years)

12 Validity Psychological Tests A test must measure exactly what it was designed to measure Example: A test of musical aptitude would measure the ability to learn to play a musical instrument

13 Ex Post Facto Method Studying something after the fact Used when other methods are not possible due to ethical reasons Subjects are selected on the basis of a preexisting set of conditions Example: Parents are divorced

14 Correlation A scientific method that allows psychologists to investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related, or correlated with, another. Measures the strength of the relationship between two variables Examples: Are people with higher intelligence more likely to do well in school? What is the relationship between stress and health?

15 Correlation Positive Correlation A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases Example: People s scores on intelligence tests are also positively correlated with their grades..the higher people score on intelligence tests, the better their academic performance is likely to be

16 Correlation Negative Correlation A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases Example: Stress and Health As the amount of stress affecting us increases, the functioning of our immune system decreases under high levels of stress, many people show poorer health

17 What can Correlation do? Discover relationships that can direct research by pointing to possible causes; hypotheses can be made and tested Allow psychologists to make predictions, with limits

18 What Correlation can not do Establish cause and effect relationships Example: Does stress impair health, or is it possible that people in poorer health encounter higher levels of stress?

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